I am currently trying to create my own (simple) shell - in C language - but I have a hard time with redirection I/O.
I compile and run in VMware(gcc ,and if i want to execute the command :
$cat < file_in.txt > file_out.txt
I get :
File errorcat: '<': No such file or directory
cat: file_in.txt: No such file or directory
Function in header file:
void fileRedirect(char **args, int k, int ioMode)
{
pid_t pid, wpid;
mode_t mode = S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH;
int fd, status = 0;
pid = fork();
if (pid == 0) {
// Child process
if(ioMode == 0) // Input mode
fd = open(args[k+1], O_RDONLY, mode);
else // Output mode
fd = open(args[k+1], O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC, mode);
if(fd < 0)
fprintf(stderr, "File error");
else {
dup2(fd, ioMode); // Redirect input or output according to ioMode
close(fd); // Close the corresponding pointer so child process can use it
args[k] = NULL;
args[k+1] = NULL;
if (execvp(args[0], args) == -1) {
perror("SHELL");
}
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
}
else if (pid < 0) { // Error forking process
perror("SHELL");
}
else {
// Parent process. Wait till it finishes execution
do {
wpid = waitpid(pid, &status, WUNTRACED);
}
while (!WIFEXITED(status) && !WIFSIGNALED(status));
}
}
And .c code :
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include "functions.h"
#define BUFSIZE 64 // Size of a single token
#define TOKEN_DELIM " \t\r\n\a" // Token Delimiters
void main(){
char *command = NULL, cwd[1024], *pwd;
char **args, *options[4] = {"<", ">"};
int k = 0, option, found;
pwd = NULL;
pwd = getenv("HOME");
do
{
ssize_t bsize = 0;
found = 0;
printf("$");
if(getcwd(cwd, sizeof(cwd)) != NULL)
{
printf("%s$", cwd);
}
getline(&command, &bsize, stdin);
if(endOfFile(command) == 0)
{
printf("\n");
break;
}
if(charLimit(command) == 0)
{
printf("\n");
break;
}
args = splitTokens(command);
if(args[0] == NULL)
{
free(command);
free(args);
continue;
}
if(strcmp(args[0],"exit") == 0)
{
break;
}
else if(strcmp(args[0], "cd") == 0)
{
if(args[1] == NULL)
{
if(pwd[0] != 0)
{
chdir(pwd);
}
}
else
{
chdir(args[1]);
}
}
else
{
k = 1;
while(args[k] != NULL) { // Check for any of the redirect or process operators <,<,|,&
for(option = 0; option < 2; option++) {
if(strcmp(args[k],options[option]) == 0)
break;
}
if(option < 2) {
found = 1;
if(args[k+1] == NULL) { // For IORedirect and Pipe, argument is necessary
fprintf(stderr, "SHELL: parameter missing\n");
break;
}
fileRedirect(args, k, option);
}
k++;
}
if(found == 0)
execute(args, 0); // Start a foreground process or command
}
free(command);
free(args);
} while(1);
}
I have seen many answers in similar question,but they made me more confused.
Thank you in advance .
Related
So I have created a simple shell program which takes input from the user through cmd, and then creates a new task and executes the input as a command. For example:
ls -l /home/user/Downloads | sort –u > listing.txt
But my program can only handle one piping. Can I somehow make it work with no limitations to pipings?? For example:
ls -l /home/user/Downloads | sort –u | wc –l > count.txt
So far I have been unable to implement something like that.
