Identifying C syntax - c

So I was studying some tutorial code for a BLE implementation, and I came across this syntax which I have never seen before.
&p_ble_evt->evt.gatts_evt.params.write;
It is the &foo;bar-&baz part i'm unsure of.
I tried 'googleing' the code part, then tried running it through https://cdecl.org/.
But without getting an understanding for what this code does/is.
/**#brief Function for handling the Write event.
*
* #param[in] p_midi_service LED Button Service structure.
* #param[in] p_ble_evt Event received from the BLE stack.
*/
static void on_write(ble_midi_service_t * p_midi_service, ble_evt_t const * p_ble_evt)
{
ble_gatts_evt_write_t * p_evt_write = (ble_gatts_evt_write_t *) &p_ble_evt->evt.gatts_evt.params.write;
if ((p_evt_write->handle == p_midi_service->data_io_char_handles.value_handle) &&
(p_evt_write->len == 1) &&
(p_midi_service->evt_handler != NULL))
{
// Handle what happens on a write event to the characteristic value
}
// Check if the Custom value CCCD is written to and that the value is the appropriate length, i.e 2 bytes.
if ((p_evt_write->handle == p_midi_service->data_io_char_handles.cccd_handle)
&& (p_evt_write->len == 2)
)
{
// CCCD written, call application event handler
if (p_midi_service->evt_handler != NULL)
{
ble_midi_evt_t evt;
if (ble_srv_is_notification_enabled(p_evt_write->data))
{
evt.evt_type = BLE_DATA_IO_EVT_NOTIFICATION_ENABLED;
}
else
{
evt.evt_type = BLE_DATA_IO_EVT_NOTIFICATION_DISABLED;
}
p_midi_service->evt_handler(p_midi_service, &evt);
}
}
}
So if some kind soul would help enlighten me that would be much appreciated.
Thank you.

Looks like xml/html escape sequences, should read:
&p_ble_evt->evt.gatts_evt.params.write;

Related

How to program an nRF52 DK to send BLE MIDI message when I push a button?

I'm new developing using real C language. I have more experience using Arduino.
I'm trying to send a MIDI message over Bluetooth MIDI when I push one of the buttons of my Nordic nRF52 DK. But I'm not being successful. How can I do that?
I tried to use this tutorial: https://www.novelbits.io/bluetooth-gatt-services-characteristics/
Everything works fine and I'm able to create a discoverable BLE MIDI device. But I'm stuck setting a way to send actual MIDI messages.
I've made a test simply using the buttons to turn on/off the DK LEDs and here it's everything fine
I suppose that I should somehow configure something here (midi_service.c):
**#brief Function for handling the Write event.
*
* #param[in] p_midi_service LED Button Service structure.
* #param[in] p_ble_evt Event received from the BLE stack.
*/
static void on_write(ble_midi_service_t * p_midi_service, ble_evt_t const * p_ble_evt)
{
ble_gatts_evt_write_t * p_evt_write = (ble_gatts_evt_write_t *) &p_ble_evt->evt.gatts_evt.params.write;
if ((p_evt_write->handle == p_midi_service->data_io_char_handles.value_handle) &&
(p_evt_write->len == 1) &&
(p_midi_service->evt_handler != NULL))
{
// Handle what happens on a write event to the characteristic value
}
// Check if the Custom value CCCD is written to and that the value is the appropriate length, i.e 2 bytes.
if ((p_evt_write->handle == p_midi_service->data_io_char_handles.cccd_handle)
&& (p_evt_write->len == 2)
)
{
// CCCD written, call application event handler
if (p_midi_service->evt_handler != NULL)
{
ble_midi_evt_t evt;
if (ble_srv_is_notification_enabled(p_evt_write->data))
{
evt.evt_type = BLE_DATA_IO_EVT_NOTIFICATION_ENABLED;
}
else
{
evt.evt_type = BLE_DATA_IO_EVT_NOTIFICATION_DISABLED;
}
p_midi_service->evt_handler(p_midi_service, &evt);
}
}
}
Then find a way to call it on my main code here:
case BSP_EVENT_KEY_3:
LEDS_ON(1 << LED_4);
//MIDI message
case BSP_EVENT_KEY_2:
LEDS_OFF(1 << LED_4);
//MIDI message
If I try for example:
case BSP_EVENT_KEY_3:
LEDS_ON(1 << LED_4);
ble_add_char_params_t (0x80, 0x80, 0x90, 0x3c, 127);
(The idea here is to send a Note On message)
I get the error "expected identifier or '(' before numeric constant" while compiling.
Probably this is a really silly approach, but as I said, I'm a newbie on this type of coding, so not really sure how to do it.
Using Arduino I'm able to do it, but I want to learn how to code it more "seriously".

