I want to test my ARM project within QEMU using semihosting. Initially I built for Cortex A7 and A9 processors and had no issues running my code, however now that I switched to CM33 (and a CM33 board), it breaks immediately:
C:\Program Files\qemu>qemu-system-aarch64.exe -nographic -machine musca-a -cpu cortex-m33 -monitor none -serial stdio
-kernel app -m 512 -semihosting
qemu: fatal: Lockup: can't escalate 3 to HardFault (current priority -1)
R00=00000000 R01=00000000 R02=00000000 R03=00000000
R04=00000000 R05=00000000 R06=00000000 R07=00000000
R08=00000000 R09=00000000 R10=00000000 R11=00000000
R12=00000000 R13=ffffffe0 R14=fffffff9 R15=00000000
XPSR=40000003 -Z-- A S handler
FPSCR: 00000000
If I understand it right, PC=00000000 indicates reset handler issues. I thought maybe this musca-a board expects the table to be somewhere else, but looks like it's missing completely:
psykana#psykana-lap:~$ readelf app -S
There are 26 section headers, starting at offset 0xb1520:
Section Headers:
[Nr] Name Type Addr Off Size ES Flg Lk Inf Al
[ 0] NULL 00000000 000000 000000 00 0 0 0
[ 1] .init PROGBITS 00008000 008000 00000c 00 AX 0 0 4
[ 2] .text PROGBITS 00008010 008010 01d5b4 00 AX 0 0 8
[ 3] .fini PROGBITS 000255c4 0255c4 00000c 00 AX 0 0 4
[ 4] .rodata PROGBITS 000255d0 0255d0 003448 00 A 0 0 8
[ 5] .ARM.exidx ARM_EXIDX 00028a18 028a18 000008 00 AL 2 0 4
[ 6] .eh_frame PROGBITS 00028a20 028a20 000004 00 A 0 0 4
[ 7] .init_array INIT_ARRAY 00038a24 028a24 000008 04 WA 0 0 4
[ 8] .fini_array FINI_ARRAY 00038a2c 028a2c 000004 04 WA 0 0 4
[ 9] .data PROGBITS 00038a30 028a30 000ad8 00 WA 0 0 8
[10] .persistent PROGBITS 00039508 029508 000000 00 WA 0 0 1
[11] .bss NOBITS 00039508 029508 0001c4 00 WA 0 0 4
[12] .noinit NOBITS 000396cc 000000 000000 00 WA 0 0 1
[13] .comment PROGBITS 00000000 029508 000049 01 MS 0 0 1
[14] .debug_aranges PROGBITS 00000000 029551 000408 00 0 0 1
[15] .debug_info PROGBITS 00000000 029959 02e397 00 0 0 1
[16] .debug_abbrev PROGBITS 00000000 057cf0 005b3e 00 0 0 1
[17] .debug_line PROGBITS 00000000 05d82e 01629f 00 0 0 1
[18] .debug_frame PROGBITS 00000000 073ad0 004bf4 00 0 0 4
[19] .debug_str PROGBITS 00000000 0786c4 006a87 01 MS 0 0 1
[20] .debug_loc PROGBITS 00000000 07f14b 01f27e 00 0 0 1
[21] .debug_ranges PROGBITS 00000000 09e3c9 009838 00 0 0 1
[22] .ARM.attributes ARM_ATTRIBUTES 00000000 0a7c01 000036 00 0 0 1
[23] .symtab SYMTAB 00000000 0a7c38 006ec0 10 24 1282 4
[24] .strtab STRTAB 00000000 0aeaf8 002927 00 0 0 1
[25] .shstrtab STRTAB 00000000 0b141f 000100 00 0 0 1
I'm building with the following options (modified toolchain file from my previous question):
add_compile_options(
-mcpu=cortex-m33
-specs=rdimon.specs
-O0
-g
-mfpu=fpv5-sp-d16
-mfloat-abi=hard
)
add_link_options(-specs=rdimon.specs -mcpu=cortex-m33 -mfpu=fpv5-sp-d16 -mfloat-abi=hard)
Again, this worked fine for all A processors I've tried, but breaks for CM33. In fact, it breaks for any M core and M core QEMU board.
For the record:
- arm-none-eabi-gcc (GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain 10.3-2021.10)
- QEMU emulator version 7.0.0 (v7.0.0-11902-g1d935f4a02-dirty)
- Microsoft Windows [Version 10.0.19044.1645]
- cmake version 3.22.
