Terminal is not synchronized with the program.
This is my simple code to see if it works:
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void){
puts("Hello World!");
system("pause");
return 0;
}
but in the local terminal appears
Press a key to continue...
before
Hello World!
This means that it is not synchronized with the program. How can I solve?
The problem is probably that the output buffer is not getting flushed before the function system is executed.
In order to explicitly flush the output buffer, you can add the line
fflush( stdout );
immediately before the call to system.
On most platforms, the standard output stream is line-buffered, so it should not be necessary to flush the output buffer, because puts automatically adds a newline character to the string, which should cause a line-buffered stream to be automatically flushed. However, according to the information you provided, the standard output stream does not seem to be line-buffered in Eclipse. It seems to be fully-buffered instead.
Related
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
char a[2] = {0};
a[0] = 't';
printf("%s", a);
scanf("%c", a);
return 0;
}
scanf here will cause an automatic flush of stdout.
Running a.out will print t on the terminal before running scanf, more info: How is printf getting flushed before scanf is executed?
However, doing a.out > out.txt and terminating it with ^C does not print anything inside out.txt yet the output still appeared on the screen without redirecting stdout with >.
If stdout is being flushed then why out.txt is still empty?
If it's not being flushed then how did t appear on the screen in the first example?
(I know using \n or a manual fflush or properly terminating the program will fix the issue, i'm just curious about this behaviour).
The key is the word interactive:
The input and output dynamics of interactive devices shall take place as specified in 7.21.3.
As soon as you redirect the standard output to a file, it is no longer interactive.
For example the Linux C standard library actually executes the analogue of the isatty library call to figure this out. If it figures out that standard output is not directed to file it will also break this relationship. It will also increase the I/O performance of programs that work as part of a command pipeline.
You can yourself test whether stdout is connected to a terminal by executing
#include <unistd.h>
printf("stdout is connected to a terminal: %d\n", isatty(fileno(stdout)));
This question already has answers here:
What are the rules of automatic stdout buffer flushing in C?
(5 answers)
Is stdout line buffered, unbuffered or indeterminate by default?
(1 answer)
Closed 3 years ago.
I have read many questions with people asking why printf did not work before a while loop; the answer was that it was not flushing stdout because they did not have a new line character in their format string. However, the following simple code is still not producing output for me:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
printf("Hello world!\n");
while (1);
return 0;
}
However, adding fflush(stdout); after the printf call produces output. The new line character is supposed to make this unnecessary, so why does it not work without it?
It's quite common for stdout to be line-buffered when connected to a terminal (flushed on line feed), and block-buffered otherwise (flushed when buffer is full).
For example,
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int main(void) {
printf("foo\n");
sleep(5);
return 0;
}
Test:
$ ./a
foo
[5s pause]
$ ./a | cat
[5s pause]
foo
(gcc on Linux)
I'm using mingw with Eclipse on Windows.
It seems that Eclipse is connecting the stdout of your program to a pipe so it can collect the output and display it in its window. Your program thus uses block buffering for stdout.
A very good answer by #schot here.
He said :
The C99 standard does not specify if the three standard streams are unbuffered or line buffered: It is up to the implementation. All UNIX implementations I know have a line buffered stdin. On Linux, stdout is line buffered and stderr unbuffered.
One way to be sure that your line(s) will be printed directly is making stdout unbuffered:
setbuf(stdout, NULL);
/* or */
setvbuf(stdout, NULL, _IONBF, 0);
But you can only do this once, and it must be before you write to stdout or perform any other operantion on it. (C99 7.19.5.5 2)
Additional Info :
Shouldn't a new line character flush the output?
-It depends, if the output device is determined to be interactive (e.g. a terminal) the newline flush the buffer. Otherwise new line(s) don't flush the buffer.
What constitutes an interactive device is implementation-defined (C99 section 5.1.2.3/6)
#include<stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int main(){
while(1)
{
fprintf(stdout,"hello-out");
fprintf(stderr,"hello-err");
sleep(1);
}
return 0;
}
On compiling this programme in gcc and on executing it only prints hello-err and not hello-out.Why is that so?Can someone please explain the reason behind it?
If you add a '\n' to your message it will (or should), ie. "hello-out\n".
The reason being is that stdout is buffered in order to be more efficient, whereas stderr doesn't buffer it's output and is more appropriate for error messages and things that need to be printed immediately.
stdout will usually be flushed when:
A newline (\n) is to be printed
You read in from stdin
fflush() is called on it
EDIT: The other thing I wanted to add before my computer crashed...twice...was that you can also use setbuf(stdout, NULL); to disable buffering of stdout. I've done that before when I've had to use write() (Unix) and didn't want my output to be buffered.
It doesn't always print out the output to stdout because by design stdout is BUFFERED output, and stderr is unbuffered. In general, the for a buffered output stream, the stream is not dumped until the system is "free" to do so. So data can continue buffering for a long while, before it gets flushed. If you want to force the buffer to flush you can do so by hand using fflush
#include<stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int main(){
while(1)
{
fprintf(stdout,"hello-out");
fflush(stdout); /* force flush */
fprintf(stderr,"hello-err");
sleep(1);
}
return 0;
}
Update: stdout is linebuffered when connected to a terminal, and simply buffered otherwise (e.g. a redirect or a pipe)
You forgot newlines (noted \n) in your strings. Or you need to call fflush(NULL); or at least fflush(stdout); before sleep(1);
And fprintf(stdout, ...) is the same as printf(...)
