Related
A short int in C contains 16 bits and the first bit represents whether or not the value is negative or positive. I have a C program that is as follows:
int main() {
short int v;
unsigned short int uv;
v = -20000;
uv = v;
printf("\nuv = %hu\n", uv);
return 0;
}
Since the value of v is negative I know the first bit of the variable is a 1. So I expect the output of the program to equal uv = 52,768 b/c 20,000 + (2^15) = 52,768.
Instead I am getting uv = 45536 as the output. What part of my logic is incorrect?
The behavior you're seeing can be explained by the conversion rules of C:
6.3.1.3 Signed and unsigned integers
1 When a value with integer type is converted to another integer type other than _Bool, if the value can be represented by the new type, it is unchanged.
2 Otherwise, if the new type is unsigned, the value is converted by repeatedly adding or subtracting one more than the maximum value that can be represented in the new type until the value is in the range of the new type.
(This quote is from C99.)
-20000 can't be represented by an unsigned short because it's negative. The target type is unsigned, so the value is converted by repeatedly adding 65536 (which is USHORT_MAX + 1) until it is in range: -20000 + 65536 is exactly 45536.
Note that this behavior is mandated by the C standard and has nothing to do with how negative numbers are actually represented in memory (in particular, it works the same way even on machines using sign/magnitude or ones' complement).
Suppose I have the following C code.
unsigned int u = 1234;
int i = -5678;
unsigned int result = u + i;
What implicit conversions are going on here, and is this code safe for all values of u and i? (Safe, in the sense that even though result in this example will overflow to some huge positive number, I could cast it back to an int and get the real result.)
Short Answer
Your i will be converted to an unsigned integer by adding UINT_MAX + 1, then the addition will be carried out with the unsigned values, resulting in a large result (depending on the values of u and i).
Long Answer
According to the C99 Standard:
6.3.1.8 Usual arithmetic conversions
If both operands have the same type, then no further conversion is needed.
Otherwise, if both operands have signed integer types or both have unsigned integer types, the operand with the type of lesser integer conversion rank is converted to the type of the operand with greater rank.
Otherwise, if the operand that has unsigned integer type has rank greater or equal to the rank of the type of the other operand, then the operand with signed integer type is converted to the type of the operand with unsigned integer type.
Otherwise, if the type of the operand with signed integer type can represent all of the values of the type of the operand with unsigned integer type, then the operand with unsigned integer type is converted to the type of the operand with signed integer type.
Otherwise, both operands are converted to the unsigned integer type corresponding to the type of the operand with signed integer type.
In your case, we have one unsigned int (u) and signed int (i). Referring to (3) above, since both operands have the same rank, your i will need to be converted to an unsigned integer.
6.3.1.3 Signed and unsigned integers
When a value with integer type is converted to another integer type other than _Bool, if the value can be represented by the new type, it is unchanged.
Otherwise, if the new type is unsigned, the value is converted by repeatedly adding or subtracting one more than the maximum value that can be represented in the new type until the value is in the range of the new type.
Otherwise, the new type is signed and the value cannot be represented in it; either the result is implementation-defined or an implementation-defined signal is raised.
Now we need to refer to (2) above. Your i will be converted to an unsigned value by adding UINT_MAX + 1. So the result will depend on how UINT_MAX is defined on your implementation. It will be large, but it will not overflow, because:
6.2.5 (9)
A computation involving unsigned operands can never overflow, because a result that cannot be represented by the resulting unsigned integer type is reduced modulo the number that is one greater than the largest value that can be represented by the resulting type.
Bonus: Arithmetic Conversion Semi-WTF
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
unsigned int plus_one = 1;
int minus_one = -1;
if(plus_one < minus_one)
printf("1 < -1");
else
printf("boring");
return 0;
}
You can use this link to try this online: https://repl.it/repls/QuickWhimsicalBytes
Bonus: Arithmetic Conversion Side Effect
Arithmetic conversion rules can be used to get the value of UINT_MAX by initializing an unsigned value to -1, ie:
unsigned int umax = -1; // umax set to UINT_MAX
This is guaranteed to be portable regardless of the signed number representation of the system because of the conversion rules described above. See this SO question for more information: Is it safe to use -1 to set all bits to true?
