I'm currently working on a projet using mbedtls and specifically, I'm tring to set up an entropy context that would allow me to start a random number generator.
Trying to understand the mechanism, I looked at the sample program gen_entropy.
Although the pre-compiled executable does run properly, when I'm compiling the same gen_entropy.c file with gcc -o new_gen_entropy gen_entropy.c, I'm immediately getting a segfault. Same goes for my own program.
Has anyone encountered the same issue?
Could you please share a way to overcome that difficulty?
gen_entropy.c
/**
* \brief Use and generate multiple entropies calls into a file
*
* Copyright (C) 2006-2015, ARM Limited, All Rights Reserved
* SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may
* not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
* WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*
* This file is part of mbed TLS (https://tls.mbed.org)
*/
#if !defined(MBEDTLS_CONFIG_FILE)
#include "mbedtls/config.h"
#else
#include MBEDTLS_CONFIG_FILE
#endif
#if defined(MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C)
#include "mbedtls/platform.h"
#else
#include <stdio.h>
#define mbedtls_fprintf fprintf
#define mbedtls_printf printf
#endif
#if defined(MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C) && defined(MBEDTLS_FS_IO)
#include "mbedtls/entropy.h"
#include <stdio.h>
#endif
#if !defined(MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C) || !defined(MBEDTLS_FS_IO)
int main( void )
{
mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C and/or MBEDTLS_FS_IO not defined.\n");
return( 0 );
}
#else
int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
{
FILE *f;
int i, k, ret;
mbedtls_entropy_context entropy;
unsigned char buf[MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_BLOCK_SIZE];
if( argc < 2 )
{
mbedtls_fprintf( stderr, "usage: %s <output filename>\n", argv[0] );
return( 1 );
}
if( ( f = fopen( argv[1], "wb+" ) ) == NULL )
{
mbedtls_printf( "failed to open '%s' for writing.\n", argv[1] );
return( 1 );
}
mbedtls_entropy_init( &entropy );
for( i = 0, k = 768; i < k; i++ )
{
ret = mbedtls_entropy_func( &entropy, buf, sizeof( buf ) );
if( ret != 0 )
{
mbedtls_printf("failed!\n");
goto cleanup;
}
fwrite( buf, 1, sizeof( buf ), f );
mbedtls_printf( "Generating %ldkb of data in file '%s'... %04.1f" \
"%% done\r", (long)(sizeof(buf) * k / 1024), argv[1], (100 * (float) (i + 1)) / k );
fflush( stdout );
}
ret = 0;
cleanup:
mbedtls_printf( "\n" );
fclose( f );
mbedtls_entropy_free( &entropy );
return( ret );
}
#endif /* MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C */
Related
Is there anyway in which i can compute sine function faster in c.When i generate a sine waveform with 16,384 samples it is taking me 3.96 seconds and I want it less than 1 sec.
Give below is the logic i used for sine wave and it is taking almost 4 seconds to compute.I also tried optimization of the code but its of no help.
Someone please help me out
int i;
float f,temp = (2 * M_PI) /16384
for(i=0;i<16384;i++)
{
f = sin(temp * i);
}
There's no reason that you have to compute f more than once, ever. If performance is so critical, hardcode the array of values into the source.
Floating point can be very slow in embedded implementations, but I don't believe it can be slower to index an array. This will create a C source file to #include in the project. I presume OP wanted an unsigned integer table, modify if not what was wanted. If you want to save on code space, code only the first quadrant and do a simple runtime adjustment of the lookup index and value for the other quadrants.
