For compilation I used:
1) ./configure --enable-dddmp --enable-obj --enable-shared --enable-static; make
2) gcc test.c -o testprogram -I /path/to/cudd-3.0.0/cudd -I /path/to/cudd-3.0.0/util -I /path/to/cudd-3.0.0/ -static -L /path/to/cudd-3.0.0/cudd/.libs/ -lcudd -lm
The program is compiled successfully. I am using cudd3.0.0 package. After that I am getting this segmentation error in execution:
Please suggest the proper way to execute this and why I am getting this error?
I am adding the main function:
int main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
char filename[30];
DdManager *gbm; /* Global BDD manager. */
gbm = Cudd_Init(0,0,CUDD_UNIQUE_SLOTS,CUDD_CACHE_SLOTS,0); /* Initialize a new BDD manager. */
DdNode *bdd, *var, *tmp_neg, *tmp;
int i;
bdd = Cudd_ReadOne(gbm); /*Returns the logic one constant of the manager*/
Cudd_Ref(bdd); /*Increases the reference count of a node*/
for (i = 3; i >= 0; i--) {
var = Cudd_bddIthVar(gbm,i); /*Create a new BDD variable*/
tmp_neg = Cudd_Not(var); /*Perform NOT boolean operation*/
tmp = Cudd_bddAnd(gbm, tmp_neg, bdd); /*Perform AND boolean operation*/
Cudd_Ref(tmp);
Cudd_RecursiveDeref(gbm,bdd);
bdd = tmp;
}
bdd = Cudd_BddToAdd(gbm, bdd); /*Convert BDD to ADD for display purpose*/
print_dd (gbm, bdd, 2,4); /*Print the dd to standard output*/
sprintf(filename, "./bdd/graph.dot"); /*Write .dot filename to a string*/
write_dd(gbm, bdd, filename); /*Write the resulting cascade dd to a file*/
Cudd_Quit(gbm);
return 0;
}
Yes, It is resolved. I have not made the folder named 'bdd' in the proper location for the code line:
sprintf(filename, "./bdd/graph.dot");
Now, it is executing. Sorry, I thought it was some conceptual error.
Related
So I was following this tutorial: https://nickfarrow.com/Cryptography-in-Bitcoin-with-C/ I installed libsecp256k1 from https://www.howtoinstall.me/ubuntu/18-04/libsecp256k1-dev/ but while compiling my program:
#include <secp256k1.h>
#include <stdio.h>
static secp256k1_context *ctx = NULL;
int main()
{
ctx = secp256k1_context_create(
SECP256K1_CONTEXT_SIGN | SECP256K1_CONTEXT_VERIFY);
/* Declare the private variable as a 32 byte unsigned char */
unsigned char seckey[32];
/* Load private key (seckey) from random bytes */
FILE *frand = fopen("/dev/urandom", "r");
/* Read 32 bytes from frand */
fread(seckey, 32, 1, frand);
/* Close the file */
fclose(frand);
/* Loop through and print each byte of the private key, */
printf("Private Key: ");
for (int i = 0; i < 32; i++)
{
printf("%02X", seckey[i]);
}
printf("\n");
}
i get:
josh#pc:~/Code$ gcc prvkey.c -o exec
/tmp/cc5OVPMJ.o: In function `main':
prvkey.c:(.text+0x1d): undefined reference to `secp256k1_context_create'
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
Thanks in advance!
Try:
gcc prvkey.c -o exec -lcrypto -lsecp256k1
gcc -l links with a library file.
Let me know if that works or any questions let me know.
The following RPC program executes very slowly on Fedora.
If I change the size of the name buffer from 999 characters to 512 in llist.x, then it's working fast.
I don't know why.
If anyone knows the reason, please let me know!
Note: Please compile the following programs and execute the server then the client.
