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I am starting to write code for materials in my class project, this is what i have as a initial test:
glEnable(GL_COLOR_MATERIAL);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK,GL_AMBIENT,_selected_object->material.ambient);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK,GL_DIFFUSE,_selected_object->material.diffuse);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK,GL_SPECULAR,_selected_object->material.specular);
_selected_object->material.shininess=128.0f;
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK,GL_SHININESS,_selected_object->material.shininess);
And this is the result in the object
Why aren't the faces being fulfiled completely by the material?
I do have a light source with this values:
l->A1[0]=0.0;
l->A1[1]=0.0;
l->A1[2]=0.0;
l->A1[3]=1.0;
l->RDifusa[0]=1.0;
l->RDifusa[1]=1.0;
l->RDifusa[2]=1.0;
l->RDifusa[3]=1.0;
l->REspecular[0]=1.0;
l->REspecular[1]=1.0;
l->REspecular[2]=1.0;
l->REspecular[3]=1.0;
l->position[0]=1.0;
l->position[1]=1.0;
l->position[2]=1.0;
l->position[3]=0.0;
Which i display here (in my init function):
glEnable(GL_LIGHTING);
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_AMBIENT, l->A1);
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_DIFFUSE, l->RDifusa);
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_SPECULAR, l->REspecular);
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_POSITION, l->position);
glEnable(GL_LIGHT0);
This is the code part that draws the object:
while (aux_obj != 0) {
glPushMatrix();
// glLoadIdentity();
glMultMatrixd(aux_obj->mtptr->M);
/* Select the color, depending on whether the current object is the selected one or not */
if (aux_obj == _selected_object){
glColor3f(KG_COL_SELECTED_R,KG_COL_SELECTED_G,KG_COL_SELECTED_B);
}else{
glColor3f(KG_COL_NONSELECTED_R,KG_COL_NONSELECTED_G,KG_COL_NONSELECTED_B);
}
/* Draw the object; for each face create a new polygon with the corresponding vertices */
//glLoadIdentity();
for (f = 0; f < aux_obj->num_faces; f++) {
glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
vector3 N,A,B,C,ABAC;
for (v = 0; v < aux_obj->face_table[f].num_vertices; v++) {
v_index = aux_obj->face_table[f].vertex_table[v];
glVertex3d(aux_obj->vertex_table[v_index].coord.x,
aux_obj->vertex_table[v_index].coord.y,
aux_obj->vertex_table[v_index].coord.z);
}
}
glEnd();
glEnable(GL_COLOR_MATERIAL);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK,GL_AMBIENT,_selected_object->material.ambient);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK,GL_DIFFUSE,_selected_object->material.diffuse);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK,GL_SPECULAR,_selected_object->material.specular);
//Draw vertex normal vectors->
for(v=0;v<aux_obj->num_vertices;v++){
glBegin(GL_LINE);
glVertex3d(aux_obj->vertex_table[v].coord.x,aux_obj->vertex_table[v].coord.y,aux_obj->vertex_table[v].coord.z);
//Point A= vertex
//Point B = A - 10000*D
glVertex3d(aux_obj->vertex_table[v].coord.x+(aux_obj->vertex_table[v].normal.x),aux_obj->vertex_table[v].coord.y+(aux_obj->vertex_table[v].normal.y),aux_obj->vertex_table[v].coord.z+(aux_obj->vertex_table[v].normal.z));
glEnd();
}
//Set object material values->
glPopMatrix();
aux_obj = aux_obj->next;
}
The primitive GL_POLYGON connects all vertices of the primitive to one single polygon. You create a polygon for each face and must glEnd() each individual polygon. glEnd() must be called in the loop that traverses all faces, but not after the loop:
for (f = 0; f < aux_obj->num_faces; f++) {
glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
vector3 N,A,B,C,ABAC;
for (v = 0; v < aux_obj->face_table[f].num_vertices; v++) {
v_index = aux_obj->face_table[f].vertex_table[v];
glVertex3d(aux_obj->vertex_table[v_index].coord.x,
aux_obj->vertex_table[v_index].coord.y,
aux_obj->vertex_table[v_index].coord.z);
}
glEnd(); // <--- INSERT
}
//glEnd(); <--- DELETE
Related
I want to make a game in which when somebody clicks on the moving ball, it bursts. I have added the codes for animation and the mouse click event, but when the animation is going on, the click function is not working. When I tried it without the animation, it worked properly. I want to know why is this happening.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<GL/glut.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<math.h>