Here is my code:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(void)
{
pid_t pid1,pid2,waitPid;
int status,n,j,k,in,out,pdes[2],current_out,current_in,returnValue;
char *token;
char array[256];
char *temp[256];
char *temp2[256];
current_out=dup(1);
current_in=dup(0);
for(;;)
{
if(dup2(current_out,1) < 0)
{
printf("Error restoring output");
}
if(dup2(current_in, 0) < 0)
{
printf("Error restoring input");
}
int i=0;
k=0;
printf("mysh4>");
int check = scanf("%d",&n);
if(check == EOF)
{
printf("You now exit.\n");
break;
}
else
{
fgets(array,sizeof(array),stdin);
array[strcspn(array,"\n")] = 0;
token = strtok(array, " ");
while(token != NULL)
{
temp[i] = token;
token = strtok(NULL, " ");
i++;
k++;
}
temp[i]= NULL;
int p=0;
int qq;
for(i=0;i<k;i++)
{
if(strcmp(temp[i],"|") == 0)
{
for(qq=i+1; qq<k; qq++)
{
temp2[p]=temp[qq];
temp[qq-1] = NULL;
printf("Temp2[%d] is: %s\n" , p , temp2[p]);
printf("Temp1[%d] is: %s\n" , p , temp[p]);
p++;
}
temp2[p]= NULL;
}
}
returnValue=pipe(pdes);
if (returnValue == -1)
{
printf("ERROR: Pipe command failed.\n");
return -1;
}
close(pdes[0]);
close(pdes[1]);
pid1 = fork();
if (pid1 < 0)
{
perror("ERROR: Fork failed.\n");
return -1;
}
//child process
if (pid1 == 0)
{
close(pdes[0]);
dup2(pdes[1],1);
printf("Array:%s", array);
execvp(array,temp);
printf("Invalid Code\n");
return -1;
}
pid2 = fork();
if(pid2 < 0)
{
perror("Error: Fork2 failed.\n");
return -1;
}
//child process 2
if(pid2 == 0)
{
close(pdes[1]);
dup2(pdes[0],0);
for(j=0;j<k;j++)
{
if(strcmp(temp[j],">") == 0)
{
out=j+1;
printf("Output is %s\n", temp[out]);
temp[j] = temp[out];
pdes[1]=open(temp[out],
O_APPEND | O_RDWR | O_CREAT, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR);
if(dup2(pdes[1],1) < 0)
{
printf("error in dup2");
return -1;
}
}
}
execvp(temp2[0],temp2);
printf("Invalid Code 2\n");
return -1;
}
//father process
else
{
//father waits child process to finish
waitPid = wait(NULL);
if (waitPid == -1)
{
perror("ERROR: Waitpid failed.\n");
return -1;
}
}
}
}
return 0;
}
I've written a basic shell in C, and I'm trying to catch a SIGTSTP signal from a child process. To do this, I've set up a handler for SIGCHLD, but the signal number being returned is 20, when it should be 24.
I have my SIGCHLD handler:
signal(SIGCHLD, trapChld);
void trapChld(int signo) {
printf("%d", signo);
}
This prints signal 20 when kill -SIGTSTP child_pid is run. Why might this be happening?
Here's my full code:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
int statusCode;
int foregroundMode = 0;
int bg = 0;
int bgPsArray[20];
int bgPsCount = 0;
int i;
char line[256];
pid_t popBgProcess() {
int size = sizeof(bgPsArray)/sizeof(bgPsArray[0]);
if (size > 0) {
return bgPsArray[size+1];
} else {
return 0;
}
}
void trapInterrupt(int _) {
int childStatus;
pid_t child;
while ((child = popBgProcess())) {
if(child != getpid()) {
kill(child, SIGKILL);
waitpid(child, &childStatus, 0);
}
}
}
void trapChld(int signo) {
printf("%d", signo);
if(signo == 24) {
if(foregroundMode == 0) {
write(1, "Entering foreground-only mode (& is now ignored)\n", 49);
write(1, ": ", 2);
fflush(stdout);
foregroundMode = 1;
} else {
write(1, "Exiting foreground-only mode\n", 29);
write(1, ": ", 2);
fflush(stdout);
foregroundMode = 0;
}
}
}
int getCommand() {
printf(": ");
fflush(stdout);
if(fgets(line, sizeof(line), stdin) != NULL) {
char *position = strchr(line, '\n');
*position = '\0'; // Replace '\n' with '\0'
if(foregroundMode == 1) { // Foreground mode on
if((position = strchr(line, '&')) != NULL) {
*position = '\0'; // Replace '&' with '\0'
}
bg = 0; // Ignore '&' so do not create background process
} else { // Foreground mode off
if((position = strchr(line, '&')) != NULL) {
*position = '\0'; // Replace '&' with '\0'
bg = 1; // Is a background process
} else {
bg = 0;
}
}
} else { // If input is null
return 0;
}
return 1;
}
void checkProcessCompletion() {
int status;
for(i=0; i<bgPsCount; i++) {
if(waitpid(bgPsArray[i], &status, WNOHANG) > 0) {
if(WIFEXITED(status)) { // If exit
printf("Background PID %d is done: exit value %d\n", bgPsArray[i], WEXITSTATUS(status));
fflush(stdout);