(For me, it takes 3 seconds for 30 loops.)
llist.c
#include "llist.h"
#define PRINT_TIME (!gettimeofday(&tv, NULL) && printf(" %lf",tv.tv_sec+(tv.tv_usec/1000000.0)))
struct timeval tv;
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
CLIENT *cl;
int *result,i=0;
cl = clnt_create("localhost", PRINTER, PRINTER_V1, "tcp");
if (cl == NULL) {
clnt_pcreateerror("Cant Create Client Handle");
printf("error: could not connect to server.\n");
return 1;
}
ST1 key[1];
ST1_stuff key_x;
/*key_x.ST1_stuff_val = key;
key_x.ST1_stuff_len = 1;
*/
while(i<30)
{
printf("\n %d -> start - ",i);
PRINT_TIME;
result = sei_conf_test_keys2_1(&key_x,cl);
if (result == NULL) {
printf("error: RPC failed!\n");
return 1;
}
printf("\nresult = %d ",*result);
i++;
printf("\n end - ");
PRINT_TIME;
printf("\n -------------------------------------");
}
return 0;
}
llist_svc_proc.c
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "llist.h"
int result;
int *sei_conf_test_keys2_1_svc(ST1 *lst, struct svc_req *req)
{
result = 0;
return &result;
}
llist.x
struct s1{
char name[999]; /* <===== HERE */
};
typedef struct s1 ST1;
typedef ST1 ST1_stuff[1];
program PRINTER {
version PRINTER_V1 {
int SEI_CONF_TEST_KEYS2(ST1_stuff) = 10;
} = 1;
} = 0x2fffffff;
makefile
.SUFFIXES:
.SUFFIXES: .c .o
CLNT = llist
SRVR = llist_svc
CFLAGS = -g -Wall
SRVR_OBJ = llist_svc_proc.o llist_xdr.o llist_svc.o
CLNT_OBJ = llist.o llist_xdr.o llist_clnt.o
.c.o:
gcc -c -o $# $(CFLAGS) $<
default: $(CLNT) $(SRVR)
$(CLNT): $(CLNT_OBJ) llist.h
gcc -o $(CLNT) $(CLNT_OBJ)
$(SRVR): $(SRVR_OBJ) llist.h
gcc -o $(SRVR) $(SRVR_OBJ)
clean:
rm *.o $(CLNT) $(SRVR)
rm -f llist_xdr.c llist.h llist_clnt.c llist_svc.c
rm core
The time increase seems to be connected with the maximum allowed
data in one TCP package.
Using a network analyser, one sees, that with size 999 there are 167 packages
whereas with size 512 only about 79 packets are sent between client and server.
The maximum data size per package seems to be 4000 bytes.
If you need performance, think about switching to UDP which seems not be limited by the maximum package size and additional overhead.
I can't solve the error: undefined reference to lire in function main in proj.c.
collect2: error ld returned 1 exit status
Question structure
Details of question
Code for main functions - allouer (=allocate) and lire (=read) (file is called allocate_plat.c)
proj.c source file - should take filename as argument and read it using function lire
proj.h header file - structure definitions and prototype functions
Makefile - I can't believe this causes the problem but included for completeness
Example txt file to read. For information only
1.This is my first at using multiple source files - the goal is to open a game board for a game like this: http://www.rci-jeux.com/jeux/labychiffres/laby.swf .
I am studying abroad, and have some trouble in technical discussions with the lecturer, and think my understanding of pointers or at least when and where to use * and & is weak - I have already spent some time trying to get the game file passed from the command line of proj.c to allocate_plat.c - I believe this works, but if you spot a mistake please point it out. Code follows - have had guidance for the structures so am confident they are appropriate.
What I have tried - the current situation is the culmination of a few hours ironing out (I hope) bugs with passing the filename argument from proj.c to allocate_plat.c This is the first time I have seen this type of error,and I am not sure where to start.
I have read C++ Undefined reference to function implemented and templated in code and can't see the solution.
2.allocate_plat.c to allocate space and then read the game data (this is by analogy with a matrix data structure used in a weekly assignment, and we have been told we can largely copy that, so it should work, (though for that I only used one source file.)