int x, y;
float mx, my;
float i, j;
void mouse(int button, int state, int mousex, int mousey)
{
if(button==GLUT_LEFT_BUTTON && state==GLUT_DOWN)
{
mx = mousex;
my = mousey;
printf("%f %f\n",mx,my);
glutPostRedisplay();
}
}
void init()
{
glClearColor(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
glColor3f(0.0, 1.0, 0.0);
glPointSize(1.0);
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity();
gluOrtho2D(0, 1560, 0, 840);
}
int randValue()
{
int i = rand();
int num = i%1000;
return num;
}
void blast(int x, int y)
{
glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
glColor3f(1.0f,0.0f,0.0f);
glVertex2i(x-100, y-100);
glVertex2i(x, y-100);
glVertex2i(x-22, y-20);
glVertex2i(x-100, y-30);
glVertex2i(x-30, y-40);
glVertex2i(x-150, y-80);
glVertex2i(x-20, y);
glVertex2i(x, y-40);
glVertex2i(x-66, y-125);
glVertex2i(x-34, y-32);
glVertex2i(x-32, y-55);
glVertex2i(x-32, y);
glVertex2i(x-60, y-57);
glVertex2i(x-75, y-69);
glVertex2i(x-100, y);
glEnd();
glFlush();
}
void display()
{
int j = 0, k = 0, l = 1;
while(1)
{
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
glColor3f(0.0, 1.0, 0.0);
glBegin(GL_POINTS);
for (i = 0;i < 6.29;i += 0.001)
{
x = 100 * cos(i);
y = 100 * sin(i);
glVertex2i(x / 2 + j, y / 2 + k);
if((x / 2 + j) >= 1560 || (y / 2 + k) >= 840)
{
glEnd();
glFlush();
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
blast(x / 2 + j, y / 2 + k);
sleep(2);
j = randValue();
k = 0;
}
}
j = j + 3;
k = k + 5;
glEnd();
glFlush();
}
}
int main (int argc, char** argv)
{
glutInit(&argc, argv);
glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_SINGLE | GLUT_RGB);
glutInitWindowSize(1360, 768);
glutInitWindowPosition(0, 0);
glutCreateWindow("{Project}");
init();
glutDisplayFunc(display);
glutMouseFunc(mouse);
glutMainLoop();
}
Your code has an infinite loop inside the display function, thus you never give the control back to GLUT. GLUT already has an infinite loop like that inside glutMainLoop.
Instead you shall render only ONE frame in display, post glutPostRedisplay and return:
void display()
{
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
// ... draw the frame here ...
// for exmaple:
i += 0.001;
float x = 100 * cos(i);
float y = 100 * sin(i);
glColor3f(0.0, 1.0, 0.0);
glBegin(GL_POINTS);
glVertex2f(x, y);
glEnd();
glFlush();
glutPostRedisplay();
}
Then your mouse function will be called and you'll be able to update the state as necessary.
There are two problems here:
OpenGL has no support for an input device by itself, you normally use OpenGL to present information but you have something else attached to the window where you present the info that is what gives you mouse access. this involves to know which is the other environment you are using that offers you a pointing device into the screen area.
if you have the window mouse coordinates you need to map well on the window you present your OpenGL output, but you have to convert them back to some point in your scene, but probably your ball is not there. There's some ambiguity when passing from a plane image representing a 3D scene to a point in that scene in 3D, as you have all points in the Z axis sharing the same screen coordinates in 2D screen. so you have to trace back to the possible position of the ball from the point of view (the camera), based on the window coordinates of the mouse. This is a geometrical problem that involves the inverse transformation of a projection, that is always singular.
you can solve this without having to guess, as you know where your ball is, you can redo the transformation that made it to appear in the two dimensional window, and then compare coordinates based on those. OpenGL allows you to know the actual transformation it is doing to represent your scene, and you can use it to see where in the screen your ball is represented (you don't need to do this for every vertex of the ball, only for the center, for example) and then check if your shot has gone close enough to hit the ball. You should consider also if some other object upper in the Z axis is in the way, so you don't kill anybody behind a wall.