Conversion from signed to unsigned does not necessarily just copy or reinterpret the representation of the signed value. Quoting the C standard (C99 6.3.1.3):
When a value with integer type is converted to another integer type other than _Bool, if
the value can be represented by the new type, it is unchanged.
Otherwise, if the new type is unsigned, the value is converted by repeatedly adding or
subtracting one more than the maximum value that can be represented in the new type
until the value is in the range of the new type.
Otherwise, the new type is signed and the value cannot be represented in it; either the
result is implementation-defined or an implementation-defined signal is raised.
For the two's complement representation that's nearly universal these days, the rules do correspond to reinterpreting the bits. But for other representations (sign-and-magnitude or ones' complement), the C implementation must still arrange for the same result, which means that the conversion can't just copy the bits. For example, (unsigned)-1 == UINT_MAX, regardless of the representation.
In general, conversions in C are defined to operate on values, not on representations.
To answer the original question:
unsigned int u = 1234;
int i = -5678;
unsigned int result = u + i;
The value of i is converted to unsigned int, yielding UINT_MAX + 1 - 5678. This value is then added to the unsigned value 1234, yielding UINT_MAX + 1 - 4444.
(Unlike unsigned overflow, signed overflow invokes undefined behavior. Wraparound is common, but is not guaranteed by the C standard -- and compiler optimizations can wreak havoc on code that makes unwarranted assumptions.)
Referring to The C Programming Language, Second Edition (ISBN 0131103628),
Your addition operation causes the int to be converted to an unsigned int.
Assuming two's complement representation and equally sized types, the bit pattern does not change.
Conversion from unsigned int to signed int is implementation dependent. (But it probably works the way you expect on most platforms these days.)
The rules are a little more complicated in the case of combining signed and unsigned of differing sizes.
When converting from signed to unsigned there are two possibilities. Numbers that were originally positive remain (or are interpreted as) the same value. Number that were originally negative will now be interpreted as larger positive numbers.
When one unsigned and one signed variable are added (or any binary operation) both are implicitly converted to unsigned, which would in this case result in a huge result.
So it is safe in the sense of that the result might be huge and wrong, but it will never crash.
As was previously answered, you can cast back and forth between signed and unsigned without a problem. The border case for signed integers is -1 (0xFFFFFFFF). Try adding and subtracting from that and you'll find that you can cast back and have it be correct.
However, if you are going to be casting back and forth, I would strongly advise naming your variables such that it is clear what type they are, eg:
int iValue, iResult;
unsigned int uValue, uResult;
It is far too easy to get distracted by more important issues and forget which variable is what type if they are named without a hint. You don't want to cast to an unsigned and then use that as an array index.
What implicit conversions are going on here,
i will be converted to an unsigned integer.
and is this code safe for all values of u and i?
Safe in the sense of being well-defined yes (see https://stackoverflow.com/a/50632/5083516 ).
The rules are written in typically hard to read standards-speak but essentially whatever representation was used in the signed integer the unsigned integer will contain a 2's complement representation of the number.
Addition, subtraction and multiplication will work correctly on these numbers resulting in another unsigned integer containing a twos complement number representing the "real result".
division and casting to larger unsigned integer types will have well-defined results but those results will not be 2's complement representations of the "real result".
(Safe, in the sense that even though result in this example will overflow to some huge positive number, I could cast it back to an int and get the real result.)
While conversions from signed to unsigned are defined by the standard the reverse is implementation-defined both gcc and msvc define the conversion such that you will get the "real result" when converting a 2's complement number stored in an unsigned integer back to a signed integer. I expect you will only find any other behaviour on obscure systems that don't use 2's complement for signed integers.
https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Integers-implementation.html#Integers-implementation
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/0eex498h.aspx
Horrible Answers Galore
Ozgur Ozcitak
When you cast from signed to unsigned
(and vice versa) the internal
representation of the number does not
change. What changes is how the
compiler interprets the sign bit.
This is completely wrong.
Mats Fredriksson
When one unsigned and one signed
variable are added (or any binary
operation) both are implicitly
converted to unsigned, which would in
this case result in a huge result.
This is also wrong. Unsigned ints may be promoted to ints should they have equal precision due to padding bits in the unsigned type.
smh
Your addition operation causes the int
to be converted to an unsigned int.
Wrong. Maybe it does and maybe it doesn't.