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "proj.h"
int allouer(PLATEAU *PLAT, int nl, int nc, int ldep, int cdep, int larr, int carr, int longdem, int sumdem){
int i,succes;
PLAT->grille = (int**)calloc(nl,sizeof(int*));
PLAT->nl = nl;
PLAT->nc = nc;
PLAT->longdem = longdem;
PLAT->sumdem = sumdem;
PLAT->dep.indl = ldep;
PLAT->dep.indc = cdep;
PLAT->arr.indl = larr;
PLAT->arr.indc = carr;
succes = (PLAT->grille != NULL);
for (i=0; succes && i<nl;i++){
PLAT->grille[i]=(int*)calloc(nc,sizeof(int));
succes = (PLAT->grille[i] != NULL);
}
return succes;
}
int lire(char *nom_fichier, PLATEAU *PLAT){
int i,j,succes, c;
PLATEAU jeu;
FILE *fp;
fp = fopen(nom_fichier, "rt");
if(fp==NULL) {
printf("Erreur d'ouverture du fichier\n");
return 0;
}
c = fscanf(fp,"%d %d",&PLAT->nl,&PLAT->nc);//Read first line
if( c != 2){
printf("Erreur de format de fichier\n");
fclose(fp);
return 0;
}
c = fscanf(fp,"%d %d",&PLAT->dep.indl,&PLAT->dep.indc);//Read second line
if( c != 2){
printf("Erreur de format de fichier\n");
fclose(fp);
return 0;
}
c = fscanf(fp,"%d %d",&PLAT->arr.indl,&PLAT->arr.indc);//Read third line
if( c != 2){
printf("Erreur de format de fichier\n");
fclose(fp);
return 0;
}
c = fscanf(fp,"%d %d",&PLAT->longdem,&PLAT->sumdem);//Read fourth line
if( c != 2){
printf("Erreur de format de fichier\n");
fclose(fp);
return 0;
}
//ALLOCATE THE FILE TO THE STRUCT
succes = allouer(PLAT, PLAT->nl, PLAT->nc, PLAT->dep.indl, PLAT->dep.indc, PLAT->arr.indl, PLAT->arr.indc, PLAT->longdem, PLAT->sumdem );
if(succes==0) {
printf("Erreur d'allocation\n");
fclose(fp);
return 0;
}
for(i=0; i< PLAT->nl; i++){
for(j=0; j<PLAT->nc; j++){
c=fscanf(fp, "%d", &PLAT->grille[i][j]);
if(c != 1){
printf("Erreur de format de fichier\n");
fclose(fp);
return 0;
}
}
}
fclose(fp);
return 1;
}
3.Main source file: proj.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "proj.h"
int main(int argc, char* argv[]){
// char nom_fichier[25];
int choix, choix2, succes;
PLATEAU jeu;
if (argc > 1){
char *nom_fichier = argv[1];
lire(nom_fichier, &jeu);
}
return 0;
}
4.My header file: proj.h
#pragma once
typedef struct position_st{//position st is tag for the type: "struct posiition_st"
int indl;//indice of ligne
int indc;//indice of colonne
}POSITION;
typedef struct element_st{
POSITION valeur;
struct element_st *P_suivant;
}ELEMENT;
typedef struct pile_st{
ELEMENT * P_sommet;
} PILE;
//##########PLATEAU STRUCTURE DEFINITION##############
typedef struct plat_st{
//########## INFORMATION INCLUDED IN THE GAME FILES ###################
POSITION dep;//start position
POSITION arr;//finishing position
int longdem;//length of path requested
int sumdem;//total demanded
int nl;//number of rows in grille
int nc;//number of columns in grille
int ** grille;//Playing table
//########## PART TO DO WITH THE CURRENT GAME ###################
int longcur;//current length
int sumcur;//current total
PILE chemin;//the path
}PLATEAU;
//########## FUNCTION PROTOTYPES ########################
//allouer allocates the variables for the game
int allouer(PLATEAU *, int, int, int, int, int, int, int, int);
//lire reads a game from a file
int lire(char *, PLATEAU *);
5.My makefile:
CC = gcc
CFLAGS = -I #-Wall
DEPS = proj.h
OBJ = proj.o allocate_plat.o
%.o: %.c $(DEPS)
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c -o $# $<
proj: $(OBJ)
gcc $(CFLAGS) -o $# $^
6.Example of the file structure (probably not needed comments would not be in it)
4 4// number of orws and columns in board
1 1//starting coordinates (based at 1)
4 4//ending coordinates (based at 1)
11 96//path length and sum of elements of path required
10 13 2 5//board grid
3 15 9 4
8 6 11 14
7 12 1 16
The error is in the Makefile. With
CFLAGS = -I #-Wall
later
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c -o $# $<
will become
gcc -I -c -o proj.o proj.c
...where -c is interpreted as a directory (argument to -I). Did you mean
CFLAGS = -I . #-Wall
?