Here is how I draw the line and I using mouse to draw the line
static struct
{
GLfloat p[MAX_POINTS][2];
GLuint point_cnt;
} contours [ MAX_CONTOURS ] ;
GLuint point_cnt_mouse;
point_cnt_mouse = contours[contour_cnt].point_cnt;
glColor3f( 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 );
glBegin(GL_LINES);
glLineWidth(5.0);
int i;
int j;
for(i = 0; i <= contour_cnt; i++)
{
GLuint point_cnt;
point_cnt = contours[i].point_cnt;
if (contours[i].point_cnt == 0)
{
glVertex2fv ( P );
glVertex2fv ( P );
}//if
else
{
for(j = 2; j <= point_cnt; j++)
{
glVertex2fv (contours[i].p[j-2]);
glVertex2fv (contours[i].p[j-1]);
}//for
}//else
}//for
if(point_cnt_mouse > 0)
{
glVertex2fv(contours[contour_cnt].p[point_cnt_mouse-1]);
glVertex2fv(P);
}//if
glEnd();
then I use glTexImage2D() to make GL_TEXTURE_2D then
my display is
void display()
{
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
glLoadIdentity();
glPushMatrix ();
glTranslatef(-4.0, 5.0, -6.0);
//this is box and load texture on it
drawPlane();
glPopMatrix();
glutSwapBuffers();
glFlush();
}
void myinit()
{
glClearColor(1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
//load png image
drawLogo();
glDisable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
}
Logo won't show up with lines, why? Can any one tell what is wrong with my code?
Make sure to disable texturing (glDisable(GL_TEXTURE_2D)) before drawing your line(s). And re-enable (glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D)) before drawing your texture.
If you're using the default GL_MODULATE texture environment make sure to set the current color to white (glColor3ub(255,255,255)) before drawing with the texture. If you draw the texture after the glColor3f( 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ) in your line routine then GL_MODULATE will multiply all your texel RGB values by zero, giving you black everywhere.
It looks kind of suspicious to me that your display() function never calls drawLogo().
void display()
{
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
glLoadIdentity();
glPushMatrix ();
glTranslatef(-4.0, 5.0, -6.0);
//this is box and load texture on it
drawPlane();
glPopMatrix();
glutSwapBuffers();
glFlush();
}
I am trying to put lights, materials and shadows to my robot arm but unfortunately something weird happens (please compile or see the below picture), now I am still annoying by
1) Not showing correct lighting and reflection properties as well as material properties
2) No shadow painted, although I have done the shadow casting in function "void showobj(void)"
I appreciate if anyone can help, I have already working for it 2 days with no progress :(
The following is my code
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <GL/glut.h>
#include "gsrc.h"
#include <Windows.h>
const double PI = 3.14159265;
// angles to rotate the base, lower and upper arms of the robot arm
static GLfloat theta, phi, psi = 0.0;
//Starting time
double startT;
//Time Diff variable
double dif,startTime,endTime,deltaT;
//define n
double n = 3;
//Set the parameters of the light number one
GLfloat Xs = 35.0;
GLfloat Ys = 35.0;
GLfloat Zs = 35.0;
//Shadow color
GLfloat shadowcolor[] = {0.0,0.0,0.0};
//initialize the window and everything to prepare for display
void init_gl() {
//set display color to white
glClearColor(1,1,1,0);
//clear and enable z-buffer
glClear (GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
glEnable (GL_DEPTH_TEST);
//clear display window
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
}
//Draw the base of the robot arm
void draw_base(){
glPushMatrix();
//to create the quadric objects
GLUquadric *qobj,*qobjl,*qobju;
qobj = gluNewQuadric();
qobjl = gluNewQuadric();
qobju = gluNewQuadric();
//set the color of the cylinder
glColor3f(1.0,0.0,0.0);