#define _USE_MATH_DEFINES 1
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <math.h>
#define TRIGPOINTS 16384
#define AMPLITUDE 8192.0
//#define M_PI 3.14159265358979323846
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
FILE *fout;
char *filename = "sinetable.c";
int i;
double d;
if( (fout = fopen( filename, "w" )) == NULL ) {
printf( "The file '%s' was not opened\n", filename );
exit (1);
}
fprintf (fout, "#define TRIGPOINTS %u\n", TRIGPOINTS);
fprintf (fout, "#define AMPLITUDE %f\n", AMPLITUDE);
fprintf (fout, "\unsigned sintab [%u] = { ", TRIGPOINTS);
for (i=0; i<TRIGPOINTS; i++)
{
if (i)
fprintf (fout, ", ");
if ((i % 10) == 0)
fprintf (fout, "\n ");
d = AMPLITUDE + AMPLITUDE * sin(2.0 * M_PI * (double)i / TRIGPOINTS);
fprintf (fout, "%u", (unsigned)d);
}
fprintf (fout, " };\n");
fclose (fout);
return (0);
}
The C source generated looks like this:
#define TRIGPOINTS 16384
#define AMPLITUDE 8192.000000
unsigned sintab [16384] = {
8192, 8195, 8198, 8201, 8204, 8207, 8210, 8213, 8217, 8220,
8223, 8226, 8229, 8232, 8235, 8239, 8242, 8245, 8248, 8251,
...
I'm writing a logger library in C and am currently trying to get better backtrace output by using addr2line. In order to do so, I need to be able to get the path of the current executable. At the moment I am just concerned about linux, but will be shooting for Mac OS support as well.
For linux support I'm trying to use readlink() and /proc/self/exe to resolve the current executable's path:
static char** getPrettyBacktrace( void* addresses[], int array_size ) {
// Used to return the strings generated from the addresses
char** backtrace_strings = (char**)malloc( sizeof( char ) * array_size );
for( int i = 0; i < array_size; i ++ ) {
backtrace_strings[i] = (char*)malloc( sizeof( char ) * 255 );
}
// Will hold the command to be used
char* command_string = (char*)malloc( 255 );
char* exe_path = (char*)malloc( 255 );
// Used to check if an error occured while setting up command
bool error = false;
// Check if we are running on Mac OS or not, and select appropriate command
char* command;
#ifdef __APPLE__
// Check if 'gaddr2line' function is available, if not exit
if( !system( "which gaddr2line > /dev/null 2>&1" ) ) {
command = "gaddr2line -Cfspe";
// TODO: get path for mac with 'proc_pidpath'
} else {
writeLog( SIMPLOG_LOGGER, "Function 'gaddr2line' unavailable. Defaulting to standard backtrace. Please install package 'binutils' for better stacktrace output." );
error = true;
}
#else
// Check if 'addr2line' function is available, if not exit
if( !system( "which addr2line > /dev/null 2>&1" ) ) {
command = "addr2line -Cfspe";
if( readlink( "/proc/self/exe", exe_path, sizeof( exe_path ) ) < 0 ) {
writeLog( SIMPLOG_LOGGER, "Unable to get execution path. Defaulting to standard backtrace." );
error = true;
}
} else {
writeLog( SIMPLOG_LOGGER, "Function 'addr2line' unavailable. Defaulting to standard backtrace. Please install package 'binutils' for better stacktrace output." );
error = true;
}
#endif
// If an error occured, exit now
if( error ) {
free( backtrace_strings );
free( command_string );
free( exe_path );
return NULL;
}
for( int i = 0; i < array_size; i++ ) {
// Compose the complete command to execute
sprintf( command_string, "%s %s %X", command, exe_path, addresses[i] );
// Execute the command
FILE* line = popen( command_string, "r" );
// Get the size of the command output
int line_size = fseek( line, 0, SEEK_END );
// Read the output into the return string
fgets( backtrace_strings[i] , line_size, line );
// Close the command pipe
pclose( line );
}
return backtrace_strings;
}
The path being returned by readlink() is: /home/nax��?. the first part is correct: /home/na, but everything after that is pure gibberish.
Why am I unable to get the current execution path in this way?
char* exe_path = (char*)malloc( 255 );
// ...
readlink( "/proc/self/exe", exe_path, sizeof( exe_path ) )
exe_path is a pointer, so it's size will be equal to sizeof(char*) (4 or 8), not 255.
change exe_path to char[255] or change the call to sizeof
btw, readlink does not append the NULL byte, so you should do something like this:
len = readlink( "/proc/self/exe", exe_path, sizeof( exe_path ) )
exe_path[len] = 0;
I am watching a directory for file system events. Everything seems to work fine with one exception. When I create a file the first time, it spits out that it was created. Then I can remove it and it says it was removed. When I go to create the same file again, I get both a created and removed flag at the same time. I obviously am misunderstanding how the flags are being set when the callback is being called. What is happening here?