Conversion from unsigned int to signed
int is implementation dependent. (But
it probably works the way you expect
on most platforms these days.)
Wrong. It is either undefined behavior if it causes overflow or the value is preserved.
Anonymous
The value of i is converted to
unsigned int ...
Wrong. Depends on the precision of an int relative to an unsigned int.
Taylor Price
As was previously answered, you can
cast back and forth between signed and
unsigned without a problem.
Wrong. Trying to store a value outside the range of a signed integer results in undefined behavior.
Now I can finally answer the question.
Should the precision of int be equal to unsigned int, u will be promoted to a signed int and you will get the value -4444 from the expression (u+i). Now, should u and i have other values, you may get overflow and undefined behavior but with those exact numbers you will get -4444 [1]. This value will have type int. But you are trying to store that value into an unsigned int so that will then be cast to an unsigned int and the value that result will end up having would be (UINT_MAX+1) - 4444.
Should the precision of unsigned int be greater than that of an int, the signed int will be promoted to an unsigned int yielding the value (UINT_MAX+1) - 5678 which will be added to the other unsigned int 1234. Should u and i have other values, which make the expression fall outside the range {0..UINT_MAX} the value (UINT_MAX+1) will either be added or subtracted until the result DOES fall inside the range {0..UINT_MAX) and no undefined behavior will occur.
What is precision?
Integers have padding bits, sign bits, and value bits. Unsigned integers do not have a sign bit obviously. Unsigned char is further guaranteed to not have padding bits. The number of values bits an integer has is how much precision it has.
[Gotchas]
The macro sizeof macro alone cannot be used to determine precision of an integer if padding bits are present. And the size of a byte does not have to be an octet (eight bits) as defined by C99.
[1] The overflow may occur at one of two points. Either before the addition (during promotion) - when you have an unsigned int which is too large to fit inside an int. The overflow may also occur after the addition even if the unsigned int was within the range of an int, after the addition the result may still overflow.
I was searching around a little trying to find an answer to this, but I couldn't find a clear cut answer.
I saw this answer where he wrote as a side note:
The rules are different for unsigned types; the result of converting a
signed or unsigned integer to an unsigned type is well defined.
So what is the well defined behavior?
When converting from unsigned long long to unsigned int is there a defined behavior? Is it just cutting off the 32 MSB's? (leaving me with the 32 LSB's).
Lets assume that sizeof(unsigned int) is 4 and sizeof(unsigned long long) is 8 in my system.
Is there a different behavior when assigning without casting and when assigning with casting?
The standard says:
6.3.1.3 Signed and unsigned integers
1 When a value with integer type is converted to another integer type other than _Bool, if the value
can be represented by the new type, it is unchanged.
2 Otherwise, if
the new type is unsigned, the value is converted by repeatedly adding
or subtracting one more than the maximum value that can be represented
in the new type until the value is in the range of the new type. 49)
3
Otherwise, the new type is signed and the value cannot be represented
in it; either the result is implementation-defined or an
implementation-defined signal is raised.
Point 2 describes a modulo operation, which has the same effect than cutting off the MSBs in this case. (It has the same effect when the maximum value of the new type plus one is a power of the number base.)
There's no difference if you use casting.
Suppose I have the following C code.
unsigned int u = 1234;
int i = -5678;
unsigned int result = u + i;
What implicit conversions are going on here, and is this code safe for all values of u and i? (Safe, in the sense that even though result in this example will overflow to some huge positive number, I could cast it back to an int and get the real result.)
Short Answer
Your i will be converted to an unsigned integer by adding UINT_MAX + 1, then the addition will be carried out with the unsigned values, resulting in a large result (depending on the values of u and i).
Long Answer
According to the C99 Standard:
6.3.1.8 Usual arithmetic conversions
If both operands have the same type, then no further conversion is needed.
Otherwise, if both operands have signed integer types or both have unsigned integer types, the operand with the type of lesser integer conversion rank is converted to the type of the operand with greater rank.
Otherwise, if the operand that has unsigned integer type has rank greater or equal to the rank of the type of the other operand, then the operand with signed integer type is converted to the type of the operand with unsigned integer type.
Otherwise, if the type of the operand with signed integer type can represent all of the values of the type of the operand with unsigned integer type, then the operand with unsigned integer type is converted to the type of the operand with signed integer type.