Your guest code has crashed on startup, which is almost always because of problems with your exception vector table. If you use QEMU's -d options (eg -d cpu,int,guest_errors,unimp,in_asm) this will generally give a bit more detail on what exactly happened.
Looking at your ELF headers, it looks like you've not put a vector table into your binary. QEMU requires this (as does real hardware). The usual way to do this is to have a little assembly source file that lays out the data table with the addresses of the various exception entry points, though there are other ways to do this. (This is one example.)
The reason you don't see this on A-profile CPUs is that A-profile exception handling is completely different: on A-profile reset starts execution at address 0x0, and similarly exceptions are taken by setting the PC to a fixed low address. On M-profile reset works by reading the initial PC and SP values from the vector table, and exception handlers start at addresses also read from the vector table. (That is, on A-profile, the thing at the magic low addresses is code, and on M-profile, it is data, effectively function pointers).
Note also that the behaviour of the QEMU -kernel option is different between A-profile and M-profile: on A-profile it will load the ELF file into memory and honour the ELF entry point (execution will start from there). On M-profile it will load the ELF file but then start the CPU from reset in the hardware-specified manner, ie without setting PC to the ELF entry point. (This variation is essentially for historical/back-compat reasons.) If you want "just load my ELF file and set PC to its ELF entry point" you should use QEMU's generic loader device, which behaves the same way on all targets, and not -kernel, which generally means "I am a Linux kernel, please load me in whatever random target-specific plus combination of do-what-I-mean behaviour seems best". -kernel is generally best avoided if you're trying to load a bare-metal binary rather than an actual Linux kernel.
This similar question about getting a working M-profile binary running on QEMU might also be helpful.
Related
As the man page says:
-ffunction-sections
-fdata-sections
Place each function or data item into its own section in the
output file if the target supports arbitrary sections. The
name of the function or the name of the data item determines
the section's name in the output file.
And after compiling this code:
...
int bss_var_1 = 0;
int bss_var_2;
int bss_var_3;
int data_var_1 = 90;
int data_var_2 = 47;
int data_var_3[128] = {212};
int foo() {
printf("hello, foo()\n");
}
int func() {
printf("hello, func()\n");
}
int main(void) {
...
}
I got main.o in my folder, then I listed all its sections, it did place each function and data into its own section, but why do developers need these two options? (for example, any special usage to get their work done)
$ readelf build/main.o -S
There are 34 section headers, starting at offset 0xeb0:
Section Headers:
[Nr] Name Type Addr Off Size ES Flg Lk Inf Al
[ 0] NULL 00000000 000000 000000 00 0 0 0
[ 1] .text PROGBITS 00000000 000034 000000 00 AX 0 0 2
[ 2] .data PROGBITS 00000000 000034 000000 00 WA 0 0 1
[ 3] .bss NOBITS 00000000 000034 000000 00 WA 0 0 1
[ 4] .bss.bss_var_1 NOBITS 00000000 000034 000004 00 WA 0 0 4
[ 5] .bss.bss_var_2 NOBITS 00000000 000034 000004 00 WA 0 0 4
[ 6] .bss.bss_var_3 NOBITS 00000000 000034 000004 00 WA 0 0 4
[ 7] .data.data_var_1 PROGBITS 00000000 000034 000004 00 WA 0 0 4
[ 8] .data.data_var_2 PROGBITS 00000000 000038 000004 00 WA 0 0 4
[ 9] .data.data_var_3 PROGBITS 00000000 00003c 000200 00 WA 0 0 4
[10] .rodata PROGBITS 00000000 00023c 000047 00 A 0 0 4
[11] .text.foo PROGBITS 00000000 000284 000014 00 AX 0 0 4
[12] .rel.text.foo REL 00000000 000b78 000010 08 I 31 11 4
[13] .text.func PROGBITS 00000000 000298 000014 00 AX 0 0 4
[14] .rel.text.func REL 00000000 000b88 000010 08 I 31 13 4
[15] .text.main PROGBITS 00000000 0002ac 000028 00 AX 0 0 4
[16] .rel.text.main REL 00000000 000b98 000020 08 I 31 15 4
...
This allows linker to remove the unused sections [source]
The operation of eliminating the unused code and data from the final
executable is directly performed by the linker.