//Re-position the cylinder (x-z plane is the base)
glRotatef(-90,1.0,0.0,0.0);
//Draw the cylinder
gluCylinder(qobj, 30.0, 30.0, 40.0, 40.0, 40.0);
//Draw the upper disk of the base
gluDisk(qobju,0,30,40,40);
glPushMatrix();
//Change the M(lowdisk<updisk)
glTranslatef(0,0,40);
glColor3f(0,0,0);
//Draw the lower disk of the base
gluDisk(qobjl,0,30,40,40);
glPopMatrix();
glPopMatrix();
}
/***********************Texture Work Starts************************************/
//Load the raw file for texture
/* Global Declarations */
#define IW 256 // Image Width
#define IH 256 // Image Height
//3D array to store image data
unsigned char InputImage [IW][IH][4];
// Read an input image from a .raw file with double
void ReadRawImage ( unsigned char Image[][IH][4] )
{
FILE *fp;
int i, j, k;
char* filename;
unsigned char temp;
filename = "floor.raw";
if ((fp = fopen (filename, "rb")) == NULL)
{
printf("Error (ReadImage) : Cannot read the file!!\n");
exit(1);
}
for ( i=0; i<IW; i++)
{
for ( j=0; j<IH; j++)
{
for (k = 0; k < 3; k++) // k = 0 is Red k = 1 is Green K = 2 is Blue
{
fscanf(fp, "%c", &temp);
Image[i][j][k] = (unsigned char) temp;
}
Image[i][j][3] = (unsigned char) 0; // alpha = 0.0
}
}
fclose(fp);
}
/****************************Texture Work Ends***************************************/
/****************************Light and Shadows***************************************/
void lightsrc(){
GLfloat light1PosType [] = {Xs, Ys, Zs, 1.0};
//GLfloat light2PosType [] = {0.0, 100.0, 0.0, 0.0};
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT1, GL_POSITION, light1PosType);
//glEnable(GL_LIGHT1);
//glLightfv(GL_LIGHT2, GL_POSITION, light2PosType);
//glEnable(GL_LIGHT2);
GLfloat whiteColor[] = {1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0};
GLfloat blackColor[] = {0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0};
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT1, GL_AMBIENT, blackColor);
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT1, GL_DIFFUSE, whiteColor);
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT1, GL_SPECULAR, whiteColor);
glEnable(GL_LIGHT1);
glEnable( GL_LIGHTING );
}
/****************************Light and Shadows work ends***************************************/
//Draw the 2x2x2 cube with center (0,1,0)
void cube(){
glPushMatrix();
glTranslatef(0,1,0);
glutSolidCube(2);
glPopMatrix();
}
//Draw the lower arm
void draw_lower_arm(){
glPushMatrix();
glScalef(15.0/2.0,70.0/2.0,15.0/2.0);//scale half is enough (some part is in the negative side)
cube();
glPopMatrix();
}
//Draw the upper arm
void draw_upper_arm(){
glPushMatrix();
glScalef(15.0/2.0,40.0/2.0,15.0/2.0);//scale half is enough (some part is in the negative side)
cube();
glPopMatrix();
}
void drawCoordinates(){
glBegin (GL_LINES);
glColor3f (1,0,0);
glVertex3f (0,0,0);
glVertex3f (600,0,0);
glColor3f (0,1,0);
glVertex3f (0,0,0);
glVertex3f (0,600,0);
glColor3f (0,0,1);
glVertex3f (0,0,0);
glVertex3f (0,0,600);
glEnd();
}
//To draw the whole robot arm
void drawRobot(){
//Robot Drawing Starts
//Rotate the base by theta degrees
glRotatef(theta,0.0,1.0,0.0);
//Draw the base
draw_base();
//M(B<La)
glTranslatef(0.0,40.0,0.0);
//Rotate the lower arm by phi degree
glRotatef(phi,0.0,0.0,1.0);
//change the color of the lower arm
glColor3f(0.0,0.0,1.0);
//Draw the lower arm
draw_lower_arm();
//M(La<Ua)
glTranslatef(0.0,70.0,0.0);
//Rotate the upper arm by psi degree
glRotatef(psi,0.0,0.0,1.0);
//change the color of the upper arm
glColor3f(0.0,1.0,0.0);
//Draw the upper arm
draw_upper_arm();
//Drawing Finish
glutSwapBuffers();
}
void showobj(void) {
//set the projection and perspective parameters/arguments
GLint viewport[4];
glGetIntegerv( GL_VIEWPORT, viewport );
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity();
