What does the throw keyword mean in C - c

Question

I tried googling it but all results were about C++'s throw std::exception().
I was reading through libraries (was curious how stuff like printf, malloc and FILE were implemented) and came across the definition for the malloc function:
extern void *malloc (size_t __size) __THROW __attribute_malloc__
__attribute_alloc_size__ ((1)) __wur;
When using the IDE (Visual Studio Code) to trace back to definitions for each thing, __THROW led to this:
# if !defined __cplusplus && __GNUC_PREREQ (3, 3)
// stuff that doesn't happen
# else
# if defined __cplusplus && __GNUC_PREREQ (2,8)
# define __THROW throw ()
# define __THROWNL throw ()
# define __NTH(fct) __LEAF_ATTR fct throw ()
# define __NTHNL(fct) fct throw ()
// continuation to the if-else macro
This confused me, as, as far as i know, c doesn't have exceptions and instead uses int error codes. Even more, why are there parentheses as in a function call?
What does it mean and what does it do in the presented case?

Answer 1

There is no throw keyword in C. That's a C++ thing.
As to why you find it in your code, the clue is right here in the preprocessor macros:
# if !defined __cplusplus && __GNUC_PREREQ (3, 3)
// stuff that doesn't happen
# else
# if defined __cplusplus && __GNUC_PREREQ (2,8)
# define __THROW throw ()
# define __THROWNL throw ()
# define __NTH(fct) __LEAF_ATTR fct throw ()
# define __NTHNL(fct) fct throw ()
// continuation to the if-else macro
This code is written so it will compile with either a C or C++ compiler. The C++ bit that references throw and other C++isms will only be compiled if a C++ compiler is used, as such a compiler will define the __cplusplus macro.
When you compile it with a C compiler, only the bit marked // stuff that doesn't happen will be used, not the else block.

Answer 2

The C 2017 standard doesn't define a throw keyword. The header file may be used by both C and C++ compilers and as #Barmar noted it doesn't apply to C (in C++, btw, throw() specifier means that the function doesn't throw exceptions).

Answer 3

There is no throw keyword in C. In C, the source text throw is an ordinary identifier.
The macro __THROW you show is replaced by nothing (an empty sequence of preprocessor tokens) when compiling in C, because the compilers the code you show is targeted for define __cplusplus only when compiling as C++, not when compiling as C. So, in C, !defined __cplusplus_ is true, and the // stuff that doesn't happen happens. You do not show that code, but it likely contains #define __THROW or equivalent, defining __THROW to be replaced by the empty sequence.
If you see other statements being used, where __THROW is defined to be replaced by throw (), then you are compiling in C++ mode, not C.