In order to do this, it has to work with objects compiled with the
following options: -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections.
These options are usable with C and Ada files. They will place
respectively each function or data in a separate section in the
resulting object file.
Once the objects and static libraries are created with these options,
the linker can perform the dead code elimination. You can do this by
setting the -Wl,--gc-sections option to gcc command or in the -largs
section of gnatmake. This will perform a garbage collection of code
and data never referenced.
Additionally, usage guidelines are provided in the documentation of the flags linked to by Haris:
Together with a linker garbage collection (linker --gc-sections
option) these options may lead to smaller statically-linked
executables (after stripping).
On ELF/DWARF systems these options do not degenerate the quality of
the debug information. There could be issues with other object
files/debug info formats.
Only use these options when there are significant benefits from doing
so. When you specify these options, the assembler and linker create
larger object and executable files and are also slower. These options
affect code generation. They prevent optimizations by the compiler and
assembler using relative locations inside a translation unit since the
locations are unknown until link time. An example of such an
optimization is relaxing calls to short call instructions.
I'm working on a project which involves parsing an arm elf file and extracting the sections from it.
There are obviously plenty of sections in an elf file which do not get loaded into flash, but I'm wondering how exactly objcopy knows which sections to include in a binary to be flashed directly into flash?
Take for example the following readelf of an arm elf file:
Section Headers: [Nr] Name Type Addr Off Size ES Flg Lk Inf Al
[ 0] NULL 00000000 000000 000000 00 0 0 0
[ 1] .isr_vector PROGBITS 08020000 010000 0001f8 00 WA 0 0 4
[ 2] .firmware_header_ PROGBITS 080201f8 0101f8 000004 00 WA 0 0 4
[ 3] .text PROGBITS 08020200 010200 01e11c 00 AX 0 0 64
[ 4] .ARM.extab PROGBITS 0803e31c 033a68 000000 00 W 0 0 1
[ 5] .exidx ARM_EXIDX 0803e31c 02e31c 000008 00 AL 3 0 4
[ 6] .ARM.attributes ARM_ATTRIBUTES 0803e324 033a68 000030 00 0 0 1
[ 7] .init_array INIT_ARRAY 0803e324 02e324 000008 04 WA 0 0 4
[ 8] .fini_array FINI_ARRAY 0803e32c 02e32c 000004 04 WA 0 0 4
[ 9] .firmware_header PROGBITS 0803e330 02e330 000008 00 WA 0 0 4
[10] .data PROGBITS 20000000 030000 0009c8 00 WA 0 0 8
[11] .RxDecripSection PROGBITS 200009c8 0309c8 000080 00 WA 0 0 4
[12] .RxarraySection PROGBITS 20000a48 030a48 0017d0 00 WA 0 0 4
[13] .TxDescripSection PROGBITS 20002218 032218 000080 00 WA 0 0 4
[14] .TxarraySection PROGBITS 20002298 032298 0017d0 00 WA 0 0 4
[15] .bss NOBITS 20003a68 033a68 045bc0 00 WA 0 0 8
[16] .heap PROGBITS 20049628 033a98 000000 00 W 0 0 1
[17] .reserved_for_sta PROGBITS 20049628 033a98 000000 00 W 0 0 1
[18] .battery_backed_s NOBITS 40024000 034000 00000c 00 WA 0 0 4
[19] .comment PROGBITS 00000000 033a98 000075 01 MS 0 0 1
[20] .debug_frame PROGBITS 00000000 033b10 001404 00 0 0 4
[21] .stab PROGBITS 00000000 034f14 000084 0c 22 0 4
[22] .stabstr STRTAB 00000000 034f98 000117 00 0 0 1
[23] .symtab SYMTAB 00000000 0350b0 009010 10 24 1646 4
[24] .strtab STRTAB 00000000 03e0c0 003dc8 00 0 0 1
[25] .shstrtab STRTAB 00000000 041e88 000132 00 0 0 1
Now, obviously quite a few of these sections (like .TxarraySection) are not loaded into flash. However, that section type is PROGBITS and it has a writable and allocated flag. This is no different than isr_vector, which is loaded but has the same type and flags. What am I missing here? Should I be looking in the program header?
How sure are you that TxarraySection isn't resident in flash? My guess is that it is, but your system initialization ignores it on startup.