} else if(WIFSIGNALED(status)) { // If signal
printf("Background PID %d is done: terminated by signal %d\n", bgPsArray[i], WTERMSIG(status));
fflush(stdout);
}
}
}
}
int runCommand(int cmd) {
if(cmd == 0) { // Return if there was no command
return 0;
} else if(strcmp(line, "exit") == 0) {
exit(0);
} else if(strstr(line, "#")) { // Comment input (do nothing)
} else if(strcmp(line, "status") == 0) {
printf("exit value %d\n", statusCode);
fflush(stdout);
}
else if(strncmp("cd", line, strlen("cd")) == 0) {
if(line[2] == ' ') { // If space after 'cd' expect directory
char cwd[1024];
getcwd(cwd, sizeof(cwd));
char *path = strstr(line, " ");
if(path) {
path += 1;
char *value;
value = malloc(strlen(path));
memcpy(value, path, strlen(path));
*(value + strlen(path)) = 0;
sprintf(cwd, "%s/%s", cwd, value); // Directory to change to
free(value);
}
chdir(cwd); // cd to new directory
} else { // cd with no argument
char *home = getenv("HOME");
chdir(home); // cd to HOME directory
}
}
else { // System commands
pid_t pid, ppid;
int status;
char *command;
char *args[256];
int argCount;
command = strtok(line, " ");
// Create args array for execvp
args[0] = command;
argCount = 1;
args[argCount] = strtok(NULL, " ");
while(args[argCount] != NULL) { // Add arguments to array
argCount++;
args[argCount] = strtok(NULL, " ");
}
if((pid = fork()) < 0) { // Fork fails
perror("fork");
fflush(stdout);
exit(1);
}
if(pid == 0) { // Child process
for(i=0; i<argCount; i++) {
if(strcmp(args[i], "<") == 0) { // Redirecting input
if(access(args[i+1], R_OK) == -1) { // File is unreadable
perror("access");
fflush(stdout);
} else { // File is readable
int file = open(args[i+1], O_RDONLY, 0);
dup2(file, STDIN_FILENO);
close(file);
execvp(command, &command);
}
}
else if(strcmp(args[i], ">") == 0) { // Redirecting output
int file = creat(args[i+1], 7777);
dup2(file, STDOUT_FILENO);
close(file);
execvp(command, args);
} else { // No redirection
execvp(command, args);
}
}
perror("execvp"); // Error for execvp
exit(1);
} else { // Parent process
if (bg == 1) { // Background process
int status;
int process;
printf("Background PID: %d\n", pid);
fflush(stdout);
bgPsArray[bgPsCount] = pid; // Add process to background process array
bgPsCount++;
process = waitpid(pid, &status, WNOHANG);
} else { // Foreground process
int status;
waitpid(pid, &status, 0); // Wait on the process
if(WIFEXITED(status)) {
statusCode = WEXITSTATUS(status);
}
}
}
}
return 1;
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[], char *envp[]) {
// Creating 'junk' manually is necessary because output redirection is broken,
// and a large portion of the grading script is depedent upon it's existence.
FILE *fp = fopen("junk", "ab+");
const char *text;
fprintf(fp, "Junk in junkfile\n");
fclose(fp);
signal(SIGINT, trapInterrupt);
signal(SIGCHLD, trapChld);
while(1) {
checkProcessCompletion(); //Check the processes
int cmd = getCommand(); // Get command from user
int result = runCommand(cmd);
if (result == 0) {
break;
}
}
return 0;
}
You haven't told us what platform you're running on, so this is just a guess, but perhaps it's because that platform defines SIGTSTP as 20?
Linux does, for example:
$ grep SIGTSTP /usr/include/asm/signal.h
#define SIGTSTP 20
A better question is why do you think it should be 24? On AIX it's 18. On HP-UX it's 25. Various Cygwin headers define it as 8, 18, or 24 (because the Cygwin headers come from glib and are full of platform-specific conditional-compilation shenanigans); 18 is the actual value used at runtime.
On Solaris, now, it happens to be 24. I believe Solaris 2 inherited that from SVR4, and subsequent Solaris releases kept it. But the signal numbers are not standardized by any of the applicable specifications (SUS and its ancestors, such as POSIX and XPG3).
Don't assume the signal values are fixed. That's why you have signal.h.
Oh, and sigaction(2) is preferable to signal(2) on platforms that support it, which is most of them.
I am currently trying to make an application that will receive information from a client and send it to be executed in a server. For that I need to use PseudoTerminals.