I've got an library which must read data from sqlite database by calling
extern int read(char** argv, int argc); // from header
it must process:
int read(char** argv, int argc) {
char* lineborder1;
char* lineborder2;
char* spaces1;
char* spaces2;
int maxl2 = 0, maxl1 = 0;
int i, maxi1, maxi2;
if (prelude() == -1) return -1;
// etc...
where prelude is inner procedure for sqlite connection:
int prelude() {
timefile = 0;
f = NULL;
#ifndef WIN32
char* temp = (char*)calloc(200, sizeof(char));
#endif
queries = (char**)malloc(sizeof(char*) * q_cnt);
for (x = 0; x < q_cnt; x++) {
queries[x] = (char*)malloc(sizeof(char) * q_size);
}
#ifdef WIN32
retval = sqlite3_open("todo.db3", &handle);
#else
home = (char*)getenv("HOME");
strcpy(temp, home);
retval = sqlite3_open(strcat(temp, "/.todo.db3"), &handle);
free(temp);
#endif
if (retval) {
printf("Database connection failed\n\r");
return -1;
}
return 0;
}
whole source is here : bitbucket: ctodo.c
I call this read from my application:
else if ((strcmp(argv[1], "read") == 0) || (strcmp(argv[1], "r") == 0)) {
return read(argv, argc);
but getting infinity cycle of this read call:
>>./todo r
Database connection failed
Database connection failed
Database connection failed
.... etc
here is how do I build it:
gcc -I . -c -o todo.a ctodo.c -lsqlite3 -O3
gcc -I . -o todo cctodo.c -lsqlite3 -O3 todo.a
help or version calls wrok fine and read works fine on windows, something specific to my linux build is here but I can't find a bug so far. what could call this read to run in infinity cycle like that?
The read function is defined in libc.so, and used to, you know, read data.
It is exceedingly likely that sqlite3_open() calls it.
By introducing your own function called read(), you've made your program enter infinite loop. If you wait long enough, your program will run out of stack and crash.
Doctor, it hurts when I do that. Well, don't do that :-)
I have written a code where in it would take in a executable file and the [lib*.so] library as my arguments and link # Run-time.
I want to also take in the function in the (*.o) file # run-time and link it.
But I don't know how to go about it.
EDIT 1:
The function I'm trying to link is a part of the .o file in the lib*.so library.
So I want to specify the library name and also the function name which is in the same library # Run-Time.
For eg. If my library contains two functions(i.e *.o files) the linker should compile the function which I want to use #Run-Time.
I have posted the code,please help :
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <dlfcn.h> // use -ldl
typedef float (*DepFn)(short, short);
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
void* lib;
DepFn df;
if(argc < 2)
return printf("USAGE: %s lib-file\n", argv[0]);
lib = dlopen(argv[1], RTLD_NOW);
if(lib == NULL)
return printf("ERROR: Cannot load library\n");
df = dlsym(lib, "Depreciation");
if(df)
{
short l, i;
printf("Enter useful-life of asset: ");
scanf("%hd", &l);
for(i = 1; i <= l; i++)
{
float d = 100 * df(l, i);
printf("%hd\t%.1f%%\n", i, d);
}
}
else
printf("ERROR: Invalid library\n");
dlclose(lib);
}
If you need to take the function name at runtime, you need to pass it in argv[2], and instead of hardcoding function-name in the dlsym use argv[2].
if(argc < 3)
return printf("USAGE: %s lib-file function-name\n", argv[0]);
lib = dlopen(argv[1], RTLD_NOW);
if(lib == NULL)
return printf("ERROR: Cannot load library\n");
df = dlsym(lib, argv[2]);
You cannot load a relocatable (*.o) at run time using standard functions. You need to make sure the object is compiled as position independent code (e.g. -fPIC) and then make a shared object out of it. Something like ld -shared -o foo.so foo.o may do the trick.
Based on your comments, you just want to link to your shared library,
change your code to:
extern float Depreciation(short i,k); //should rather go in a header file
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
short l, i;
printf("Enter useful-life of asset: ");
scanf("%hd", &l);
for(i = 1; i <= l; i++)
{
float d = 100 * Depreciation(l, i);
printf("%hd\t%.1f%%\n", i, d);
}
}
Compile and link to your shared library:
gcc -o myprogram myprogram.c -lXX
Your libXX.so would need to be installed in e.g. /usr/lib/ for the above to work
See here for more info.