Here's what the objcopy man page has to say about what it's doing:
objcopy can be used to generate a raw binary file by using an output target of ‘binary’ (e.g., use -O binary). When objcopy generates a raw binary file, it will essentially produce a memory dump of the contents of the input object file. All symbols and relocation information will be discarded. The memory dump will start at the load address of the lowest section copied into the output file.
I have my own Cortex-M7 elf file that I used to test this. I can convert to binary using objcopy probably the same way you are:
objcopy -O binary in.axf out.bin
In my case the size of out.bin is 376480. I can then inspect the input ELF file using readelf probably the same way you are:
readelf -S in.axf
I get a list of sections similar to the ones you've shown. If I then go through and add up the sizes of everything that is of type PROGBITS which also includes an Alloc flag, it adds up to exactly 376480. As described, objcopy has simply gone through the list of allocated sections in order and copied them to the output.
In general objcopy is pretty "dumb" in the sense that it doesn't try to make any sophisticated decisions about what to include or exclude. There are flags you can use to explicitly include or exclude certain regions, but in general if you're working on a bare-metal platform, it's up to you to decide exactly how your flash image should be laid out.
Without knowing all of the details of your particular system it's very hard to know exactly how to answer your question, but the most important detail to highlight is that objcopy doesn't really know anything, it will blindly copy just about anything, which means in most cases if you're just using -O binary with no other guidance, you're probably ending up with junk in your flash image that you don't actually need or want.
The sections copied to binary are those with a nonzero size, containing the SHF_ALLOC flag, with a type not equal to NOBITS.
The address tells you that it's in RAM, so unless your flash programmer can also handle SRAM, you can eliminate them that way. Ditto that's how you can handle debug symbols too, their addresses are zero.
I have built a axf (elf) file using Arm Compiler v6.9 for Cortex-R4. However when I load this to the target using Arm MCU Eclipse J-link GDB plugins it fails to load the initialisation data for my segments. If I load the axf using Segger Ozone and J-Link it loads the init data correctly.
If I run the arm-none-eabi-gdb.exe on the axf file I get "Warning: Loadable section "my_section" outside of ELF segments" for all my initialised segments.
Looking at the image the initialisation data should be loaded after the image to the addresses specified by the table in Region$$Table$$Base.
We don't have this problem if we link with gcc as the initialised data is done differently.
Any ideas?
I've faced the same issue today and observed the same problem that you described:
"Looking at the image the initialisation data should be loaded after the image to the addresses specified by the table in Region$$Table$$Base."
It seems that although very similar, the ELF file generated by armlink is a bit different than the ELF generated by GCC.
Anyway, I've found a workaround for that.
Checking my main.elf, I noticed that armlinker stored the initialization data into the ER_RW section:
arm-none-eabi-readelf.exe" -S main.elf
There are 16 section headers, starting at offset 0x122b0:
Section Headers:
[Nr] Name Type Addr Off Size ES Flg Lk Inf Al
[ 0] NULL 00000000 000000 000000 00 0 0 0
[ 1] ER_RO PROGBITS 20000000 000034 001358 00 AX 0 0 4
[ 2] ER_RW PROGBITS 20002000 00138c 0000cc 00 WA 0 0 4
[ 3] ER_ZI NOBITS 200020cc 001458 0004e8 00 WA 0 0 4
[ 4] .debug_abbrev PROGBITS 00000000 001458 0005c4 00 0 0 1
[ 5] .debug_frame PROGBITS 00000000 001a1c 000dc4 00 0 0 1
...
I noticed that the issue happens because GDB loaded ER_RW at addr=0x20002000 but, in fact, I needed it to be loaded just after the of ER_RO section (i.e. at addr=0x20001358)
The workaround for that is:
1- Use fromelf to dump all sections into a binary file main.bin. Fromelf will append ER_RW just after ER_RO, as it is supposed to be:
fromelf.exe --bin -o main.bin main.elf
2- Use objcopy to replace the contents of the ER_RO section with the data from main.bin.