gluPerspective( 45, double(viewport[2])/viewport[3], 0.1, 1000 );
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
glLoadIdentity();
gluLookAt(-200, 300, 200, 0, 0, 0, 0,1,0 );
// get the rotation matrix from the rotation user-interface
glMultMatrixf(gsrc_getmo() );
//Clear the display and ready to show the robot arm
init_gl();
//put the light source
lightsrc();
//Draw coordinates
drawCoordinates();
//give material properties
GLfloat diffuseCoeff[] = {0.2, 0.4, 0.9, 1.0}; // kdR= 0.2, kdG= 0.4, kdB= 0.9
GLfloat specularCoeff[] = {1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0}; //
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_AMBIENT_AND_DIFFUSE, diffuseCoeff);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_SPECULAR, specularCoeff);
glMaterialf(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_SHININESS, 100.0 ); // ns= 25
//Draw the ground floor
glColor3f(0.4,0.4,0.4);
glPushMatrix();
glRotatef(90,1,0,0);
glRectf(-500,-500,500,500);
glPopMatrix();
int i,j;
GLfloat M[4][4];
for (i=0; i<4; i++){
for (j=0; j<4; j++){
M[i][j] = 0;
}
M[0][0]=M[1][1]=M[2][2]=1;
M[2][3]=-1.0/Zs;
}
//Start drawing shadow
drawRobot(); // draw the objects
glPushMatrix( ); // save state
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
glTranslatef(Xs, Ys, Zs);// Mwc←s
glMultMatrixf(M[4]);// perspective project
glTranslatef(-Xs, -Ys, -Zs);// Ms←wc
glColor3fv (shadowcolor);
//Draw the robot arm
drawRobot();
glPopMatrix(); // restore state
//Shadow drawing ends
glFlush ();
}
//To animate the robot arm
void animate(void)
{
//get the end time
endTime = timeGetTime();
//float angle;
//calculate deltaT
deltaT = (endTime - startTime); //in msecs
//float test;
float deltaTSecs = deltaT/1000.0f; //in secs
//apply moving equation
psi = (90.0) * 0.50 * (1-cos((deltaTSecs/(n+1)) * PI));
glutPostRedisplay ();
}
void main (int argc, char** argv)
{
glutInit(&argc, argv);
//DOUBLE mode better for animation
// Set display mode.
glutInitDisplayMode( GLUT_DOUBLE | GLUT_RGB);
glutInitWindowPosition( 50, 100 ); // Set top-left display-window position.
glutInitWindowSize( 400, 300 ); // Set display-window width and height.
glutCreateWindow( "Robot arm : my first self-learning opengl program" ); // Create display window.
// Register mouse-click and mouse-move glut callback functions
// for the rotation user-interface.
//Allow user to drag the mouse and view the object
glutMouseFunc( gsrc_mousebutton );
glutMotionFunc( gsrc_mousemove );
//record the starting time
startTime = timeGetTime();
// Display everything in showobj function
glutDisplayFunc(showobj);
//Perform background processing tasks or continuous animation
glutIdleFunc(animate);
glutMainLoop();
}
your screen flashes because you are calling glutSwapBuffers() in drawRobot(). That makes your screen repaint two times, once when you draw the robot, and once more when you draw the shadow. Also, you are missing glPushMatrix() at the beginning of drawRobot() and glPopMatrix() at the end. You need to put it there, otherwise it will affect rendering afterwards (the shadow will move with the upper link of the arm).
Then, you specify the shadow matrix wrong. Let's try this:
int i,j;
GLfloat M[4][4];
for (i=0; i<4; i++){
for (j=0; j<4; j++){
M[i][j] = 0;
}
}
M[0][0]=M[1][1]=M[2][2]=1;
M[2][3]=-1.0/Zs;
drawRobot(); // draw the objects
//Start drawing shadow
glEnable(GL_CULL_FACE);
glDisable(GL_LIGHTING); // want constant-color shadow
glPushMatrix( ); // save state
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
glTranslatef(Xs, Ys, Zs);// Mwc←s
glMultMatrixf(&M[0][0]);// perspective project
glTranslatef(-Xs, -Ys, -Zs);// Ms←wc
glColor3fv (shadowcolor);
//Draw the robot arm
drawRobot();
glPopMatrix(); // restore state
glDisable(GL_CULL_FACE);
glEnable(GL_LIGHTING); // enable again ...