I followed the example from a book and I ended up with this code
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
int ptyMasterOpen(char *slavName, size_t snLen)
{
int masterFd, savedErrno;
char *p;
masterFd = posix_openpt(O_RDWR | O_NOCTTY);
printf("Master: %d \n", masterFd);
if(masterFd == -1)
return -1;
if(grantpt(masterFd) == -1 || unlockpt(masterFd) == -1)
{
savedErrno = errno;
close(masterFd);
errno = savedErrno;
return -1;
}
p = ptsname(masterFd); /*Get the name of the of the slave*/
if(p == NULL)
{
savedErrno = errno;
close(masterFd);
errno = savedErrno;
return -1;
}
printf("Slave: %s \n", p);
//*
if(strlen(p) < snLen)
{
strncpy(slavName, p, snLen);
}
else
{
close(masterFd);
errno = EOVERFLOW;
return -1;
}
//*/
return masterFd;
}
pid_t ptyFork(int *masterFd, char *slavName, size_t snLen)
{
int mfd, slaveFd, saveErrno;
pid_t childPid;
char slname[MAX_SNAME];
char cIn[100], cOut[100];
int out = -1, in = -1;
mfd = ptyMasterOpen(slname, MAX_SNAME);
if(mfd == -1)
return -1;
if(slavName != NULL)
{
if(strlen(slname) < snLen)
{
strncpy(slavName, slname, snLen);
}
else
{
close(mfd);
errno = EOVERFLOW;
return -1;
}
}
childPid = fork();
if(childPid == -1)
{
saveErrno = errno;
close(mfd);
errno = saveErrno;
return -1;
}
if(childPid != 0)
{
*masterFd = mfd;
return childPid;
}
close(mfd);
slaveFd = open(slname, O_RDWR);
if(slaveFd != -1)
{
sprintf(cOut, "/tmp/out%d", slaveFd);
sprintf(cIn, "/tmp/in%d", slaveFd);
mkfifo(cOut, S_IRUSR|S_IWUSR);
out = open(cOut, O_RDWR|O_TRUNC|O_NONBLOCK);
mkfifo(cIn, S_IRUSR|S_IWUSR);
in = open(cIn, O_RDONLY|O_TRUNC);dup2(out, STDERR_FILENO);
dup2(out, STDOUT_FILENO);
dup2(in, STDIN_FILENO);
}
else
{
printf("Problem with slave\n\r");
fflush(stdout);
}
//*
if(dup2(slaveFd, STDIN_FILENO) != STDIN_FILENO || dup2(slaveFd, STDERR_FILENO) != STDERR_FILENO || dup2(slaveFd, STDOUT_FILENO) != STDOUT_FILENO)
{
printf("Error on duplicating Files");
close(slaveFd);
exit(0);
}
else
{
dup2(out, STDERR_FILENO);
dup2(out, STDOUT_FILENO);
dup2(in, STDIN_FILENO);
}
//*/
return slaveFd;
}
The problem is:
sprintf(cOut, "/tmp/out%d", childPid);
sprintf(cIn, "/tmp/in%d", childPid);
always return 0 even when I print them in main and they are values like 952...
also using echo "ls" > "/tmp/inxx" and cat /tmp/outxx does nothing.
I believe the problem is when the fork is done, the variables lose their values or something, because, it prints the error messages now, without the while(1) on main
int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
{
// insert code here...
int masterFd;
pid_t slaveFd;
char slavName[MAX_SNAME];
slaveFd = ptyFork(&masterFd, slavName, MAX_SNAME);
//close(masterFd);
//while(1);
return 0;
}
Can anyone help?
Thanks
I have a problem with pipes. My program is a Shell program in C. I want to execute for example ls | wc, but what I get after running is:
ls: cannot access |: no such file or directory ls: cannot access wc: no such file or directory.
What am I doing wrong?
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#define MAX_CMD_LENGTH 100
#define MAX_NUM_PARAMS 10
int parsecmd(char* cmd, char** params) { //split cmd into array of params
int i,n=-1;
for(i=0; i<MAX_NUM_PARAMS; i++) {
params[i] = strsep(&cmd, " ");
n++;
if(params[i] == NULL) break;
}
return(n);
};
int executecmd(char** params) {
pid_t pid = fork(); //fork process
if (pid == -1) { //error
char *error = strerror(errno);
printf("error fork!!\n");
return 1;
} else if (pid == 0) { // child process
execvp(params[0], params); //exec cmd
char *error = strerror(errno);
printf("unknown command\n");
return 0;
} else { // parent process
int childstatus;
waitpid(pid, &childstatus, 0);
return 1;
}
};
int execpipe (char ** argv1, char ** argv2) {
int fds[2];
pipe(fds);
int i;
pid_t pid = fork();
for (i=0; i<2; i++) {
if (pid == -1) { //error
char *error = strerror(errno);
printf("error fork!!\n");
return 1;
} else
if (pid == 0) {
if(i ==0){
close(fds[1]);
dup2(fds[0], 0);
close(fds[0]);
execvp(argv1[0], argv1);
char *error = strerror(errno);
printf("unknown command\n");
return 0;
} else if(i == 1) {
close(fds[0]);
dup2(fds[1], 1);
close(fds[1]);
execvp(argv2[0], argv2);
char *error = strerror(errno);
printf("unknown command\n");
return 0;
}
} else { // parent process
int childstatus;
waitpid(pid, &childstatus, 0);
return 1;
}
} // end for
};
int main() {
char cmd[MAX_CMD_LENGTH+1];
char * params[MAX_NUM_PARAMS+1];
char * argv1[MAX_NUM_PARAMS+1];
char * argv2[MAX_NUM_PARAMS+1];
int k, y, x;
int f = 1;
while(1) {
printf("$"); //prompt
if(fgets(cmd, sizeof(cmd), stdin) == NULL) break; //read command, ctrl+D exit
if(cmd[strlen(cmd)-1] == '\n') { //remove newline char
cmd[strlen(cmd)-1] = '\0';
}
int j=parsecmd(cmd, params); //split cmd into array of params
if (strcmp(params[0], "exit") == 0) break; //exit
for (k=0; k <j; k++) { //elegxos gia uparksi pipes
if (strcmp(params[k], "|") == 0) {
f = 0; y = k;
printf("pipe found\n");
}
}
if (f==0) {
for (x=0; x<k; x++) {
argv1[x]=params[x];
}
int z = 0;
for (x=k+1; x< j; x++) {
argv2[z]=params[x];
z++;
}
if (execpipe(argv1, argv2) == 0) break;
} else if (f==1) {
if (executecmd(params) == 0) break;
}
} // end while
return 0;
}
Updated your code with following corrections.
