I have the following code in which I'm executing another program within a program in C using execve from unistd.h:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
// char *env_init[] = {"USER=unknown", "PATH=/tmp", NULL};
char* username = argv[1];
char* program = argv[2];
printf("username: %s\n", username);
printf("program: %s\n", program);
if (execvp(program, argv + 2) < 0)
printf("error");
return 0;
}
and it runs fine. But when I try to put in the environment in the program and run the program using execvpe like so:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
char *env_init[] = {"USER=unknown", "PATH=/tmp", NULL};
char* username = argv[1];
char* program = argv[2];
printf("username: %s\n", username);
printf("program: %s\n", program);
if (execvpe(program, argv + 2, env_init) < 0)
printf("error");
return 0;
}
I get the following error:
runas.c:18:7: error: implicit declaration of function 'execvpe' is invalid in C99
[-Werror,-Wimplicit-function-declaration]
if (execvpe(program, argv + 3, env_init) < 0)
How do I fix this?
As you can read in the man page for execvpe:
The execvpe() function is a GNU extension
It's not a POSIX function and macOS doesn't necessarily support it, nor is it portable.
If you run man execvpe you will get the message:
No manual entry for execvpe
This indicates that macOS (at least on my machine) doesn't support this extension.
You might get it by using an alternative libc to the one used natively, but it's better to simply use one of the (portable) POSIX functions.
Good Luck!
P.S.
FYI: macOS supports any of the following: execl, execle, execlp, execv, execvp, execvP
Related
For a project, I'm supposed to pipe the output of a command to my C program (called execute), which will then execute that command.
For example, running this:
echo ls -lR /usr | ./execute, will take the output (ls -lR /usr) and pass it into my C program which will then execute ls -lR /usr.
According to the directions, I'm supposed to use execvpe() to do the actual execution of the program, however I can't find any documentation that makes sense, nor can I get it to work without getting these errors:
execute.c: In function ‘main’:
execute.c:98: warning: implicit declaration of function ‘getenv’
execute.c:98: warning: assignment makes pointer from integer without a cast
execute.c:106: warning: implicit declaration of function ‘execvpe’
My professor said that I have to #include <unistd.h>, and <stdio.h> which I did, parse the input to my program (which I did), and then do this:
int main(void) {
char *path;
path = getenv("PATH");
char *envp[] = {path, NULL};
// the initialized array below could change normally.
// below is just an example
char *tests = {"ls", "-lR", NULL};
int ret = execvpe("ls", tests, envp);
if(ret == -1) { printf("error\n"); }
return 0;
}
He then stated that execvpe should find the path correctly and execute everything. But no matter what I keep getting these warnings. Running the program and ignoring the warnings immediately seg faults. Does anyone know how execvpe works or how I can fix this?
This code should work, assuming your system has execvpe() at all:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int main(void) {
char *path = getenv("PATH");
char pathenv[strlen(path) + sizeof("PATH=")];
sprintf(pathenv, "PATH=%s", path);
char *envp[] = {pathenv, NULL};
char *tests[] = {"ls", "-lR", NULL};
execvpe(tests[0], tests, envp);
fprintf(stderr, "failed to execute \"%s\"\n", tests[0]);
return 1;
}
Updated to format PATH=$PATH in the environment.
It fixes the compilation error on tests, uses tests[0] as the command name to execvpe(); it reports the error on standard error; it includes the name of the command that was not executed; it returns a failure status (non-zero) when exiting; it notes that execvpe() only returns if it fails so it isn't necessary to test what its return status is. It does not include the system error message in the error message, but you could modify the code to include <errno.h> and <string.h> and use errno and strerror() to report that information too.
I wrote the following code but I always get the output: "ERROR!" (the execv function not scheduled to return)
What am I doing wrong???
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <malloc.h>
#include "LineParser.h"
#define LOCATION_LEN 200
char* getL(void);
int main(int argc,char *argv[])
{
char *loc = getL();
char *args[] = {loc,"ls",NULL};
int i;
execv(args[0],args);
printf("ERROR!");
free(loc);
}
char* getL(void)
{
char *buff = (char**)malloc(sizeof(char)*LOCATION_LEN);
getcwd(buff,LOCATION_LEN);
return buff;
}
Read documentation of execv(3) and of execve(2) and of perror(3). At the very least, you should code
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
char *loc = getL();
char *args[] = { loc, "ls", NULL };
int i;
execv(args[0], args);
perror("execv");
free(loc);
}
You should compile with gcc -Wall -g then use the gdb debugger.
Your usage of execv is obviously wrong (you need a full path, e.g. "/bin/ls", and the order of arguments is wrong). You probably want exevcp(3) and you should in fact code at least:
char *args = { "ls", loc, NULL };
execvp("ls", args);
perror("execvp")
If you insist on using specifically execv(3) you could try
char *args = { "ls", loc, NULL };
execv("/bin/ls", args);
perror("execv")
I don't understand what your code is supposed to do. You might be interested by glob(7) & glob(3).
You probably should read Advanced Linux Programming. It seems that there are several concepts that you don't understand well enough. I guess that strace(1) could be useful to you (at least by running strace ls *.c to understand what is happening).
Maybe your getL is exactly what the GNU function get_current_dir_name(3) is doing, but then the (char**) cast inside it is grossly wrong. And you should better clear the buffer buff using memset(3) before calling getcwd(2) (and you should test against failure of ̀ mallocand ofgetcwd`)
Perhaps you want opendir(3), readdir(3), asprintf(3), stat(2); with all these, you could even avoid running ls
If you are coding some shell, you should strace some existing shell, and after having read all the references I am giving here, study the source code of free software shells like sash and GNU bash
You are not passing the correct arguments to execv. The first argument must be a path to the executable you wish to run but you are passing the path to the current working directory.
