I am really stuck on part a and b for problem 1 below. I am really confused on how to change the multiply and divide functions to change pins/LED’s, using the << and >> functions instead.
Any help would be much appreciated. Thanks!
Multiple LEDs and using and input button
Modify the C program:
a. Instead of using the multiply and divide functions to change pins/LED’s, use the << and >> functions. References: Deitel and Deitel “C, How to Program and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C
b. Change the clock frequency in the program to 1 MHz and make the on/off time of each LED .1 seconds. This should make the rotation visibly faster. (Remember to change the _XTAL_FREQ value since this is used for the __delay_ms() function built into XC8)
Devices:
Low Pin Count board (16F1829 on board) and 44-Pin Demo Board are both on same backboard. (You only use the 16F1829 for this lab.)
PICKIT 3 programmer with USB cable
MPLAB X (I used v3.00 but a different version may be on lab computers))
Microchip XC8 C Compiler User Manual
PIC16F1829 Data Sheet
PICkit 3 User’s Guide
Low Pin Count Board User Guide
“C How to Program” Deitel, Pearson/Prentice-Hall (Any edition)
Internet Browser Search Engine for research (Google, Bing, etc)
upload_2018-9-5_23-27-22.png
The code is below.
/*
LEDs on for approximately 0.5 sec.
PIC: 16F1829 Enhanced Mid-Level
Compiler: XC8 v1.34
IDE: MPLABX v3.00 */
#include <pic16f1829.h> //Not required but this is the reference used by "C" for names and location on uC
#include <htc.h> //refers on HiTech C, Microchip purchased HiTech
#define _XTAL_FREQ 4000000 //Used by the XC8 delay_ms(x) macro
#define switch PORTAbits.RA2 // Can use RA2 instead of PORTAbit.RA2 to define pin attached to switch
//instead of saying PORTAbits.RA2 each time
//config bits for the PIC16F1829
#pragma config FOSC=INTOSC, WDTE=OFF, PWRTE=OFF, MCLRE=OFF, CP=OFF, CPD=OFF, BOREN=ON, CLKOUTEN=OFF, IESO=OFF, FCMEN=OFF
#pragma config WRT=OFF, PLLEN=OFF, STVREN=OFF, LVP=OFF
//Initialization subroutine
void initialize(void) {
ANSELC=0; //All pins of Port C are digital I/O
ANSA2=0; //switch pin, RA2, is digital IO
TRISA2 = 1; //switch is an input
TRISC = 0; //all pins of Port C are outputs
OSCCON = 0b01101000; // 4 MHz
}
unsigned char i1; //only need 4 bits to count to 16. unsigned character variable is 8 bits long
// Here is main(). There are many ways to do this 4-pin (LED) sequence
void main(void)
{
initialize();
i1=1; //Start the main program with the variable =1. Could have done this during its definition
while (1) //runs continuously until MCU is shut off
{
if (switch==1) //Button not pressed pin at 5V
{ i1=1; }
while (switch==1) //Button not pressed
{
PORTC=i1; //Note that writing to PORTC writes to LATC
__delay_ms(500);
i1=i1*2;
if (i1==16)
{ i1=1; }
}
if (switch==0) //Button pressed pin at ground
{ i1=8; }
while (switch==0) //Button pressed
{
PORTC=i1;
__delay_ms(500);
i1=i1/2;
if (i1==0)
{ i1=8; }
}
}
}
a. Instead of using the multiply and divide functions to change
pins/LED’s, use the << and >> functions. References: Deitel and Deitel
“C, How to Program and
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C
Left shift value << n is integer multiplication of value by 2^n or value*(2^n)
Right shift value >> n is integer division of value by 2^n or value/(2^n))
When you have some var and you use one of the shift operators, you are taking the value of whatever var is and shifting the binary digits (bits) that represent it's value to the left or the right.