Otherwise, both operands are converted to the unsigned integer type corresponding to the type of the operand with signed integer type.
In your case, we have one unsigned int (u) and signed int (i). Referring to (3) above, since both operands have the same rank, your i will need to be converted to an unsigned integer.
6.3.1.3 Signed and unsigned integers
When a value with integer type is converted to another integer type other than _Bool, if the value can be represented by the new type, it is unchanged.
Otherwise, if the new type is unsigned, the value is converted by repeatedly adding or subtracting one more than the maximum value that can be represented in the new type until the value is in the range of the new type.
Otherwise, the new type is signed and the value cannot be represented in it; either the result is implementation-defined or an implementation-defined signal is raised.
Now we need to refer to (2) above. Your i will be converted to an unsigned value by adding UINT_MAX + 1. So the result will depend on how UINT_MAX is defined on your implementation. It will be large, but it will not overflow, because:
6.2.5 (9)
A computation involving unsigned operands can never overflow, because a result that cannot be represented by the resulting unsigned integer type is reduced modulo the number that is one greater than the largest value that can be represented by the resulting type.
Bonus: Arithmetic Conversion Semi-WTF
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
unsigned int plus_one = 1;
int minus_one = -1;
if(plus_one < minus_one)
printf("1 < -1");
else
printf("boring");
return 0;
}
You can use this link to try this online: https://repl.it/repls/QuickWhimsicalBytes
Bonus: Arithmetic Conversion Side Effect
Arithmetic conversion rules can be used to get the value of UINT_MAX by initializing an unsigned value to -1, ie:
unsigned int umax = -1; // umax set to UINT_MAX
This is guaranteed to be portable regardless of the signed number representation of the system because of the conversion rules described above. See this SO question for more information: Is it safe to use -1 to set all bits to true?
Conversion from signed to unsigned does not necessarily just copy or reinterpret the representation of the signed value. Quoting the C standard (C99 6.3.1.3):
When a value with integer type is converted to another integer type other than _Bool, if
the value can be represented by the new type, it is unchanged.
Otherwise, if the new type is unsigned, the value is converted by repeatedly adding or
subtracting one more than the maximum value that can be represented in the new type
until the value is in the range of the new type.
Otherwise, the new type is signed and the value cannot be represented in it; either the
result is implementation-defined or an implementation-defined signal is raised.
For the two's complement representation that's nearly universal these days, the rules do correspond to reinterpreting the bits. But for other representations (sign-and-magnitude or ones' complement), the C implementation must still arrange for the same result, which means that the conversion can't just copy the bits. For example, (unsigned)-1 == UINT_MAX, regardless of the representation.
In general, conversions in C are defined to operate on values, not on representations.
To answer the original question:
unsigned int u = 1234;
int i = -5678;
unsigned int result = u + i;
The value of i is converted to unsigned int, yielding UINT_MAX + 1 - 5678. This value is then added to the unsigned value 1234, yielding UINT_MAX + 1 - 4444.
(Unlike unsigned overflow, signed overflow invokes undefined behavior. Wraparound is common, but is not guaranteed by the C standard -- and compiler optimizations can wreak havoc on code that makes unwarranted assumptions.)
Referring to The C Programming Language, Second Edition (ISBN 0131103628),
Your addition operation causes the int to be converted to an unsigned int.
Assuming two's complement representation and equally sized types, the bit pattern does not change.
Conversion from unsigned int to signed int is implementation dependent. (But it probably works the way you expect on most platforms these days.)
The rules are a little more complicated in the case of combining signed and unsigned of differing sizes.
When converting from signed to unsigned there are two possibilities. Numbers that were originally positive remain (or are interpreted as) the same value. Number that were originally negative will now be interpreted as larger positive numbers.
When one unsigned and one signed variable are added (or any binary operation) both are implicitly converted to unsigned, which would in this case result in a huge result.
So it is safe in the sense of that the result might be huge and wrong, but it will never crash.
As was previously answered, you can cast back and forth between signed and unsigned without a problem. The border case for signed integers is -1 (0xFFFFFFFF). Try adding and subtracting from that and you'll find that you can cast back and have it be correct.
However, if you are going to be casting back and forth, I would strongly advise naming your variables such that it is clear what type they are, eg:
int iValue, iResult;
unsigned int uValue, uResult;
It is far too easy to get distracted by more important issues and forget which variable is what type if they are named without a hint. You don't want to cast to an unsigned and then use that as an array index.