//Shadow drawing ends
Also, you can see i've added GL_CULL_FACE arround the shadow, it is to avoid depth fighting. This more or less fixes it technically.
But still - the shadow position is calculated incorrectly. Let's try looking at projection shadows.
So first, we need to have position for the ground plane and for the light:
float g[] = {0, 1, 0, 0}; // ground plane
float l[] = {20, 300, 50, 1}; // light position and "1"
That is a plane equation and a homogenous light position (normal 3D position, padded with a "1"). Then you throw away your shadow matrix setup (glTranslatef(), glMultMatrixf() and glTranslatef()) and call myShadowMatrix(g, l) instead, so it becomes:
glPushMatrix( ); // save state
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
float g[] = {0, 1, 0, 0}; // ground plane
float l[] = {20, 300, 50, 1}; // light position and "1"
myShadowMatrix(g, l);
glColor3fv (shadowcolor);
//Draw the robot arm
drawRobot();
glPopMatrix(); // restore state
And that mostly does work. There is still a lot of z-fighting going on, and the shadow has four different colors. As for the colors, stop calling glColor3f() in drawRobot(), as for the z-fighting, use this:
glPolygonOffset(-1, -1);
glEnable(GL_POLYGON_OFFSET_FILL);
// before
// draw shadow
glDisable(GL_POLYGON_OFFSET_FILL);
// afterwards
And that makes one nice planar shadows demo :). Cheers ...
sw.
I have got the following code to draw a filled circle in opengl. The problem is that it draws at the center of the screen. How do I make it draw in another position of it?
Here is the code:
#define CIRCLE_RADIUS = 0.15f
int circle_points = 100;
void draw()
{
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
double angle = 2* PI/circle_points ;
glPolygonMode( GL_FRONT, GL_FILL );
glColor3f(0.2, 0.5, 0.5 );
glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
double angle1 = 0.0;
glVertex2d( CIRCLE_RADIUS * cos(0.0) , CIRCLE_RADIUS * sin(0.0));
int i;
for (i = 0; i < circle_points; i++)
{
glVertex2d(CIRCLE_RADIUS * cos(angle1), CIRCLE_RADIUS *sin(angle1));
angle1 += angle ;
}
glEnd();
glFlush();
}
The obvious way would be to call glTranslate first. Note, however, that you can already accomplish the same a bit more easily with a combination of glPointSize and glPoint:
glPointSize(CIRCLE_RADIUS/2.0f);
glPoint(center_x, center_y, center_z);
Before you start drawing the circles, you'll want something like:
glEnable(GL_POINT_SMOOTH);
glHint(GL_POINT_SMOOTH_HINT, GL_NICEST);
Otherwise, your "circles" could end up as squares.
Edit: Without knowing how you've set up your coordinates, it's impossible to know what the "top-left" position is, but you could do something like this:
void draw_circle(float x, float y, float radius) {
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
glPushMatrix();
glLoadIdentity();
glTranslatef(x, y, 0.0f);
static const int circle_points = 100;
static const float angle = 2.0f * 3.1416f / circle_points;
// this code (mostly) copied from question:
glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
double angle1=0.0;
glVertex2d(radius * cos(0.0) , radius * sin(0.0));
int i;
for (i=0; i<circle_points; i++)
{
glVertex2d(radius * cos(angle1), radius *sin(angle1));
angle1 += angle;
}
glEnd();
glPopMatrix();
}
You could then call (for example):
draw_circle(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.2f); // centered
draw_circle(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.2f); // right of center
draw_circle(1.0f, 1.0f, 0.2f); // right and up from center
Of course, the directions I've given assume haven't (for example) rotated your view, so x increases to the right and y increases upward.
I'm reading the sample code for the bezier curve on the online version of opengl's tutorial.
I'm curious about how is resize being handled in the example cause I figure I might use it on my own version of this program , I placed my questions on its comments:
void reshape(int w, int h)
{
glViewport(0, 0, (GLsizei) w, (GLsizei) h); // what's GLsizei? Why is it called inside glViewPort?