A basic example of this:
uint8_t var = 1; //0b00000001 in binary
var <<= 1; //var is now 0b00000010, that is 1*(2^1) or 2
var >>= 1; //var is now 0b00000001, that is 2/(2^1) or 1
There is a huge caveat for using the shift operator and that is that whenever you shift bits you are filling 0s in from the opposite direction that you are shifting so you have to pay attention to the integer size.
uint8_t var = 1;
var <<= 4; //var is now 0b00010000, 4 zeros filled in on the right
var = 1;
var <<= 8; //var is now 0b00000000, because 8 zeros were filled in on the right!
Now with regard to how you use this to manipulate the pins on a microcontroller, you would take some variable that increments or decrements and shift left or right by that variable and assign the resulting value to the register in the module that controls that pin, which in this case is the PORTx module. In your code that would look like this:
if (switch == 1) //Button not pressed pin at 5V
{
i1 = 0; //initialize to 0
}
while (switch == 1) //Button not pressed
{
PORTC = (1 << i1++); //set will set just one pin at a time, the first will be pin 0, the next pin 1, and so on
__delay_ms(500);
if (i1 == 8){
i1 = 0; //reset variable
}
}
if (switch == 0) //Button pressed pin at ground
{
i1 = 0; //initialize to 0
}
while (switch == 0) //Button pressed
{
PORTC = (0x80 >> i1++); //this will set 1 pin at a time, the first will be pin 7, the next will be pin 6, and so on
__delay_ms(500);
if (i1 == 8)
{
i1 = 0; //reset variable
}
}
b. Change the clock frequency in the program to 1 MHz and make the
on/off time of each LED .1 seconds. This should make the rotation
visibly faster. (Remember to change the _XTAL_FREQ value since this is
used for the __delay_ms() function built into XC8)
This portion of your code:
OSCCON = 0b01101000; // 4 MHz
Actually configures the frequency of the oscillator used by the microcontroller for its clock signal. However, it is important for you to know the source of that clock signal, which according to the datasheet is controlled by Configuration Word 1. This is set in the #pragma config FOSC=INTOSC portion of your code.
To obtain 1 MHz you will want to change that line to this:
OSCCON = 0b01011000; // 1 MHz
This is found in the OSCCON register description in the datasheet.
The __delay_ms function uses the _XTAL_FREQ to calculate a delay which is why you are being told to change this line of your code:
#define _XTAL_FREQ 4000000
To this
#define _XTAL_FREQ 1000000
Related
I'm creating part of a program right now for a personal project. This is my first year ACTUALLY coding and have been studying for hours to understand many concepts so please be nice and try not to be rude as others have...
The project of mine is an AVRDUDE using a chip called ATMEGA328P in a program called Microchip studios.
[This project is having 3 LED count every time a switch is pressed, I should have them count continuously and change to the next number every second using a TIMER 1.
**counting in binary from 0-8 then rolling over **
I need some help on one aspect of it which is using interrupts after I have already created a blinking LED to use a TIMER0 instead of delays.
I have made my fourth LED flash at 5Hz which is the blinking part of my code include below at the end of this question.
Now the problem I am running into is trying to create interrupts for the 3 LEDS count every time a switch is pressed, I should instead have them continually count, changing to the next number approximately every second, using TIMER1.]
This is my code for the project
Again please be nice and at least lead me in some type of direction...
#include <avr/io.h>
#include <avr/interrupt.h>
#define F_CPU 1000000UL
int global = 0 ;
volatile uint8_t overflow0; // Variable for counting overflows for first timer
volatile uint8_t overflow1; // Variable for counting overflows for second timer
void FirstTimer() // Initialize Timer 1
{
TCCR0B |= (1<<CS02) | (1<<CS00); // Prescaler of 1024
TCNT0 = 0;
}
void SecondTimer() //Initialize Timer 2
{
TCCR1B |= (1<<CS11) | (1<<CS10);
TCNT1 = 0;
}
int main(void)
{
DDRB |= (1 << DDB0);
FirstTimer(); // Calling timer 1 and 2 initialization
SecondTimer();
while (1)
{
{
if (TCNT0 >= 195) // Amount of ticks needed
{
PORTB ^= (1 << PORTB0); //LED on
TCNT0 = 0; //Reset counter
}
}
{
if (TCNT1 >= 15625) // Ticks needed
{
TCNT1 = 0; // Timer reset
}
}
}
}
An approach you could use is keeping a count variable (unsigned char - assuming 8 bit register width) and in your Timer ISR simply increment the count and write that value to the output register. Once count > 8 set to zero.