How to modify an existing YAML node in C?

I am not C programmer but have recently taking interest in it. I am trying to modify a node of a YAML file using the C libyaml library. When I try to modify the node from an event scalar data the compiler doesn't complain but I get segmentation fault errors.
while (!done)
{
/* Get the next token. */
if (!yaml_parser_parse(&parser, &event))
goto parser_error;
//yaml_parser_scan(&parser, &token);
/* Check if this is the stream end. */
if(beginServerNodes && event.type == 8) {
beginServerNodes = 0;
}
if (event.type == YAML_SCALAR_EVENT) {
if(beginServerNodes == 1) {
//I WANT TO MODIFY THIS VALUE
printf("%s\n", event.data.scalar.value);
}
if(strcmp("servers",event.data.scalar.value) == 0) {
beginServerNodes = 1;
}
}
if (event.type == YAML_STREAM_END_EVENT) {
done = 1;
}
/* Emit the token. */
if (!yaml_emitter_emit(&emitter, &event))
goto emitter_error;
}
So while in that loop when I attempt to modify the following value
event.data.scalar.value
It must be of type yaml_char_t
yaml_char_t *newHost = "10.132.16.48:6379:1 redis-001";
event.data.scalar.value = newHost;
event.data.scalar.length = sizeof(newHost);
The compiler doesn't complain and the code run by dies with segementation fault. If have seen the examples in the libyaml test directories but nothing is intuitive as far as simply editing a node, at least not to a C newb like myself.
Libyaml expect that the values of each scalar can be removed via free(). So you need to initialize this value with malloc()ed memory:
const char* newHost = "10.132.16.48:6379:1 redis-001";
event.data.scalar.value = (yaml_char_t*)strdup(newHost);
event.data.scalar.length = strlen(newHost);