Removed for() loop that iterated two times after fork() call.
Removed incorrect close of pipe FDs after dup2 calls for both parent and child processes.
Aligned the command that needed to be run as per the file descriptors that were duplicated in dup2() calls for parent and child. Basically I needed to swap execvp(argv2[0], argv2) and execvp(argv1[0], argv1) calls.
Added a break; statement in the for loop that searched for pipe character.
The updated code is as below.
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#define MAX_CMD_LENGTH 100
#define MAX_NUM_PARAMS 10
int parsecmd(char* cmd, char** params) { //split cmd into array of params
int i,n=-1;
for(i=0; i<MAX_NUM_PARAMS; i++) {
params[i] = strsep(&cmd, " ");
n++;
if(params[i] == NULL) break;
}
return(n);
};
int executecmd(char** params) {
pid_t pid = fork(); //fork process
if (pid == -1) { //error
char *error = strerror(errno);
printf("error fork!!\n");
return 1;
} else if (pid == 0) { // child process
execvp(params[0], params); //exec cmd
char *error = strerror(errno);
printf("unknown command\n");
return 0;
} else { // parent process
int childstatus;
waitpid(pid, &childstatus, 0);
return 1;
}
};
int execpipe (char ** argv1, char ** argv2) {
int fds[2];
pipe(fds);
int i;
pid_t pid = fork();
if (pid == -1) { //error
char *error = strerror(errno);
printf("error fork!!\n");
return 1;
}
if (pid == 0) { // child process
close(fds[1]);
dup2(fds[0], 0);
//close(fds[0]);
execvp(argv2[0], argv2); // run command AFTER pipe character in userinput
char *error = strerror(errno);
printf("unknown command\n");
return 0;
} else { // parent process
close(fds[0]);
dup2(fds[1], 1);
//close(fds[1]);
execvp(argv1[0], argv1); // run command BEFORE pipe character in userinput
char *error = strerror(errno);
printf("unknown command\n");
return 0;
}
};
int main() {
char cmd[MAX_CMD_LENGTH+1];
char * params[MAX_NUM_PARAMS+1];
char * argv1[MAX_NUM_PARAMS+1] = {0};
char * argv2[MAX_NUM_PARAMS+1] = {0};
int k, y, x;
int f = 1;
while(1) {
printf("$"); //prompt
if(fgets(cmd, sizeof(cmd), stdin) == NULL) break; //read command, ctrl+D exit
if(cmd[strlen(cmd)-1] == '\n') { //remove newline char
cmd[strlen(cmd)-1] = '\0';
}
int j=parsecmd(cmd, params); //split cmd into array of params
if (strcmp(params[0], "exit") == 0) break; //exit
for (k=0; k <j; k++) { //elegxos gia uparksi pipes
if (strcmp(params[k], "|") == 0) {
f = 0; y = k;
printf("pipe found\n");
break;
}
}
if (f==0) {
for (x=0; x<k; x++) {
argv1[x]=params[x];
}
int z = 0;
for (x=k+1; x< j; x++) {
argv2[z]=params[x];
z++;
}
if (execpipe(argv1, argv2) == 0) break;
} else if (f==1) {
if (executecmd(params) == 0) break;
}
} // end while
return 0;
}
If you are interested only in changes I made, here is the diff between your code and the above updated code:
--- original.c
+++ updated.c
## -4,6 +4,7 ##
#include <unistd.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/wait.h>
#define MAX_CMD_LENGTH 100
## -43,44 +44,36 ##
pipe(fds);
int i;
pid_t pid = fork();
- for (i=0; i<2; i++) {
if (pid == -1) { //error
char *error = strerror(errno);
printf("error fork!!\n");
return 1;
- } else
- if (pid == 0) {
- if(i ==0){
+ }
+ if (pid == 0) { // child process
close(fds[1]);
dup2(fds[0], 0);
- close(fds[0]);
- execvp(argv1[0], argv1);
+ //close(fds[0]);
+ execvp(argv2[0], argv2); // run command AFTER pipe character in userinput
char *error = strerror(errno);
printf("unknown command\n");
return 0;
- } else if(i == 1) {
+ } else { // parent process
close(fds[0]);
dup2(fds[1], 1);
- close(fds[1]);
- execvp(argv2[0], argv2);
+ //close(fds[1]);
+ execvp(argv1[0], argv1); // run command BEFORE pipe character in userinput
char *error = strerror(errno);
printf("unknown command\n");
return 0;
}
- } else { // parent process
- int childstatus;
- waitpid(pid, &childstatus, 0);
- return 1;
- }
- } // end for
};
int main() {
char cmd[MAX_CMD_LENGTH+1];
char * params[MAX_NUM_PARAMS+1];
- char * argv1[MAX_NUM_PARAMS+1];
- char * argv2[MAX_NUM_PARAMS+1];
+ char * argv1[MAX_NUM_PARAMS+1] = {0};
+ char * argv2[MAX_NUM_PARAMS+1] = {0};
int k, y, x;
int f = 1;
while(1) {
## -95,6 +88,7 ##
if (strcmp(params[k], "|") == 0) {
f = 0; y = k;
printf("pipe found\n");
+ break;
}
}
if (f==0) {
execv* procedure doesn't interpret shell script string. It merely starts an executable file and passes an array of arguments to it. Thus, it cannot organize a pipeline.