Configure the Timer mode to trigger on overflow w/ reset to zero.
Then you do some basic math using the clock speed and timer ceiling (overflow value) to calculate the frequency you want the overflow ISR to occur (increment the LED count values).
Note that for this to work the LEDs need to be on the first 3 pins.
i.e.
P1.0 = LED1
P1.1 = LED2
P1.2 = LED3
...
If not connected like this then you can still make it work with additional bit manipulation (shifts and masks).
I have to write a C code so that the RGB LED on the board breaths. My code is blinking not breathing. My teacher said that varying brightness is achieved by varying duty-cycle so in that case I can't use pwm. Please help me to understand this code.
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define SYSCTL_RCGC2_R (*((volatile unsigned long *)0x400FE108))
#define SYSCTL_RCGC2_GPIOF 0x00000020 //port F clock gating control
#define GPIO_PORTF_DATA_R (*((volatile unsigned long *)0x400253FC))
#define GPIO_PORTF_DIR_R (*((volatile unsigned long *)0x40025400))
#define GPIO_PORTF_DEN_R (*((volatile unsigned long *)0x4002551C))
void delay (double sec);
int cond;
int main(void){
SYSCTL_RCGC2_R = SYSCTL_RCGC2_GPIOF;
GPIO_PORTF_DIR_R=0x0E;
GPIO_PORTF_DEN_R=0x0E;
cond=0;
while(1){
GPIO_PORTF_DATA_R = 0x02;
delay(12.5);
GPIO_PORTF_DATA_R = 0x00;
delay(0);
GPIO_PORTF_DATA_R = 0x02;
delay(2.5);
GPIO_PORTF_DATA_R = 0x00;
delay(10);
GPIO_PORTF_DATA_R = 0x02;
delay(5);
GPIO_PORTF_DATA_R = 0x00;
delay(7.5);
GPIO_PORTF_DATA_R = 0x02;
delay(7.5);
GPIO_PORTF_DATA_R = 0x00;
delay(5);
GPIO_PORTF_DATA_R = 0x02;
delay(12.5);
GPIO_PORTF_DATA_R = 0x00;
delay(0);
GPIO_PORTF_DATA_R = 0x02;
delay(7.5);
GPIO_PORTF_DATA_R = 0x00;
delay(5);
GPIO_PORTF_DATA_R = 0x02;
delay(5);
GPIO_PORTF_DATA_R = 0x00;
delay(7.5);
}
return 0;
}
void delay(double sec){
int c=1, d=1;
for(c=1;c<=sec;c++)
for(d=1;d<= 4000000;d++){}
}
There are two ways you can drive LEDs: either with constant current through some general-purpose I/O, or with repeated duty cycle from PWM. PWM meaning pulse-width modulation and it will happen with pulses that are too fast for the human eye to notice, could be anywhere from some 100Hz up to 10kHz or so.
The main advantage of PWM is that you easily can control current. Which is case of RGB means color intensity of the 3 individual LEDs. Most smaller LEDs are rated at 20mA so that's usually the maximum current you are aiming for, corresponding to 100% duty cycle.
The correct way to achieve this is to use PWM.
But what your current code does is to "bit bang" simulate PWM by pulling GPIO pins. That's very crude and inefficient. Normally microcontrollers have a timer and/or PWM hardware peripheral built in, where you just provide a duty cycle and the hardware takes care of everything from there. In this case you would set up 3 PWM hardware channels which should ideally be clocked at the same time.