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION); // is it necessary to reset the projection matrix?
glLoadIdentity();
if (w <= h) // is this calculation universal, could I use it on another program?
glOrtho(-5.0, 5.0, -5.0*(GLfloat)h/(GLfloat)w,
5.0*(GLfloat)h/(GLfloat)w, -5.0, 5.0);
else
glOrtho(-5.0*(GLfloat)w/(GLfloat)h,
5.0*(GLfloat)w/(GLfloat)h, -5.0, 5.0, -5.0, 5.0);
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW); // why do I set to GL_MODELVIEW at the end?
glLoadIdentity(); // why does it get a reset?
}
Full code:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <GL/glut.h>
GLfloat ctrlpoints[4][3] = {
{ -4.0, -4.0, 0.0}, { -2.0, 4.0, 0.0},
{2.0, -4.0, 0.0}, {4.0, 4.0, 0.0}};
void init(void)
{
glClearColor(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
glShadeModel(GL_FLAT);
glMap1f(GL_MAP1_VERTEX_3, 0.0, 1.0, 3, 4, &ctrlpoints[0][0]);
glEnable(GL_MAP1_VERTEX_3);
}
void display(void)
{
int i;
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
glColor3f(1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
glBegin(GL_LINE_STRIP);
for (i = 0; i <= 30; i++)
glEvalCoord1f((GLfloat) i/30.0);
glEnd();
/* The following code displays the control points as dots. */
glPointSize(5.0);
glColor3f(1.0, 1.0, 0.0);
glBegin(GL_POINTS);
for (i = 0; i < 4; i++)
glVertex3fv(&ctrlpoints[i][0]);
glEnd();
glFlush();
}
void reshape(int w, int h)
{
glViewport(0, 0, (GLsizei) w, (GLsizei) h); // what's GLsizei? Why is it called inside glViewPort?
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION); // is it necessary to reset the projection matrix?
glLoadIdentity();
if (w <= h) // is this calculation universal, could I use it on another program?
glOrtho(-5.0, 5.0, -5.0*(GLfloat)h/(GLfloat)w,
5.0*(GLfloat)h/(GLfloat)w, -5.0, 5.0);
else
glOrtho(-5.0*(GLfloat)w/(GLfloat)h,
5.0*(GLfloat)w/(GLfloat)h, -5.0, 5.0, -5.0, 5.0);
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW); // why do I set to GL_MODELVIEW at the end?
glLoadIdentity(); // why does it get a reset?
}
void keyboard(unsigned char key, int x, int y)
{
switch (key) {
case 27:
exit(0);
break;
}
}
int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
glutInit(&argc, argv);
glutInitDisplayMode (GLUT_SINGLE | GLUT_RGB);
glutInitWindowSize (500, 500);
glutInitWindowPosition (100, 100);
glutCreateWindow (argv[0]);
init ();
glutDisplayFunc(display);
glutReshapeFunc(reshape); // el reshape funciona correctamente
glutKeyboardFunc (keyboard);
glutMainLoop();
return 0;
}
GLsizei is a type, not a function. Therefore, it's not being called; its being casted; it's converting an int into a GLsizei. It's basically an int, but it makes it clear that you're using it for a size (I think). (I'm a Python programmer, so this is a guess)
glMatrixMode(...);
This does not reset the matrix, unless it is followed by a glLoadIdentity() call. Instead, it sets the current target of OpenGL's matrix operations to the matrix specified. This way, OpenGL knows what matrix you're trying to affect.
I've seen that calcuation before in the OpenGL superbible (or at least something like it); why don't you talk yourself through it and see what it's deciding and why? (Hint (I think): it's trying to keep the viewport square to avoid stretching)
At the end, it sets it back to GL_MODELVIEW since that matrix handles transformations, like translation and rotation, which are used to position vertices onscreen. It should be reset every frame so that your code can assume that the coordinate plane is currently at (0,0); that simplifies calculations about where to translate to.
Also note that reshape is not called by OpenGL, but by GLUT. OpenGL is platform-independent and does not handle windowing; this is why you need GLUT.
If you're new to OpenGL, you should work through it from the beginning - later tutorials will assume this sort of knowledge.