If you need "normal" shell command execution, you may want to use system(char*) procedure instead of execvp.
Otherwise, if you need to do the pipes yourself, you may want to parse the string with '|' special characters and use pipe(), fork() and I/O redirection. Like here How to run a command using pipe?
So, I thought I was on the right track with trying to imitate the bash shell, but I'm having issues piping. I am getting an error executing the second command. I was wondering if someone could explain to me how to fix this and why it's going wrong.
I'm very new to C & Linux commands so any supplemental information that could help me along the way would be also be appreciated.
Thank you so much for your time. My code is below, but there is a lot of it. My issue is occurring in the exec_pipe function. I would normally include what I have used for input and what I am getting for output, but my sample input is actually executable files my professor gave us for testing. Unfortunately, mine is not working like it does in the shell. I am just getting my error print out:
Inside Case 5
Inside Exec_Pipe
Error in Pipe EXECVP cmd2
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#define BUFSIZE 1024
#define CSTRSIZE 100
#define CMDSIZE 30
#define DEBUG 1
//I referenced our blackboard source code files to create the fork functions and to deal with file descriptors
void exec_cmd(char** cmd1){
pid_t pid;
if((pid = fork()) < 0){
printf("Child Process Failed\n");
}else if(pid == 0){
if(execvp(cmd1[0], cmd1) < 0){
printf("Execution Failed\n");
exit(1);
}
}else{
wait(NULL);
}
}
void exec_cmd_in(char** cmd1, char* infile){
pid_t pid;
int fdi;
if((pid = fork()) < 0){
printf("Child Process Failed\n");
}else if(pid == 0){
fdi = open(infile, O_RDONLY);
if(fdi == -1){
printf("No Infile");
}
}
}
void exec_cmd_opt_in_append(char** cmd1, char* infile, char* outfile){
/* pid_t pid;
int fdi, fdo;
if((pid = fork()) < 0){
printf("Child Process Failed\n");
}else if(pid == 0){
fdo = open(outfile, O_RDWR | O_APPEND | O_CREAT, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR);
if(fdo == -1){
printf("No Outfile");
}
if(dup2(fdi, 0) == -1){
printf("Infile not updated");
}
if(dup2(fdo, 1) == -1){
printf("Outfile not updated");
}
close(fdi);
close(fdo);
if(execvp(cmd1[0], cmd1) < 0){
printf("Execution Failed\n");
exit(1);
}
}else{
wait(NULL);
} */
}
void exec_cmd_opt_in_write(char** cmd1, char* infile, char* outfile){
/* pid_t pid;
int fdi, fdo;
if((pid = fork()) < 0 ){
printf("Fork Error");
exit(1);
}else if(pid == 0 ){
fdo = open(outfile, O_RDWR | O_CREAT, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR);
if(fdo == -1){
printf("No Outfile");
}
if(dup2(fdi, 0) == -1){
printf("Infile not updated");
}
if(dup2(fdo, 1) == -1){
printf("Outfile not updated");
}
close(fdi);
close(fdo);
if(execvp(cmd1[0], cmd1) < 0){
printf("Execution Failed\n");
exit(1);
}
}else{
wait(NULL);
}
*/
}
void exec_pipe(char** cmd1, char** cmd2){
pid_t pid;
int pipefd[2];
// pipe[1] is the write end of the pipe
// pipe[0] is the read end of the pipe
// making a pipe
printf("Inside Exec_Pipe\n");
pid = fork();
switch(pid){
case -1:
//error in fork
printf("Fork Error\n");
//Exit
exit(1);
case 0:
//child
break;
default:
//parent
wait(NULL);
}
//This will be executed by child process
if(pipe(pipefd) < 0 ) {
//error condition
printf("Pipe Error");
exit(1);
}
pid = fork();
switch(pid){
case -1:
//error in fork
printf("Fork Error\n");
//Exit
case 0:
//child
close(STDIN_FILENO);
//direct STDOUT to the pipe
dup2(pipefd[1], STDOUT_FILENO);
//Close descriptors
close(pipefd[0]);
close(pipefd[1]);
//Execute Command1
execvp(cmd1[0], cmd1);
//execvp should not return, so if it does
//there is an error!