LEDs are diodes with different forward voltage depending on chemistry. So you very likely have different forward voltages per each of the 3 colors. You have to check the datasheet of the RGB and look for luminous intensity experessed in candela. In this case very likely millicandela, mcd. Lets assume that your green led has 300mcd but the red and blue have 100mcd. They are somewhat linear, or you can probably get away with assuming they are. So a crude equation in this case is to give the green LED 3 times less current than the others, in order to get an even mix of colors. Once you have compensated for that, you can give your 3 PWM channels a RGB code and hopefully get the corresponding color.
As a side note, the delay function in your code is completely broken in many ways. The loop iterator for such busy-delays must be volatile or any half-decent compiler will simply remove the delay when optimizations are enabled. And there is no reason to use floating point either.
If you are doing it with your delay function and your delay resolution is in seconds as suggested in the code of course it will "blink" - the frequency needs to be faster than human visual perception - say for example about 50Hz, then to get a smooth variation you might divide that up into say 20 levels, requiring a millisecond delay.
In any case your delay() function defeats itself by taking a floating point number of seconds but comparing it with an integer loop counter - it will only ever work in whole seconds.
So given a function delayms( unsigned millisec ) (which I discuss later) then:
#define BREATHE_UPDATE_MS 100
#define BREATHE_MINIMUM 0
#define PWM_PERIOD_MS 20
unsigned tick = 0 ;
unsigned duty_cycle = 0 ;
unsigned cycle_start_tick= 0 ;
unsigned breath_update_tick = 0 ;
int breathe_dir = 1 ;
for(;;)
{
// If in PWM "mark"...
if( tick - cycle_start_tick < duty_cycle )
{
// LED on
GPIO_PORTF_DATA_R |= 0x02 ;
}
// else PWM "space"
else
{
// LED off
GPIO_PORTF_DATA_R &= ~0x02 ;
}
// Update tick counter
tick++ ;
// If PWM cycle complete, restart
if( tick - cycle_start_tick >= PWM_PERIOD_MS )
{
cycle_start_tick = tick ;
}
// If time to update duty-cycle...
if( tick - breath_update_tick > BREATHE_UPDATE_MS )
{
breath_update_tick = tick ;
duty_cycle += breathe_dir ;
if( duty_cycle >= PWM_PERIOD_MS )
{
// Breathe in
breathe_dir = -1 ;
}
else if( duty_cycle == BREATHE_MINIMUM )
{
// Breathe out
breathe_dir = 1 ;
}
}
delayms( 1 ) ;
}
Change BREATHE_UPDATE_MS to breathe faster, change BREATHE_MINIMUM to "shallow breathe" - i.e. not dim to off.
If your delay function truly results in a delay resolution in seconds then approximately and rather crudely:
void delayms( unsigned millisec )
{
for( int c = 0; c < millisec; c++ )
{
for( volatile int d = 0; d < 4000; d++ ) {}
}
}
However that suggests to me a rather low core clock rate, so you may need to adjust that. Note the use of volatile to prevent the removal of the empty loop by the optimiser. The problem with this delay is that you will need to calibrate it to the clock speed of your target and its timing is likely to differ in any case depending on what compiler you use and what compiler options you use. It is generally a poor solution.
In practice using a "busy-loop" delay for this is ill-advised and crude and it would be better to use the Cortex-M SYSTICK:
volatile uint32_t tick = 0 ;
void SysTick_Handler(void)
{
tick++ ;
}
... removing the tick and tick++ from the original; code. Then you don't need a delay in the loop above because all the timing is pegged to the value of tick. However should you want a delay for other reasons then:
delayms( uint32_t millisec )
{
uint32_t start = tick ;
while( tick - start < millisec ) ;
}
Then you would initialise the SYSTICK at start-up thus:
int main (void)
{
SysTick_Config(SystemCoreClock / 1000) ;
...