//
// main.c
// GoFSEvents
//
// Created by Kyle Cook on 8/22/13.
// Copyright (c) 2013 Kyle Cook. All rights reserved.
//
#include <CoreServices/CoreServices.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
void eventCallback(FSEventStreamRef stream, void* callbackInfo, size_t numEvents, void* paths, const FSEventStreamEventFlags eventFlags[], const FSEventStreamEventId eventIds[]) {
char **pathsList = paths;
for(int i = 0; i<numEvents; i++) {
uint32 flag = eventFlags[i];
uint32 created = kFSEventStreamEventFlagItemCreated;
uint32 removed = kFSEventStreamEventFlagItemRemoved;
if(flag & removed) {
printf("Item Removed: %s\n", pathsList[i]);
}
else if(flag & created) {
printf("Item Created: %s\n", pathsList[i]);
}
}
}
int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
{
CFStringRef mypath = CFSTR("/path/to/dir");
CFArrayRef paths = CFArrayCreate(NULL, (const void **)&mypath, 1, NULL);
CFRunLoopRef loop = CFRunLoopGetMain();
FSEventStreamRef stream = FSEventStreamCreate(NULL, (FSEventStreamCallback)eventCallback, NULL, paths, kFSEventStreamEventIdSinceNow, 1.0, kFSEventStreamCreateFlagFileEvents | kFSEventStreamCreateFlagNoDefer);
FSEventStreamScheduleWithRunLoop(stream, loop, kCFRunLoopDefaultMode);
FSEventStreamStart(stream);
CFRunLoopRun();
FSEventStreamStop(stream);
FSEventStreamInvalidate(stream);
FSEventStreamRelease(stream);
return 0;
}
As far as I can tell, you will have to look for either kFSEventStreamEventFlagItemRemoved or kFSEventStreamEventFlagItemCreated, and then use stat() or similar to check if the file was in fact added or deleted. The FSEvents documentation seems to hint as such.
It looks like the API is or'ing the events bits together... so really it's an OR of all the changes made since the FSEventsListener is created. Since that seems to be the case, another option might be to create a new FSEventListener each time (and use the coalesce timer option).
I did some Googling, but didn't find other examples of this problem or even apple sample code, but I didn't spend too long on it.
I have previously used the kqueue API: https://gist.github.com/nielsbot/5155671 (This gist is an obj-c wrapper around kqueue)
I changed your sample code to show all flags set for each FSEvent:
#include <CoreServices/CoreServices.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
static int __count = 0 ;
void eventCallback(FSEventStreamRef stream, void* callbackInfo, size_t numEvents, void* paths, const FSEventStreamEventFlags eventFlags[], const FSEventStreamEventId eventIds[]) {
char **pathsList = paths;
printf("callback #%u\n", ++__count ) ;
const char * flags[] = {
"MustScanSubDirs",
"UserDropped",
"KernelDropped",
"EventIdsWrapped",
"HistoryDone",
"RootChanged",
"Mount",
"Unmount",
"ItemCreated",
"ItemRemoved",
"ItemInodeMetaMod",
"ItemRenamed",
"ItemModified",
"ItemFinderInfoMod",
"ItemChangeOwner",
"ItemXattrMod",
"ItemIsFile",
"ItemIsDir",
"ItemIsSymlink",
"OwnEvent"
} ;
for(int i = 0; i<numEvents; i++)
{
printf("%u\n", i ) ;
printf("\tpath %s\n", pathsList[i]) ;
printf("\tflags: ") ;
long bit = 1 ;
for( int index=0, count = sizeof( flags ) / sizeof( flags[0]); index < count; ++index )
{
if ( ( eventFlags[i] & bit ) != 0 )
{
printf("%s ", flags[ index ] ) ;
}
bit <<= 1 ;
}
printf("\n") ;
}
FSEventStreamFlushSync( stream ) ;
}
int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
{
CFStringRef path = CFStringCreateWithCString( kCFAllocatorDefault, argv[1], kCFStringEncodingUTF8 ) ;