Please notice that we can remove the ER_RW section now since it was already merged with ER_RO into main.bin:
arm-none-eabi-objcopy.exe main.elf --update-section ER_RO=main.bin --remove-section=ER_RW main.gdb.elf
The new main.gdb.elf file can now be loaded by arm-none-eabi-gdb.exe
This is how it looks:
arm-none-eabi-readelf.exe" -S main.gdb2.elf
There are 15 section headers, starting at offset 0x11c0c:
Section Headers:
[Nr] Name Type Addr Off Size ES Flg Lk Inf Al
[ 0] NULL 00000000 000000 000000 00 0 0 0
[ 1] ER_RO PROGBITS 20000000 000054 001424 00 AX 0 0 4
[ 2] ER_ZI NOBITS 200020cc 000000 0004e8 00 WA 0 0 4
[ 3] .debug_abbrev PROGBITS 00000000 001478 0005c4 00 0 0 1
...
Happy debugging with GDB!! ;-)
I'm compiling a c file foo.c:
#include <stdlib.h>
extern void *memcpy_optimized(void* __restrict, void* __restrict, size_t);
void foo() {
[blah blah blah]
memcpy_optimized((void *)a, (void *)b, 123);
}
then I have the assembly file memcpy_optimized.S:
.text
.fpu neon
.global memcpy_optimized
.type memcpy_optimized, %function
.align 4
memcpy_optimized:
.fnstart
mov ip, r0
cmp r2, #16
blt 4f # Have less than 16 bytes to copy
# First ensure 16 byte alignment for the destination buffer
tst r0, #0xF
beq 2f
tst r0, #1
ldrneb r3, [r1], #1
[blah blah blah]
.fnend
Both files compile fine with: gcc $< -o $# -c
but when I link the application with both resulting objects, I get the following error:
foo.c:(.text+0x380): undefined reference to `memcpy_optimized(void*, void *, unsigned int)'
Any idea what I'm doing wrong?
readelf -a obj/memcpy_optimized.o
ELF Header:
Magic: 7f 45 4c 46 01 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
Class: ELF32
Data: 2's complement, little endian
Version: 1 (current)
OS/ABI: UNIX - System V
ABI Version: 0
Type: REL (Relocatable file)
Machine: ARM
Version: 0x1
Entry point address: 0x0
Start of program headers: 0 (bytes into file)
Start of section headers: 436 (bytes into file)
Flags: 0x5000000, Version5 EABI
Size of this header: 52 (bytes)
Size of program headers: 0 (bytes)
Number of program headers: 0
Size of section headers: 40 (bytes)
Number of section headers: 11
Section header string table index: 8
Section Headers:
[Nr] Name Type Addr Off Size ES Flg Lk Inf Al
[ 0] NULL 00000000 000000 000000 00 0 0 0
[ 1] .text PROGBITS 00000000 000040 0000f0 00 AX 0 0 16
[ 2] .data PROGBITS 00000000 000130 000000 00 WA 0 0 1
[ 3] .bss NOBITS 00000000 000130 000000 00 WA 0 0 1
[ 4] .ARM.extab PROGBITS 00000000 000130 000000 00 A 0 0 1
[ 5] .ARM.exidx ARM_EXIDX 00000000 000130 000008 00 AL 1 0 4
[ 6] .rel.ARM.exidx REL 00000000 00044c 000010 08 9 5 4
[ 7] .ARM.attributes ARM_ATTRIBUTES 00000000 000138 000023 00 0 0 1
[ 8] .shstrtab STRTAB 00000000 00015b 000056 00 0 0 1
[ 9] .symtab SYMTAB 00000000 00036c 0000b0 10 10 9 4
[10] .strtab STRTAB 00000000 00041c 00002f 00 0 0 1
Key to Flags:
W (write), A (alloc), X (execute), M (merge), S (strings)
I (info), L (link order), G (group), T (TLS), E (exclude), x (unknown)
O (extra OS processing required) o (OS specific), p (processor specific)
There are no section groups in this file.
There are no program headers in this file.
Relocation section '.rel.ARM.exidx' at offset 0x44c contains 2 entries:
Offset Info Type Sym.Value Sym. Name
00000000 0000012a R_ARM_PREL31 00000000 .text
00000000 00000a00 R_ARM_NONE 00000000 __aeabi_unwind_cpp_pr0
Unwind table index '.ARM.exidx' at offset 0x130 contains 1 entries:
0x0 <memcpy_optimized>: 0x80b0b0b0
Compact model 0
0xb0 finish
0xb0 finish
0xb0 finish
Symbol table '.symtab' contains 11 entries:
Num: Value Size Type Bind Vis Ndx Name
0: 00000000 0 NOTYPE LOCAL DEFAULT UND
1: 00000000 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 1
2: 00000000 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 2
3: 00000000 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 3
4: 00000000 0 NOTYPE LOCAL DEFAULT 1 $a
5: 00000000 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 4
6: 00000000 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 5
7: 00000000 0 NOTYPE LOCAL DEFAULT 5 $d
8: 00000000 0 SECTION LOCAL DEFAULT 7
9: 00000000 0 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT 1 memcpy_optimized
10: 00000000 0 NOTYPE GLOBAL DEFAULT UND __aeabi_unwind_cpp_pr0
No version information found in this file.