}
This assumes that you are using the CMSIS, but your code suggests that you are not doing that (or even using a vendor supplied register header). You will in that case need to get down and dirty with the SYSTICK and NVIC registers if you (or your tutor) insists on that. The source for SysTick_Config() is as follows:
__STATIC_INLINE uint32_t SysTick_Config(uint32_t ticks)
{
if ((ticks - 1UL) > SysTick_LOAD_RELOAD_Msk)
{
return (1UL); /* Reload value impossible */
}
SysTick->LOAD = (uint32_t)(ticks - 1UL); /* set reload register */
NVIC_SetPriority (SysTick_IRQn, (1UL << __NVIC_PRIO_BITS) - 1UL); /* set Priority for Systick Interrupt */
SysTick->VAL = 0UL; /* Load the SysTick Counter Value */
SysTick->CTRL = SysTick_CTRL_CLKSOURCE_Msk |
SysTick_CTRL_TICKINT_Msk |
SysTick_CTRL_ENABLE_Msk; /* Enable SysTick IRQ and SysTick Timer */
return (0UL); /* Function successful */
}
I've been stuck on this all day, I'm trying to create a count down timer using two seven segment displays. I want it to start at 20 and count down to zero. While 10< I only want to have the left display on(i.e no 0 in the tens place). I'm using an Atmega 324A. I have all of port C connected to the display segments and am using PIND0 to toggle between the two. Here is what I have so far.
#include <avr/io.h>
#include<util/delay.h>
int main(void) {
int prescale = (8000000/8)/1000-1;
int digit = 1;
uint8_t display;
int seven_seg = {0x3F,0X06,0X5B,0X4F,0X66,0X6D,0X7D,0C07,0X7F,0X6F};
// Set OC1 to output
DDRD = (1<<0);
DDRC = 0xFF;
OCR1A = prescale;
//clear counter on compare match
TCCR1A = (0<<COM1A1) | (1<<COM1A0);
//Set Prescale and CTC Mode
TCCR1B = (0<<CS12) | (1<<CS11) | (0<<CS10) | (0<<WGM13) | (1<<WGM12);
while(1) {
display++;
if(display>50) display = 0;
for (i = 250; i>0; i--){
PORTD ^= 0<<PIND0;
PORTC = seven_seg[display%10];
PORTD ^= 1<<PIND0;
_delay_ms(100);
for (i = 250; i>0; i--){
PORTD ^= 1<<PIND0;
PORTC = seven_seg[display/10];
PORTD ^= 0<<PIND0;
_delay_ms(100);
}
}
while((TIFR1 & (1<<OCF1A)) == 0) {}
TIFR1 &= (1 << OCF1A);
}
}
All this does is set both displays to 0. Do I need another for loop to iterate through the seven_seg[] array while it's doing this? really not sure how to tackle this one. Any help would be great.
you make 2 big faults:
you don't use timer
you should separate display-driving-logic from value-generating-logic
best thing would be you split the tasks and plan how to implement this.
Task one: providing the data to display
Task two: transfering that data to a display friendly representation
Task three: the aktual displaying of that data
Task one is Easy. lets assume you want to display integers and you have three 7-seg-disps.
So task one is to provide some Data to display.
int16_t numberToDisplay = 234;
Task two is also not that hard. a display friendly representation would be one byte per display element.
#define NUM_7SEGS 3
volatile uint8_t dispData[NUM_7SEGS]; // volatile since it is be accassed by different contexts
now we need some mechanism that transfers the input value to the display data
void val2DispData(int16 val)
{
uint8_t i;
for(i=NUM_7SEGS; i; --i){
uint8_t r = (uint8_t)(val%10);
val /= 10
dispData[i-1] = seven_seg[r];
}
}
fine and now?
Task three is the most difficult one. we need someone who says the output what to do.