What implicit conversions are going on here,
i will be converted to an unsigned integer.
and is this code safe for all values of u and i?
Safe in the sense of being well-defined yes (see https://stackoverflow.com/a/50632/5083516 ).
The rules are written in typically hard to read standards-speak but essentially whatever representation was used in the signed integer the unsigned integer will contain a 2's complement representation of the number.
Addition, subtraction and multiplication will work correctly on these numbers resulting in another unsigned integer containing a twos complement number representing the "real result".
division and casting to larger unsigned integer types will have well-defined results but those results will not be 2's complement representations of the "real result".
(Safe, in the sense that even though result in this example will overflow to some huge positive number, I could cast it back to an int and get the real result.)
While conversions from signed to unsigned are defined by the standard the reverse is implementation-defined both gcc and msvc define the conversion such that you will get the "real result" when converting a 2's complement number stored in an unsigned integer back to a signed integer. I expect you will only find any other behaviour on obscure systems that don't use 2's complement for signed integers.
https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Integers-implementation.html#Integers-implementation
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/0eex498h.aspx
Horrible Answers Galore
Ozgur Ozcitak
When you cast from signed to unsigned
(and vice versa) the internal
representation of the number does not
change. What changes is how the
compiler interprets the sign bit.
This is completely wrong.
Mats Fredriksson
When one unsigned and one signed
variable are added (or any binary
operation) both are implicitly
converted to unsigned, which would in
this case result in a huge result.
This is also wrong. Unsigned ints may be promoted to ints should they have equal precision due to padding bits in the unsigned type.
smh
Your addition operation causes the int
to be converted to an unsigned int.
Wrong. Maybe it does and maybe it doesn't.
Conversion from unsigned int to signed
int is implementation dependent. (But
it probably works the way you expect
on most platforms these days.)
Wrong. It is either undefined behavior if it causes overflow or the value is preserved.
Anonymous
The value of i is converted to
unsigned int ...
Wrong. Depends on the precision of an int relative to an unsigned int.
Taylor Price
As was previously answered, you can
cast back and forth between signed and
unsigned without a problem.
Wrong. Trying to store a value outside the range of a signed integer results in undefined behavior.
Now I can finally answer the question.
Should the precision of int be equal to unsigned int, u will be promoted to a signed int and you will get the value -4444 from the expression (u+i). Now, should u and i have other values, you may get overflow and undefined behavior but with those exact numbers you will get -4444 [1]. This value will have type int. But you are trying to store that value into an unsigned int so that will then be cast to an unsigned int and the value that result will end up having would be (UINT_MAX+1) - 4444.
Should the precision of unsigned int be greater than that of an int, the signed int will be promoted to an unsigned int yielding the value (UINT_MAX+1) - 5678 which will be added to the other unsigned int 1234. Should u and i have other values, which make the expression fall outside the range {0..UINT_MAX} the value (UINT_MAX+1) will either be added or subtracted until the result DOES fall inside the range {0..UINT_MAX) and no undefined behavior will occur.
What is precision?
Integers have padding bits, sign bits, and value bits. Unsigned integers do not have a sign bit obviously. Unsigned char is further guaranteed to not have padding bits. The number of values bits an integer has is how much precision it has.
[Gotchas]
The macro sizeof macro alone cannot be used to determine precision of an integer if padding bits are present. And the size of a byte does not have to be an octet (eight bits) as defined by C99.
[1] The overflow may occur at one of two points. Either before the addition (during promotion) - when you have an unsigned int which is too large to fit inside an int. The overflow may also occur after the addition even if the unsigned int was within the range of an int, after the addition the result may still overflow.
Suppose I have the following C code.
unsigned int u = 1234;
int i = -5678;
unsigned int result = u + i;
What implicit conversions are going on here, and is this code safe for all values of u and i? (Safe, in the sense that even though result in this example will overflow to some huge positive number, I could cast it back to an int and get the real result.)
Short Answer
Your i will be converted to an unsigned integer by adding UINT_MAX + 1, then the addition will be carried out with the unsigned values, resulting in a large result (depending on the values of u and i).
Long Answer
According to the C99 Standard:
6.3.1.8 Usual arithmetic conversions
If both operands have the same type, then no further conversion is needed.