Core Audio - Remote IO confusion

I am having trouble interpreting the behavior of the remoteIO audiounit callbacks in iOS. I am setting up a remoteIO unit with two callbacks, one as in input callback and one as an "render" callback. I am following a very similar remoteIO setup as the one recommended in this tasty pixel tutorial. This is the rather length setup method:
- (void)setup {
AudioUnit ioUnit;
AudioComponentDescription audioCompDesc;
audioCompDesc.componentType = kAudioUnitType_Output;
audioCompDesc.componentSubType = kAudioUnitSubType_RemoteIO;
audioCompDesc.componentManufacturer = kAudioUnitManufacturer_Apple;
audioCompDesc.componentFlags = 0;
audioCompDesc.componentFlagsMask = 0;
AudioComponent rioComponent = AudioComponentFindNext(NULL, &audioCompDesc);
CheckError(AudioComponentInstanceNew(rioComponent, &ioUnit), "Couldn't get RIO unit instance");
// i/o
UInt32 oneFlag = 1;
CheckError(AudioUnitSetProperty(ioUnit,
kAudioOutputUnitProperty_EnableIO,
kAudioUnitScope_Output,
kOutputBus,
&oneFlag,
sizeof(oneFlag)), "Couldn't enable RIO output");
CheckError(AudioUnitSetProperty(ioUnit,
kAudioOutputUnitProperty_EnableIO,
kAudioUnitScope_Input,
kInputBus,
&oneFlag,
sizeof(oneFlag)), "Couldn't enable RIO input");
AudioStreamBasicDescription myASBD;
memset (&myASBD, 0, sizeof(myASBD));
myASBD.mSampleRate = 44100;
myASBD.mFormatID = kAudioFormatLinearPCM;
myASBD.mFormatFlags = kAudioFormatFlagIsSignedInteger | kAudioFormatFlagIsPacked;
myASBD.mFramesPerPacket = 1;
myASBD.mChannelsPerFrame = 1;
myASBD.mBitsPerChannel = 16;
myASBD.mBytesPerPacket = 2 * myASBD.mChannelsPerFrame;
myASBD.mBytesPerFrame = 2 * myASBD.mChannelsPerFrame;
// set stream format for both busses
CheckError(AudioUnitSetProperty(ioUnit,
kAudioUnitProperty_StreamFormat,
kAudioUnitScope_Input,
kOutputBus,
&myASBD,
sizeof(myASBD)), "Couldn't set ASBD for RIO on input scope / bus 0");
CheckError(AudioUnitSetProperty(ioUnit,
kAudioUnitProperty_StreamFormat,
kAudioUnitScope_Output,
kInputBus,
&myASBD,
sizeof(myASBD)), "Couldn't set ASBD for RIO on output scope / bus 1");
// set arbitrarily high for now
UInt32 bufferSizeBytes = 10000 * sizeof(int);
int offset = offsetof(AudioBufferList, mBuffers[0]);
int bufferListSizeInBytes = offset + (sizeof(AudioBuffer) * myASBD.mChannelsPerFrame);
// why need to cast to audioBufferList * ?
self.inputBuffer = (AudioBufferList *)malloc(bufferListSizeInBytes);
self.inputBuffer->mNumberBuffers = myASBD.mChannelsPerFrame;
for (UInt32 i = 0; i < myASBD.mChannelsPerFrame; i++) {
self.inputBuffer->mBuffers[i].mNumberChannels = 1;
self.inputBuffer->mBuffers[i].mDataByteSize = bufferSizeBytes;
self.inputBuffer->mBuffers[i].mData = malloc(bufferSizeBytes);
}
self.remoteIOUnit = ioUnit;
/////////////////////////////////////////////// callback setup
AURenderCallbackStruct callbackStruct;
callbackStruct.inputProc = inputCallback;
callbackStruct.inputProcRefCon = (__bridge void * _Nullable)self;
CheckError(AudioUnitSetProperty(ioUnit,
kAudioOutputUnitProperty_SetInputCallback,
kAudioUnitScope_Global,
kInputBus,
&callbackStruct,
sizeof(callbackStruct)), "Couldn't set input callback");
AURenderCallbackStruct callbackStruct2;
callbackStruct2.inputProc = playbackCallback;
callbackStruct2.inputProcRefCon = (__bridge void * _Nullable)self;
CheckError(AudioUnitSetProperty(ioUnit,
kAudioUnitProperty_SetRenderCallback,
kAudioUnitScope_Global,
kOutputBus,
&callbackStruct,
sizeof(callbackStruct)), "Couldn't set input callback");
CheckError(AudioUnitInitialize(ioUnit), "Couldn't initialize input unit");
CheckError(AudioOutputUnitStart(ioUnit), "AudioOutputUnitStart failed");
}
I am experience weird behavior in the callbacks. Firstly, the playbackCallback function is not called at all, despite setting its property in an identical fashion as the one from the tutorial (the tutorial is by the guy who wrote the Loopy app).
Secondly, the input callback has an ioData (audioBufferList) parameter which should be null (according to the documentation) but is flipping between null and having a non-nil value on every second callback. Does this make sense to any one?
Additionally, calling audiounitRender in the input callback (the semantics of which i still don't understand in terms of API logic and lifecycle etc..) leads to a -50 error, which is very generic "bad params". This is most likely due to an invalid "topology" of the audiobufferlist i.e. interleaved/deinterleaved, numer of channel, etc... However, I've tried the various topologies and none have resulted in no error. And that also doesn't explain the weird ioData behavior. HERE is the function for reference:
OSStatus inputCallback(void *inRefCon,
AudioUnitRenderActionFlags *ioActionFlags,
const AudioTimeStamp *inTimeStamp,
UInt32 inBusNumber,
UInt32 inNumberFrames,
AudioBufferList * ioData)
{
MicController *myRefCon = (__bridge MicController *)inRefCon;
CheckError(AudioUnitRender(myRefCon.remoteIOUnit,
ioActionFlags,
inTimeStamp,
inBusNumber,
inNumberFrames,
myRefCon.inputBuffer), "audio unit render");
return noErr;
}
I believe that my experience may be due to some simple errors in formatting or possibly using the wrong bus on the wrong scope or some other trivial (and easy to make in a core audio context error). However, because I fundamentally don't have an intuition for the semantics and lifecycle flow (scheme?, i don't even know what word to use), I cannot adequately debug this. I would greatly appreciate some help from a more experienced core audio programmer that might shed some light on this situation.
Your kAudioUnitProperty_SetRenderCallback property setter is using callbackStruct instead of callbackStruct2. Thus your RemoteIO Audio Unit is calling inputCallback() twice instead of playbackCallback().