Since the want to multiplex the 3 display elements that means:
deactivate the current display element
put the data of the next digit to the outport
activate the next display element
wait a bit.
and this 4 steps we want to do very fast so that the observer does not recognize that only one element is active at a time.
since this is totally independent of the other program logic, we need to do this in "background".
your main program flow simply calls that function and the background timer ISR worrries about displaying.
So we have to set up a timer and call the switching of element data in its interrupt service routine. (for setting up timer and timer interupts please refer another tutorial)
// this have to be called cyclic from timer isr
// frequency is not that important but should be at
// least NUM_7SEGS * 200 Hz to not look ugly
void cyclicDisplayTask()
{
static uint8_t currentElement = 0;
// disable all elements
PORTD = 0;
// put data on the port
PORTC = dispData[currentElement]; // this is why the volatile is necessary. without the compiler would not notice that values may be changed by the main program flow
// enable next element
PORTD = (1<<currentElement);
++currentElement;
if(currentElement>=NUM_7SEGS){
currentElement = 0;
}
}
of course you have to adapt the enabling of specific display elements to your hardware.
please also note that you may youse a transistor to drive the element. an AVR port pin is strong enogh to drive a single segment but the other side that drives the common anodes/cathodes of the segment may be overload. This of course depends on the leds within the segments. if this are low current leds (~2mA) it is ok.
I am basically learning about pic external interrupts on the pic16f84a microcontroller. Basically i want to count every press of a button attached to pin B0 (RB0/T0CKI) and display results from a seven segment display. I am using hitech c compiler.
#include<htc.h>
__CONFIG(WDTE_OFF& PWRTE_OFF & CP_OFF);
char get7SegmentCode(char value)
{
switch(value)
{
case 0b00000000:
return (char)0b00111111 ; //0 code
case 0b00000001:
return (char)0b00110000 ; //1 code
case 0b00000010:
return (char)0b01011011 ; //2 code
case 0b00000011:
return (char)0b010011111 ; //3 code
default:
return (char)0b00000000 ; //all code
}
}
void main()
{
//declare portb for output and porta upper 4 pins for output and lower 4 for input
TRISA=0b00001111;
TRISB=0b00000000;
CLRWDT();//clear watchdog timer
TMR0=0;
OPTION_REG = 0b00111000;//RBPU:PORTB pull-ups are disabled,
//INTEDG:Interrupt on falling edge of RB0/INT pin
//T0CS:Transition on RA4/T0CKI pin
//T0SE:Increment on high-to-low transition on RA4/T0CKI pin
//PSA:Prescaler assigned to the WDT
while(1)
{
char timerval= TMR0;//read tmr0 into variable
char restrictedtimerval= timerval & 0x0f;//force upper 4bits to zero to restrict value to 0 - f
PORTB= get7SegmentCode(restrictedtimerval);
}
}
Unfortunately when I simulate this code in proteus vsm, the seven segment display just shows '0' no matter how many times i press the switch. Why is this happening?
PS: This is my circuit.
Pin RA4/T0CKI is fifth bit named RA4 of port A.
So your initiation code must be
TRISA=0b00011111;
instead
TRISA=0b00001111;
I'm trying to modify this code in an attempt to make it work on an Arduino Mega. I'm pretty much new to C so, I may have made some major mistakes. By the way, this is for a self balancing skateboard.
This code is taken from an ATmega32 (from here and I'm trying to make it work on a Arduino Mega).
This code was writen for an ATmega32 development board.
But I encounter this error:
o: In function main':</br>
C:\Users\*******\AppData\Local\Temp\build27006.tmp/Test2.cpp:406:</br>
undefined reference tosetup'
How come? I don't even have a reference to setup in here!