Otherwise, if both operands have signed integer types or both have unsigned integer types, the operand with the type of lesser integer conversion rank is converted to the type of the operand with greater rank.
Otherwise, if the operand that has unsigned integer type has rank greater or equal to the rank of the type of the other operand, then the operand with signed integer type is converted to the type of the operand with unsigned integer type.
Otherwise, if the type of the operand with signed integer type can represent all of the values of the type of the operand with unsigned integer type, then the operand with unsigned integer type is converted to the type of the operand with signed integer type.
Otherwise, both operands are converted to the unsigned integer type corresponding to the type of the operand with signed integer type.
In your case, we have one unsigned int (u) and signed int (i). Referring to (3) above, since both operands have the same rank, your i will need to be converted to an unsigned integer.
6.3.1.3 Signed and unsigned integers
When a value with integer type is converted to another integer type other than _Bool, if the value can be represented by the new type, it is unchanged.
Otherwise, if the new type is unsigned, the value is converted by repeatedly adding or subtracting one more than the maximum value that can be represented in the new type until the value is in the range of the new type.
Otherwise, the new type is signed and the value cannot be represented in it; either the result is implementation-defined or an implementation-defined signal is raised.
Now we need to refer to (2) above. Your i will be converted to an unsigned value by adding UINT_MAX + 1. So the result will depend on how UINT_MAX is defined on your implementation. It will be large, but it will not overflow, because:
6.2.5 (9)
A computation involving unsigned operands can never overflow, because a result that cannot be represented by the resulting unsigned integer type is reduced modulo the number that is one greater than the largest value that can be represented by the resulting type.
Bonus: Arithmetic Conversion Semi-WTF
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
unsigned int plus_one = 1;
int minus_one = -1;
if(plus_one < minus_one)
printf("1 < -1");
else
printf("boring");
return 0;
}
You can use this link to try this online: https://repl.it/repls/QuickWhimsicalBytes
Bonus: Arithmetic Conversion Side Effect
Arithmetic conversion rules can be used to get the value of UINT_MAX by initializing an unsigned value to -1, ie:
unsigned int umax = -1; // umax set to UINT_MAX
This is guaranteed to be portable regardless of the signed number representation of the system because of the conversion rules described above. See this SO question for more information: Is it safe to use -1 to set all bits to true?
Conversion from signed to unsigned does not necessarily just copy or reinterpret the representation of the signed value. Quoting the C standard (C99 6.3.1.3):
When a value with integer type is converted to another integer type other than _Bool, if
the value can be represented by the new type, it is unchanged.
Otherwise, if the new type is unsigned, the value is converted by repeatedly adding or
subtracting one more than the maximum value that can be represented in the new type
until the value is in the range of the new type.
Otherwise, the new type is signed and the value cannot be represented in it; either the
result is implementation-defined or an implementation-defined signal is raised.
For the two's complement representation that's nearly universal these days, the rules do correspond to reinterpreting the bits. But for other representations (sign-and-magnitude or ones' complement), the C implementation must still arrange for the same result, which means that the conversion can't just copy the bits. For example, (unsigned)-1 == UINT_MAX, regardless of the representation.
In general, conversions in C are defined to operate on values, not on representations.
To answer the original question:
unsigned int u = 1234;
int i = -5678;
unsigned int result = u + i;
The value of i is converted to unsigned int, yielding UINT_MAX + 1 - 5678. This value is then added to the unsigned value 1234, yielding UINT_MAX + 1 - 4444.
(Unlike unsigned overflow, signed overflow invokes undefined behavior. Wraparound is common, but is not guaranteed by the C standard -- and compiler optimizations can wreak havoc on code that makes unwarranted assumptions.)
Referring to The C Programming Language, Second Edition (ISBN 0131103628),
Your addition operation causes the int to be converted to an unsigned int.
Assuming two's complement representation and equally sized types, the bit pattern does not change.
Conversion from unsigned int to signed int is implementation dependent. (But it probably works the way you expect on most platforms these days.)
The rules are a little more complicated in the case of combining signed and unsigned of differing sizes.
When converting from signed to unsigned there are two possibilities. Numbers that were originally positive remain (or are interpreted as) the same value. Number that were originally negative will now be interpreted as larger positive numbers.