Update getL to return the full path to ls.
I have the following piece of C code that is being called with arguments:
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
system( "/home/user/script.sh" );
return 0;
}
how do i pass all arguments received down to script.sh?
You could synthesize some string (escaping naughty characters like quote or space when needed, like Shell related utility functions of Glib do) for system(3).
But (on Linux and Posix) you really want to call execv(3) without using system(3)
You may want to read (in addition of the man page I linked above) : Advanced Linux Programming
I think that you are looking for the execv function. It will grant to you to execute a specific file passing to it some optional arguments.
Try something next:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int main() {
system("cat /etc/passwd");
extern char * const environ[];
char * const command[] = {"mylsname", "-lR", "/", NULL};
execve("/bin/ls", command, environ);
perror("execve");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
You can use snprintf() function to frame a string. For example, snprintf(filename, sizeof(char) * 64, "/home/user/script.sh %s", argv[1]); and use system(filename);
I have such a funny problem I thought I'd share with you.
I cornered it down to the most little program I could :
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int cmd_left(char *name)
{
pid_t pid;
int f_d;
if ((pid = fork()) == -1)
{
perror("");
exit(1);
}
f_d = open(name);
printf("%d\n", f_d);
close(f_d);
}
int main(int ac, char **av, char **env)
{
char **dummy_env;
if (ac < 2)
return (0);
dummy_env = malloc(10);
cmd_left(av[1]);
}
Basically, if I remove the malloc, opening works just fine.
You just have to compile and give the program a (valid) file to see the magic.
open(2) takes at least two parameters. Since you are passing it only one argument, you are invoking Undefined Behavior. In this case, open() is just using some garbage as second argument.
You need #include <fcntl.h> to get a declaration for open() in scope, which would then tell you that you are not calling it with enough arguments:
int open(const char *filename, int flags, ...);
(The optional argument - singular - is the permissions for the file (mode_t perms) if you have O_CREAT amongst the options in the flags argument.)
The call to malloc() scribbles over enough stack to remove the zeroes on it initially, which leaves the 'extra arguments' to open() in a state where they are not zero and you run into problems.
Undefined behaviour - which you're invoking - can lead to any weird result.
Make sure you compile with at least 'gcc -Wall' and I recommend 'gcc -Wmissing-prototypes -Wstrict-prototypes -Wall -Wextra'.
The header file for open is missing and open expects at least a second parameter.
If you fix that it should be OK.
I have made little program for computing pi (π) as an integral. Now I am facing a question how to extend it to compute an integral, which will be given as an extra parameter when starting an application. How do I deal with such a parameter in a program?
When you write your main function, you typically see one of two definitions:
int main(void)
int main(int argc, char **argv)
The second form will allow you to access the command line arguments passed to the program, and the number of arguments specified (arguments are separated by spaces).
The arguments to main are:
int argc - the number of arguments passed into your program when it was run. It is at least 1.
char **argv - this is a pointer-to-char *. It can alternatively be this: char *argv[], which means 'array of char *'. This is an array of C-style-string pointers.
Basic Example
For example, you could do this to print out the arguments passed to your C program:
#include <stdio.h>
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
for (int i = 0; i < argc; ++i)
{
printf("argv[%d]: %s\n", i, argv[i]);
}
}
I'm using GCC 4.5 to compile a file I called args.c. It'll compile and build a default a.out executable.
[birryree#lilun c_code]$ gcc -std=c99 args.c
Now run it...
[birryree#lilun c_code]$ ./a.out hello there
argv[0]: ./a.out
argv[1]: hello
argv[2]: there
So you can see that in argv, argv[0] is the name of the program you ran (this is not standards-defined behavior, but is common. Your arguments start at argv[1] and beyond.
So basically, if you wanted a single parameter, you could say...
./myprogram integral
A Simple Case for You
And you could check if argv[1] was integral, maybe like strcmp("integral", argv[1]) == 0.
So in your code...
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
if (argc < 2) // no arguments were passed
{
// do something
}
if (strcmp("integral", argv[1]) == 0)
{
runIntegral(...); //or something
}
else
{
// do something else.
}
}
Better command line parsing
Of course, this was all very rudimentary, and as your program gets more complex, you'll likely want more advanced command line handling. For that, you could use a library like GNU getopt.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
int i, parameter = 0;
if (argc >= 2) {
/* there is 1 parameter (or more) in the command line used */
/* argv[0] may point to the program name */
/* argv[1] points to the 1st parameter */
/* argv[argc] is NULL */
parameter = atoi(argv[1]); /* better to use strtol */
if (parameter > 0) {
for (i = 0; i < parameter; i++) printf("%d ", i);
} else {
fprintf(stderr, "Please use a positive integer.\n");
}
}
return 0;
}
Parsing command line arguments in a primitive way as explained in the above answers is reasonable as long as the number of parameters that you need to deal with is not too much.
I strongly suggest you to use an industrial strength library for handling the command line arguments.
This will make your code more professional.
Such a library for C++ is available in the following website. I have used this library in many of my projects, hence I can confidently say that this one of the easiest yet useful library for command line argument parsing. Besides, since it is just a template library, it is easier to import into your project.
http://tclap.sourceforge.net/
A similar library is available for C as well.
http://argtable.sourceforge.net/
There's also a C standard built-in library to get command line arguments: getopt
You can check it on Wikipedia or in Argument-parsing helpers for C/Unix.