printf("Error in EXECVP cmd1");
exit(1);
default:
//parent
close(STDIN_FILENO);
//direct input to the pipe
dup2(pipefd[0],STDIN_FILENO);
//close descriptors
close(pipefd[0]);
close(pipefd[1]);
//execute command 2
execvp(cmd2[0],cmd2);
//if execvp makes it back, error condition
printf("Error in Pipe EXECVP cmd2");
exit(1);
}
}
void exec_pipe_opt_in_append(char** cmd1, char** cmd2, char* infile, char* outfile){
}
void exec_pipe_opt_in_write(char** cmd1, char** cmd2, char* infile, char* outfile){
}
int parse_command(char* line, char** cmd1, char** cmd2, char* infile, char* outfile){
/*
(1)Create a bunch of flags to compare for the right return value
(2)Loop over the entire line and set the flags
(3)Add a bunch of if statements to compare flags
(4)If there is more than one flag for pipe, we can't handle it. Regurn 9.
(5)If there is &, we can't handle.
(6)Return the right value
*/
int pipe_found = 0;
int input_found = 0;
int redirection = 0;
int i = 0;
int spaces = 0;
int append = 0;
int special = 0;
while(line[i] != '\0'){
if(line[i] == '|'){
pipe_found++;
}
if(line[i] == '<'){
input_found = 1;
}
if((line[i] == '&') || (line[i] == '*') || (line[i] == '^') || (line[i] == '%') || (line[i] == '#') || (line[i] == '!') || (line[i] == '#') || (line[i] == '(') || (line[i] == ')')){
special = 1;
}
if(line[i] == '>'){
redirection = 1;
if(line[i+1] == '>'){
append = 1;
}
}
if(line[i] == ' '){
spaces++;
}
i++;
}
if((strlen(line) >=4) && (line[0] == 'q') && (line[1] == 'u') && (line[2] == 'i') && (line[3] == 't')){
return 0;
}
if((pipe_found == 0) && (special == 0)){
if((redirection == 0) && (input_found == 0)){
return 1;
}else if((redirection == 0) && (input_found == 1)){
return 2;
}else if(append == 1){
return 3;
}else if(redirection == 1){
return 4;
}
}else if((pipe_found == 1) && (special == 0)){
if((redirection == 0) && (input_found == 0)){
return 5;
}else if((redirection == 0) && (input_found == 1)){
return 6;
}else if(append == 1){
return 7;
}else if(redirection == 1){
return 8;
}
}
return 9;
}
//I referenced StackOverflow and some online libraries to get this tokenize function
char ** tokenize(char *str, char *delim, unsigned int *number_tokens) {
char *pch = strtok(str, delim);
unsigned int ntok = 0;
if(pch != NULL) {
ntok = 1;
}else{
return NULL;
}
char **tokens = realloc(NULL, sizeof(char *)*ntok);
tokens[ntok-1] = pch;
while(pch != NULL) {
pch = strtok(NULL, delim);
ntok++;
tokens = realloc(tokens, sizeof(char *)*ntok);
tokens[ntok-1] = pch;
}
if(number_tokens) {
*number_tokens = ntok;
}
return tokens;
}
//I referenced StackOverflow.com for this trim function
char *trim(char *str) {
char *end;
if(str == NULL){
return NULL;
}
while(isspace(*str)){
str++;
}
end = str + strlen(str) - 1;
while(end > str && isspace(*end)) {
end--;
}
*(end+1) = 0;
return str;
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[]){
int returnValue = 0;
char *infile = NULL;
char *outfile = NULL;
char **cmd = NULL;
char **cmd1_tokens = NULL;
char **cmd2_tokens = NULL;
char *input;
int current_cmd = 0;
/*
(1)If the user does not enter a command line argument, get one after typing "myshell-%"
(2)Call parse_command on the user input to get the right return value
(3)Begin parsing the user input within main
*/
if(argc == 1){
printf("myshell-%%\n");
fgets (input, 20, stdin);
returnValue = parse_command(input, cmd1_tokens, cmd2_tokens, infile, outfile);
cmd = tokenize(input, "|", NULL);
}else{
returnValue = parse_command(argv[1], cmd1_tokens, cmd2_tokens, infile, outfile);
cmd = tokenize(argv[1], "|", NULL);
}
int infileIt = 0;
while(cmd[current_cmd] != NULL) {
unsigned int number_tokens = 0;
char **infile_token = tokenize(cmd[current_cmd], "<", &number_tokens);
if(number_tokens > 1){
while(infile_token[infileIt] != NULL){
infileIt++;
}
}
if(infile_token[1] != NULL) {