Attribute Section: aeabi
File Attributes
Tag_CPU_name: "7-A"
Tag_CPU_arch: v7
Tag_CPU_arch_profile: Application
Tag_ARM_ISA_use: Yes
Tag_THUMB_ISA_use: Thumb-2
Tag_FP_arch: VFPv3
Tag_Advanced_SIMD_arch: NEONv1
Tag_DIV_use: Not allowed
It seems to me that you compiled your foo.c as C++, hence the linking error. What made me say that is that the linker reported the full prototype of the missing function. C functions do not have their full prototype as their symbol (just the name of function), however the C++ mangled names represent the full prototype of the function.
In many Unix and GCC C implementations, names in C are decorated with an initial underscore in object code. So, to call memcpy_optimized in C, you must use the name _memcpy_optimized in assembly.
I read in a book (can't recollect the name) that in a 32 bit system text section always starts at 0x0848000. But when I do readelf -S example_executable it does not reflect the same information. Why is that? Do other sections (bss,data,rodata etc) also start at fixed addresses? How can I find the alignment boundary for these sections?
There is a good explanation here of how Linux virtual memory works when allocating storage for a particular program.
ua alberta - linux memory allocation
The designers of the compiler/linker tool chain need to allocate an arbitary address for particular blocks of memory. In order to make it easier for other components of the tool chain like debuggers and profilers they always allocatate the same block to the same addresses. The actual addresses chosen are completely arbitrary.
When the program is loaded the virtual address will be mapped to some random piece of free memory (this is mostly done in hardware). This mapping is done on a per process basis to several programs can address virtual address x'0848000' but be pointed at different "real" memory addresses.
It all depends on the implementation on the particular machine.For a linux machine the behaviour will be different than that from windows machine.
Note however that the virtual memory addresses need to start at some fixed address in order to make life easier for debuggers.However the real addresses will be different depending on the pages available in RAM.
If you look the output of readelf -S more carefully you will notice you will notice subtracting the offset from the address indeed gives you 0x0848000.
As i had mentioned earlier this magic number 0x0848000 will depend on the type of executable format.
here is the output i get on my ubuntu 32 bit machine:
readelf -S ~/a.out
There are 29 section headers, starting at offset 0x1130:
Section Headers:
[Nr] Name Type Addr Off Size ES Flg Lk Inf Al
[ 0] NULL 00000000 000000 000000 00 0 0 0
[ 1] .interp PROGBITS 08048134 000134 000013 00 A 0 0 1
[ 2] .note.ABI-tag NOTE 08048148 000148 000020 00 A 0 0 4
[ 3] .note.gnu.build-i NOTE 08048168 000168 000024 00 A 0 0 4
[ 4] .gnu.hash GNU_HASH 0804818c 00018c 000020 04 A 5 0 4
[ 5] .dynsym DYNSYM 080481ac 0001ac 000050 10 A 6 1 4
[ 6] .dynstr STRTAB 080481fc 0001fc 00004c 00 A 0 0 1
[ 7] .gnu.version VERSYM 08048248 000248 00000a 02 A 5 0 2
[ 8] .gnu.version_r VERNEED 08048254 000254 000020 00 A 6 1 4
[ 9] .rel.dyn REL 08048274 000274 000008 08 A 5 0 4
[10] .rel.plt REL 0804827c 00027c 000018 08 A 5 12 4
[11] .init PROGBITS 08048294 000294 000030 00 AX 0 0 4
[12] .plt PROGBITS 080482c4 0002c4 000040 04 AX 0 0 4
[13] .text PROGBITS 08048310 000310 00018c 00 AX 0 0 16
[14] .fini PROGBITS 0804849c 00049c 00001c 00 AX 0 0 4
There is no consistent address between operating systems and architectures for the text section or any other section. Additionally position independent code and address space layout randomizations make these values even inconsistent on the same machine for some systems.