CFArrayRef paths = CFArrayCreate(NULL, (const void **)&path, 1, &kCFTypeArrayCallBacks );
if ( path ) { CFRelease( path ) ; }
CFRunLoopRef loop = CFRunLoopGetCurrent() ;
FSEventStreamRef stream = FSEventStreamCreate(NULL, (FSEventStreamCallback)eventCallback, NULL, paths, kFSEventStreamEventIdSinceNow, 0, kFSEventStreamCreateFlagFileEvents );
if ( paths ) { CFRelease( paths ) ; }
FSEventStreamScheduleWithRunLoop(stream, loop, kCFRunLoopDefaultMode);
FSEventStreamStart(stream);
CFRunLoopRun() ;
FSEventStreamStop(stream);
FSEventStreamInvalidate(stream);
FSEventStreamRelease(stream);
return 0;
}
im using libtcc to compile c code on the fly. Im going to use it on a cloud computer, to be used over the internet.
how do i use tinyc's built in memory and bound checker function?
heres an example that comes with the tinyc libtcc library?
any help would be great!
thank you!
/*
* Simple Test program for libtcc
*
* libtcc can be useful to use tcc as a "backend" for a code generator.
*/
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include "libtcc.h"
/* this function is called by the generated code */
int add(int a, int b)
{
return a + b;
}
char my_program[] =
"int fib(int n)\n"
"{\n"
" if (n <= 2)\n"
" return 1;\n"
" else\n"
" return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2);\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"int foo(int n)\n"
"{\n"
" printf(\"Hello World!\\n\");\n"
" printf(\"fib(%d) = %d\\n\", n, fib(n));\n"
" printf(\"add(%d, %d) = %d\\n\", n, 2 * n, add(n, 2 * n));\n"
" return 0;\n"
"}\n";
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
TCCState *s;
int (*func)(int);
void *mem;
int size;
s = tcc_new();
if (!s) {
fprintf(stderr, "Could not create tcc state\n");
exit(1);
}
/* if tcclib.h and libtcc1.a are not installed, where can we find them */
if (argc == 2 && !memcmp(argv[1], "lib_path=",9))
tcc_set_lib_path(s, argv[1]+9);
/* MUST BE CALLED before any compilation */
tcc_set_output_type(s, TCC_OUTPUT_MEMORY);
if (tcc_compile_string(s, my_program) == -1)
return 1;
/* as a test, we add a symbol that the compiled program can use.
You may also open a dll with tcc_add_dll() and use symbols from that */
tcc_add_symbol(s, "add", add);
/* get needed size of the code */
size = tcc_relocate(s, NULL);
if (size == -1)
return 1;
/* allocate memory and copy the code into it */
mem = malloc(size);
tcc_relocate(s, mem);
/* get entry symbol */
func = tcc_get_symbol(s, "foo");
if (!func)
return 1;
/* delete the state */
tcc_delete(s);
/* run the code */
func(32);
free(mem);
return 0;
}
you can set bounds checking manually using:
s->do_bounds_check = 1; //s here is TCCState*
just make sure libtcc is compiled with CONFIG_TCC_BCHECK being defined.
you may also want to enable debugging using:
s->do_debug = 1;
the command line option -b does the exact same to enable bounds checking (it enables debugging as well).
I'm trying to get the version of Mac OS X programmatically in C. After searching for a while I tried this code:
#include <CoreServices/CoreServices.h>
int GetOS()
{
SInt32 majorVersion,minorVersion,bugFixVersion;
Gestalt(gestaltSystemVersionMajor, &majorVersion);
Gestalt(gestaltSystemVersionMinor, &minorVersion);
Gestalt(gestaltSystemVersionBugFix, &bugFixVersion);
printf("Running on Mac OS X %d.%d.%d\n",majorVersion,minorVersion,bugFixVersion);
return 0;
}
XCode returns an LD error:
Undefined symbols for architecture x86_64:
"_Gestalt", referenced from:
_GetOS in main.o
What am I missing? How do you do this?