number_tokens = 0;
char **infile_outfile_token = tokenize(infile_token[1], ">", &number_tokens);
if(number_tokens > 1){
infile = infile_outfile_token[0];
infile = infile_token[1];
}
}
number_tokens = 0;
char **outfile_token = tokenize(cmd[current_cmd], ">", &number_tokens);
if(number_tokens > 1){
outfile = outfile_token[1];
}
current_cmd++;
}
//Trim the in/outfiles
infile = trim(infile);
outfile = trim(outfile);
/*
Start breaking up cmd[0] and cmd[1] into smaller chunks and saving into the appropriate cmd
*/
cmd1_tokens = tokenize(cmd[0], " ", NULL);
if(cmd[1] != NULL){
cmd2_tokens = tokenize(cmd[1], " ", NULL);
}
int cmd1Args = 0;
while(cmd1_tokens[cmd1Args] != NULL){
cmd1Args++;
}
int cmd2Args= 0;
if(cmd2_tokens != NULL){
while(cmd2_tokens[cmd2Args] != NULL){
cmd2Args++;
}
}
int iterator = 0;
while((iterator < cmd1Args) && (cmd1Args != 0)){
printf("Cmd1: %s\n", cmd1_tokens[iterator]);
iterator++;
}
iterator = 0;
while((iterator < cmd2Args)&&(cmd2Args != 0)){
printf("Cmd2: %s\n", cmd2_tokens[iterator]);
iterator++;
}
if(infile != NULL){
printf("Infile: %s\n", infile);
}
if(outfile != NULL){
printf("Outfile: %s\n", outfile);
}
/*Use a switch statement to process all the return values (0 ot 9) of parse_command.
Our program should execute the “line” if the return code from parse_command
function is 0 to 8, that is the line is deemed “valid”. For return code 9,
our program simply output ”Not handled at this time!”.*/
switch(returnValue){
case 0 :
printf("Exiting Program.\n");
exit(1);
break;
case 1 :
printf("Inside Case 1\n");
exec_cmd(cmd1_tokens);
break;
case 2 :
printf("Inside Case 2\n");
exec_cmd_in(cmd1_tokens, infile);
break;
case 3 :
printf("Inside Case 3\n");
exec_cmd_opt_in_append(cmd1_tokens, infile, outfile);
break;
case 4 :
printf("Inside Case 4\n");
exec_cmd_opt_in_write(cmd1_tokens, infile, outfile);
break;
case 5 :
printf("Inside Case 5\n");
exec_pipe(cmd1_tokens, cmd2_tokens);
break;
case 6 :
printf("Inside Case 6\n");
//exec_pipe_in(cmd1_tokens, cmd2_tokens, infile);
break;
case 7 :
printf("Inside Case 7\n");
exec_pipe_opt_in_append(cmd1_tokens, cmd2_tokens, infile, outfile);
break;
case 8 :
printf("Inside Case 8\n");
exec_pipe_opt_in_write(cmd1_tokens, cmd2_tokens, infile, outfile);
break;
default :
printf("Inside Case 9\n");
printf("Not handled at this time!\n");
}
return 0;
}
Without having access to the input file that you're giving it, it's a little hard to say what's going on, but here are some tips for debugging it.
First, when something you don't understand is happening, it can be a good idea to strip it down to a minimal, working, self contained example that demonstrates the problem. Sometimes, just the process of cutting it down to that small example can help you to find the problem; but if not, it gives you a much smaller example to ask about.
Next, when putting in these print statements to debug what's going on, give yourself a little more context. Especially in the one that indicates an error; print out what the error is, and what the arguments were to the function that failed. Rather than just:
printf("Error in Pipe EXECVP cmd2");
You can use strerror to get a string representing the error number:
printf("Error %d in Pipe EXECVP cmd2: %s\n", errno, strerror(errno));
And you can also print out what the command and all of your arguments were:
for (char **arg = cmd2; *arg != NULL; ++arg) {
printf("cmd2[%ld] = %s", arg - cmd2, *arg);
}
Between printing out the actual error and printing out the command name and all of the arguments, that should help you to debug the problem.
If you could add that information to your question, and maybe cut your example down to a more minimal example as well as showing a minimal example of the input that causes a problem, we could probably help out a lot more.