You need to output newlines or to call fflush because (at least on Linux) the stdout FILE buffer is line-buffered. This means that the C library is buffering data, and will really output it (using the write Linux system call) when the buffer is full enough, or when you flush it either with a new line, or by calling fflush. Buffering is needed because system calls are costly (calling write for every byte to be output is really too slow). Read also the man page of setbuf
have a look at this code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int main()
{
int pipefd[2],n;
char buf[100];
if(pipe(pipefd)<0)
printf("Pipe error");
printf("\nRead fd:%d write fd:%d\n",pipefd[0],pipefd[1]);
if(write(pipefd[1],"Hello Dude!\n",12)!=12)
printf("Write error");
if((n=read(pipefd[0],buf,sizeof(buf)))<=0)
printf("Read error");
write(1,buf,n);
return 0;
}
I expect the printf to print Read fd and write fd before Hello Dude is read from the pipe. But thats not the case... see here. When i tried the same program in our college computer lab my output was
Read fd:3 write fd:4
Hello Dude!
also few of our friends observed that, changing the printf statement to contain more number of \n characters changed the output order... for example..printf("\nRead fd:%d\n write fd:%d\n",pipefd[0],pipefd[1]); meant that Read fd is printed then the message Hello Dude! then the write fd is printed. What is this behaviour??
Note: Out lab uses a linux server on which we run terminals, i don't remember the compiler version though.
It's because printf to the standard output stream is buffered but write to the standard output file descriptor is not.
That means the behaviour can change based on what sort of buffering you have. In C, standard output is line buffered if it can be determined to be connected to an interactive device. Otherwise it's fully buffered (see here for a treatise on why this is so).
Line buffered means it will flush to the file descriptor when it sees a newline. Fully buffered means it will only flush when the buffer fills (for example, 4K worth of data), or when the stream is closed (or when you fflush).
When you run it interactively, the flush happens before the write because printf encounters the \n and flushes automatically.
However, when you run it otherwise (such as by redirecting output to a file or in an online compiler/executor where it would probably do the very same thing to capture data for presentation), the flush happens after the write (because printf is not flushing after every line).
In fact, you don't need all that pipe stuff in there to see this in action, as per the following program:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int main (void) {
printf ("Hello\n");
write (1, "Goodbye\n", 8);
return 0;
}
When I execute myprog ; echo === ; myprog >myprog.out ; cat myprog.out, I get:
Hello
Goodbye
===
Goodbye
Hello
and you can see the difference that the different types of buffering makes.
If you want line buffering regardless of redirection, you can try:
setvbuf (stdin, NULL, _IOLBF, BUFSIZ);
early on in your program - it's implementation defined whether an implementation supports this so it may have no effect but I've not seen many where it doesn't work.
You shouldn't mix calls to write and printf on single file descriptor. Change write to fwrite.
Functions which use FILE are buffered. Functions which use file descriptors are not. This is why you may get mixed order.
You can also try calling fflush before write.
When you write onto the same file, or pipe, or whatever by two means at once (direct IO and output stream) you can get this behaviour. The reason is that the output stream is buffered.
With fflush() you can control that behaviour.
What is happening is that printf writes to stdout in a buffered way -- the string is kept in a buffer before being output -- while the 'write' later on writes to stdout unbuffered. This can have the effect that the output from 'write' appears first if the buffer from the printf is only flushed later on.
You can explicitly flush using fflush() -- but even better would be not to mix buffered and non-buffered writes to the same output. Type man printf, man fflush, man fwrite etc. on your terminal to learn more about what these commands do exactly.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int main()
{
while(1)
{
fprintf(stdout,"hello-out");
fprintf(stderr,"hello-err");
sleep(1);
}
return 0;
}
The output of above on my machine is
hello-errhello-errhello-errhello-errhello-errhello-errhello-errhello-errhello-errhello-errhello-errhello-errhello-errhello-err
I had to kill the program to stop it.
Is it the correct and expected behavior.
Or it is wrong.This was an interview question hence I am posting here.
This is the expected output:
The program loops forever because of the while (1) loop.
stdout is line-buffered (by default), so it only flushes to the console when a new-line character ('\n') is printed. As you aren't printing any new-line characters, you never see any of the hello-out text.
However stderr is not line-buffered (by default), so it updates the console on every new fprintf() call.
stdout is buffered on most machines. You won't see any output from any fprintf calls to stdout unless you print a newline or call fflush().
So yes, it's expected behaviour, most of the time.
While everyone is right that you have an infinite loop, stderr is not buffered so you get it immediately, stdout is line buffered so it is deferred until you get a newline, they do not mention that stdout does not have infinite storage. I think the buffers are 1k or so by default (see setbuf). If you wait long enough you will get a very long burst of hello-out sequences. It is entirely possible that the last hello-out might be truncated part of the way through the string "hello-out".
[...]hello-outhello-outhellhello-errhello-err
^^^^