How would I go about pausing the time (programming a game)

basically I need to implement a pause feature in my game (which is a simplified version of frogger) which stops the logs scrolling, and ignores any other input until the character p is pressed again). The way I've started to implement this in a while loop is to end it once another p Is pressed.
if(serial_input == 'p' || serial_input == 'P') {
while(1){
//need to pause the game
if(serial_input == 'p' || serial_input == 'P')
break;
}
This is how my logs are currently scrolling:
/* The following statements change the scrolling speeds of the individual logs */
current_time = get_clock_ticks();
if(is_frog_alive() && current_time >= last_move_time1 + 1000) {
scroll_lane(0, 1);
last_move_time1 = current_time;
} else if(is_frog_alive() && current_time >= last_move_time2 + 600) {
scroll_lane(1, -1);
last_move_time2 = current_time;
} else if(is_frog_alive() && current_time >= last_move_time3 + 800) {
scroll_lane(2, 1);
last_move_time3 = current_time;
} else if(is_frog_alive() && current_time >= last_move_time4 + 900) {
scroll_log_channel(0, -1);
last_move_time4 = current_time;
} else if(is_frog_alive() && current_time >= last_move_time5 + 1200) {
scroll_log_channel(1, 1);
last_move_time5 = current_time;
And this is implemented by a timer as described:
* We update a global clock tick variable - whose value
* can be retrieved using the get_clock_ticks() function.
*/
Any suggestions would be greatly appreciated
The best practice would depend on the libraries and general architecture you're using. That being said a naive implementation which I sometimes use would go somewhat like this:
while( playing) {
if( !paused) {
logic();
}
rendering();
input();
}
When doing small game projects, inside the main while loop I scatter logic, rendering and input in to different parts. In the input part there's the button that toggles the pause flag. In the main loop, the logic is simply enclosed in an if statement.
If you still need to do something inside the logic, you could pass it as a parameter or make it visible in some other way. Additionally you can do some special when-paused-graphics in the rendering section.
Details would vary but I hope this would at least give you a nudge to the right direction. That being said it is a common thing to implement and shouldn't be too hard to google.

How to set an int to 1 if dependent on a button and in a while loop?

I'm programming a robot, and unfortunately in its autonomous mode I'm having some issues.
I need to set an integer to 1 when a button is pressed, but in order for the program to recognize the button, it must be in a while loop. As you can imagine, the program ends up in an infinite loop and the integer values end up somewhere near 4,000.
task autonomous()
{
while(true)
{
if(SensorValue[positionSelectButton] == 1)
{
positionSelect = positionSelect + 1;
wait1Msec(0350);
}
}
}
I've managed to get the value by using a wait, but I do NOT want to do this. Is there any other way I can approach this?
assuming that the SensorValue comes from a physical component that is asynchronous to the while loop, and is a push button (i.e. not a toggle button)
task autonomous()
{
while(true)
{
// check whether
if(current_time >= next_detect_time && SensorValue[positionSelectButton] == 1)
{
positionSelect = positionSelect + 1;
// no waiting here
next_detect_time = current_time + 0350;
}
// carry on to other tasks
if(enemy_is_near)
{
fight();
}
// current_time
current_time = built_in_now()
}
}
Get the current time either by some built-in function or incrementing an integer and wrap around once reach max value.
Or if you are in another situation:
task autonomous()
{
while(true)
{
// check whether the flag allows incrementing
if(should_detect && SensorValue[positionSelectButton] == 1)
{
positionSelect = positionSelect + 1;
// no waiting here
should_detect = false;
}
// carry on to other tasks
if(enemy_is_near)
{
if(fight() == LOSING)
should_detect = true;
}
}
}
Try remembering the current position of the button, and only take action when its state changes from off to on.
Depending on the hardware, you might also get a signal as though it flipped back and forth several times in a millisecond. If that's an issue, you might want to also store the timestamp of the last time the button was activated, and then ignore repeat events during a short window after that.
You could connect the button to an interrupt and then make the necessary change in the interrupt handler.
This might not be the best approach, but it will be the simplest.
From The Vex Robotics catalogue :
(12) Fast digital I/O ports which can be used as interrupts
So, most probably which ever micro-controller of Vex you are using will support Interrupts.
Your question is a bit vague
I m not sure why u need this variable to increment and how things exactly work...but i ll make a try.Explain a bit more how things work for the robot to move...and we will be able to help more.
task autonomous()
{
int buttonPressed=0;
while(true)
{
if(SensorValue[positionSelectButton] == 1)
{
positionSelect = positionSelect +1;
buttonPressed=1;
}
else{
buttonPressed = 0;
}
//use your variables here
if( buttonPressed == 1){
//Move robot front a little
}
}
}
The general idea is :
First you detect all buttons pressed and then you do things according to them
All these go in your while loop...that will(and should) run forever(at least as long as your robot is alive :) )
Hope this helps!

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