I found also this snippet
[[NSProcessInfo processInfo] operatingSystemVersionString]
But I have no idea how to write that in C.
Did you pass the appropriate framework to GCC in order to enable CoreServices?
% gcc -framework CoreServices -o getos main.c
The code below should work in the foreseeable future for figuring out the current version of Mac Os X.
/* McUsr put this together, and into public domain,
without any guarrantees about anything,
but the statement that it works for me.
*/
#if 1 == 1
#define TESTING
#endif
#include <sys/param.h>
#include <sys/sysctl.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
struct osver {
int minor;
int sub;
} ;
typedef struct osver osxver ;
void macosx_ver(char *darwinversion, osxver *osxversion ) ;
char *osversionString(void) ;
#ifdef TESTING
int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
{
osxver foundver;
char *osverstr= NULL ;
osverstr=osversionString() ;
macosx_ver(osverstr, &foundver ) ;
printf("Mac os x version = 10.%d.%d\n",foundver.minor,foundver.sub );
free(osverstr);
return 0;
}
#endif
char *osversionString(void) {
int mib[2];
size_t len;
char *kernelVersion=NULL;
mib[0] = CTL_KERN;
mib[1] = KERN_OSRELEASE;
if (sysctl(mib, 2, NULL, &len, NULL, 0) < 0 ) {
fprintf(stderr,"%s: Error during sysctl probe call!\n",__PRETTY_FUNCTION__ );
fflush(stdout);
exit(4) ;
}
kernelVersion = malloc(len );
if (kernelVersion == NULL ) {
fprintf(stderr,"%s: Error during malloc!\n",__PRETTY_FUNCTION__ );
fflush(stdout);
exit(4) ;
}
if (sysctl(mib, 2, kernelVersion, &len, NULL, 0) < 0 ) {
fprintf(stderr,"%s: Error during sysctl get verstring call!\n",__PRETTY_FUNCTION__ );
fflush(stdout);
exit(4) ;
}
return kernelVersion ;
}
void macosx_ver(char *darwinversion, osxver *osxversion ) {
/*
From the book Mac Os X and IOS Internals:
In version 10.1.1, Darwin (the core OS) was renumbered from v1.4.1 to 5.1,
and since then has followed the OS X numbers consistently by being four
numbers ahead of the minor version, and aligning its own minor with the
sub-version.
*/
char firstelm[2]= {0,0},secElm[2]={0,0};
if (strlen(darwinversion) < 5 ) {
fprintf(stderr,"%s: %s Can't possibly be a version string. Exiting\n",__PRETTY_FUNCTION__,darwinversion);
fflush(stdout);
exit(2);
}
char *s=darwinversion,*t=firstelm,*curdot=strchr(darwinversion,'.' );
while ( s != curdot )
*t++ = *s++;
t=secElm ;
curdot=strchr(++s,'.' );
while ( s != curdot )
*t++ = *s++;
int maj=0, min=0;
maj= (int)strtol(firstelm, (char **)NULL, 10);
if ( maj == 0 && errno == EINVAL ) {
fprintf(stderr,"%s Error during conversion of version string\n",__PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
fflush(stdout);
exit(4);
}
min=(int)strtol(secElm, (char **)NULL, 10);
if ( min == 0 && errno == EINVAL ) {
fprintf(stderr,"%s: Error during conversion of version string\n",__PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
fflush(stdout);
exit(4);
}
osxversion->minor=maj-4;
osxversion->sub=min;
}
Here is one with "less work", good enough for home projects (statically allocated buffers, ignoring errors). Works for me in OS X 10.11.1.
#include <stdio.h>
/*!