When one unsigned and one signed variable are added (or any binary operation) both are implicitly converted to unsigned, which would in this case result in a huge result.
So it is safe in the sense of that the result might be huge and wrong, but it will never crash.
As was previously answered, you can cast back and forth between signed and unsigned without a problem. The border case for signed integers is -1 (0xFFFFFFFF). Try adding and subtracting from that and you'll find that you can cast back and have it be correct.
However, if you are going to be casting back and forth, I would strongly advise naming your variables such that it is clear what type they are, eg:
int iValue, iResult;
unsigned int uValue, uResult;
It is far too easy to get distracted by more important issues and forget which variable is what type if they are named without a hint. You don't want to cast to an unsigned and then use that as an array index.
What implicit conversions are going on here,
i will be converted to an unsigned integer.
and is this code safe for all values of u and i?
Safe in the sense of being well-defined yes (see https://stackoverflow.com/a/50632/5083516 ).
The rules are written in typically hard to read standards-speak but essentially whatever representation was used in the signed integer the unsigned integer will contain a 2's complement representation of the number.
Addition, subtraction and multiplication will work correctly on these numbers resulting in another unsigned integer containing a twos complement number representing the "real result".
division and casting to larger unsigned integer types will have well-defined results but those results will not be 2's complement representations of the "real result".
(Safe, in the sense that even though result in this example will overflow to some huge positive number, I could cast it back to an int and get the real result.)
While conversions from signed to unsigned are defined by the standard the reverse is implementation-defined both gcc and msvc define the conversion such that you will get the "real result" when converting a 2's complement number stored in an unsigned integer back to a signed integer. I expect you will only find any other behaviour on obscure systems that don't use 2's complement for signed integers.
https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Integers-implementation.html#Integers-implementation
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/0eex498h.aspx
Horrible Answers Galore
Ozgur Ozcitak
When you cast from signed to unsigned
(and vice versa) the internal
representation of the number does not
change. What changes is how the
compiler interprets the sign bit.
This is completely wrong.
Mats Fredriksson
When one unsigned and one signed
variable are added (or any binary
operation) both are implicitly
converted to unsigned, which would in
this case result in a huge result.
This is also wrong. Unsigned ints may be promoted to ints should they have equal precision due to padding bits in the unsigned type.
smh
Your addition operation causes the int
to be converted to an unsigned int.
Wrong. Maybe it does and maybe it doesn't.
Conversion from unsigned int to signed
int is implementation dependent. (But
it probably works the way you expect
on most platforms these days.)
Wrong. It is either undefined behavior if it causes overflow or the value is preserved.
Anonymous
The value of i is converted to
unsigned int ...
Wrong. Depends on the precision of an int relative to an unsigned int.
Taylor Price
As was previously answered, you can
cast back and forth between signed and
unsigned without a problem.
Wrong. Trying to store a value outside the range of a signed integer results in undefined behavior.
Now I can finally answer the question.
Should the precision of int be equal to unsigned int, u will be promoted to a signed int and you will get the value -4444 from the expression (u+i). Now, should u and i have other values, you may get overflow and undefined behavior but with those exact numbers you will get -4444 [1]. This value will have type int. But you are trying to store that value into an unsigned int so that will then be cast to an unsigned int and the value that result will end up having would be (UINT_MAX+1) - 4444.
Should the precision of unsigned int be greater than that of an int, the signed int will be promoted to an unsigned int yielding the value (UINT_MAX+1) - 5678 which will be added to the other unsigned int 1234. Should u and i have other values, which make the expression fall outside the range {0..UINT_MAX} the value (UINT_MAX+1) will either be added or subtracted until the result DOES fall inside the range {0..UINT_MAX) and no undefined behavior will occur.
What is precision?
Integers have padding bits, sign bits, and value bits. Unsigned integers do not have a sign bit obviously. Unsigned char is further guaranteed to not have padding bits. The number of values bits an integer has is how much precision it has.
[Gotchas]
The macro sizeof macro alone cannot be used to determine precision of an integer if padding bits are present. And the size of a byte does not have to be an octet (eight bits) as defined by C99.
[1] The overflow may occur at one of two points. Either before the addition (during promotion) - when you have an unsigned int which is too large to fit inside an int. The overflow may also occur after the addition even if the unsigned int was within the range of an int, after the addition the result may still overflow.