#brief Returns one component of the OS version
#param component 1=major, 2=minor, 3=bugfix
*/
int GetOSVersionComponent(int component) {
char cmd[64] ;
sprintf(
cmd,
"sw_vers -productVersion | awk -F '.' '{print $%d}'",
component
) ;
FILE* stdoutFile = popen(cmd, "r") ;
int answer = 0 ;
if (stdoutFile) {
char buff[16] ;
char *stdout = fgets(buff, sizeof(buff), stdoutFile) ;
pclose(stdoutFile) ;
sscanf(stdout, "%d", &answer) ;
}
return answer ;
}
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
printf(
"Your OS version is: %d.%d.%d\n",
GetOSVersionComponent(1),
GetOSVersionComponent(2),
GetOSVersionComponent(3)
) ;
return 0 ;
}
Using the hint from #uchuugaka in the comment on the answer by #McUsr, I wrote a function that seems to work. I'm not saying it's better than any other answer.
/*
* Structure for MacOS version number
*/
typedef struct macos_version_str
{
ushort major;
ushort minor;
ushort point;
} macos_type;
/****************************************************************************
*
* Determine the MacOS version.
*
* Parameters:
* version_struct: (pointer to) macos_version structure to be filled in.
*
* Return value:
* 0: no error.
*
****************************************************************************/
static int get_macos_version ( macos_type *version_struct )
{
char os_temp [20] = "";
char *os_temp_ptr = os_temp;
size_t os_temp_len = sizeof(os_temp);
size_t os_temp_left = 0;
int rslt = 0;
version_struct->major = 0;
version_struct->minor = 0;
version_struct->point = 0;
rslt = sysctlbyname ( "kern.osproductversion", os_temp, &os_temp_len, NULL, 0 );
if ( rslt != 0 )
{
fprintf ( stderr,
"sysctlbyname() returned %d error (%d): %s",
rslt, errno, strerror(errno));
return ( rslt );
}
os_temp_left = os_temp_len; /* length of string returned */
int temp = atoi ( os_temp_ptr );
version_struct->major = temp;
version_struct->major = atoi ( os_temp_ptr );
while ( os_temp_left > 0 && *os_temp_ptr != '.' )
{
os_temp_left--;
os_temp_ptr++;
}
os_temp_left--;
os_temp_ptr++;
version_struct->minor = atoi ( os_temp_ptr );
while ( os_temp_left > 0 && *os_temp_ptr != '.' )
{
os_temp_left--;
os_temp_ptr++;
}
os_temp_left--;
os_temp_ptr++;
version_struct->point = atoi ( os_temp_ptr );
fprintf ( stderr, "Calculated OS Version: %d.%d.%d", version_struct->major, version_struct->minor, version_struct->point );
if ( version_struct->major == 0 ||
version_struct->minor == 0 ||
version_struct->point == 0 )
{
fprintf ( stderr, "Unable to parse MacOS version string %s", os_temp );
return ( -2 );
}
return 0;
}
If for whatever reason you want to avoid the Gestalt API (which still works fine, but is deprecated), the macosx_deployment_target.c in cctools contains a code snippet that uses the CTL_KERN + KERN_OSRELEASE sysctl(), similar to other answers here.
Here's a small program adapted from that code and taking macOS 11 and newer (tested and verified with up to macOS 12.6, which was at time of updating this post the latest stable release) into account:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/sysctl.h>
int main()
{
char osversion[32];
size_t osversion_len = sizeof(osversion) - 1;
int osversion_name[] = { CTL_KERN, KERN_OSRELEASE };
if (sysctl(osversion_name, 2, osversion, &osversion_len, NULL, 0) == -1) {
printf("sysctl() failed\n");
return 1;
}
uint32_t major, minor;
if (sscanf(osversion, "%u.%u", &major, &minor) != 2) {
printf("sscanf() failed\n");
return 1;
}
if (major >= 20) {
major -= 9;
// macOS 11 and newer
printf("%u.%u\n", major, minor);
} else {
major -= 4;
// macOS 10.1.1 and newer
printf("10.%u.%u\n", major, minor);
}
return 0;
}