Here is my code:
#include <avr/io.h>
#include <avr/pgmspace.h>
#include <avr/interrupt.h>
#include <math.h>
#define CLOCK_SPEED 16000000
#define OCR1_MAX 1023
typedef unsigned char u8;
void set_motor_idle(void);
void InitPorts(void);
float level = 0;
float Throttle_pedal;
float aa;
float accelraw;
float x_acc;
float accsum;
float x_accdeg;
float gyrosum;
float gangleratedeg;
float gangleraterads;
float ti = 2.2;
float overallgain;
float gaincontrol;
float batteryvolts = 24;
float gyroangledt;
float angle;
float anglerads;
float balance_torque;
float softstart;
float cur_speed;
float cycle_time = 0.0064;
float Balance_point;
float a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6; //Savitzky-Golay variables for accelerometer.
float TCCR0;
int i;
int j;
int tipstart;
void InitPorts(void)
{
PORTC = 0x00; //Port C pullups set to low (no output voltage) to begin with.
DDRC = 0xFF; //Port C pins all set as output via the port C direction register.
//PORTC |= (1<<PC1); //Make C1 +ve so disables OSMC during startup.
DDRA = 0x00; //All port A pins set as input.
PORTA = 0x00; //Port A input pullups set to low pullups.
DDRD = 0xFF; //Configure all port D pins as output as prerequisite
//for OCR1A (PinD5) and OCR1B (Pin D4) working properly.
PORTB = 0x00; //Port B pullups set to low (no output voltage) to begin with.
DDRB = 0xFF; //All port B pins set to output.
}
/*
IO:
I am using a ATMega32 16 MHz with an external crystal clock. New planned pin
arrangement to OSMC motor controller.
PC4 Onboard LED
PD5/OC1A ALI -> OSMC pin 6
PD4/OC1B BLI -> OSMC pin 8
PC1 Disable -> OSMC pin 4
PC2 BHI -> OSMC pin 7
PC3 AHI -> OSMC pin 5
PA6/ADC6 Vbatt/10 -> OSMC pin 3
PA1/ADC1 pitch rate gyro
PA0/ADC0 accelerometer
*/
void adc_init(void) {
/* Turn off analogue comparator as we don't use it */
ACSR = (1 << ACD);
/* Select PA0 */
ADMUX = 0;
ADMUX |=(1<<REFS0); //This tells it to use VCC (approx. 5 V) as the reference
//voltage NOT the default which is the internal 2.5V reference
/* Set ADC prescaler to 128, enable ADC, and start conversion. */
ADCSRA = 0 | (1<<ADPS2) | (1<<ADPS1) | (1<<ADPS0)
| (1<<ADEN) //Enable ADC
| (1<<ADSC); //Start first conversion
/* Wait until bogus first conversion is finished */
while (ADCSRA & (1 << ADSC)) {
}
}
uint16_t adc_read(uint8_t channel) {
/* Select channel */
ADMUX = channel;
ADMUX |= (1<<REFS0); //Here it is again
/* Start conversion */
ADCSRA |= (1 << ADSC);
/* Wait until conversion finished */
while (ADCSRA & (1 << ADSC)) {
}
/* Return the result */
return ADCW;
}
/* 156 cycles per sec, 6.4 ms per cycle MEASURED ON OSCILLOSCOPE. */
/* Read all the ADC inputs and do some conversion. */
void sample_inputs(void) {
uint16_t adc0, adc1, adc2, adc3, adc4, adc5;
gyrosum = 0;
adc0 = adc_read(0); /* Accelerometer pin PA0 */
accelraw = (float) adc0;
for (j=0; j<7; j++) {
adc1 = adc_read(1); //Gyro pin PA1
gyrosum = (float) gyrosum + adc1; //Using a mean of 7 samples per loop for the gyro so
//it gets a complete update with each loop of the program.
}
adc2 = adc_read(2); /* Grey wire overallgain (via cutout switch), position PA2. */
adc3 = adc_read(3); /* Position lever pulled back position PA3. */
adc4 = adc_read(4); /* Throttle_pedal, position PA4. */
adc5 = adc_read(5); /* Position lever pushed forwards, position PA5. */
//adc6 = adc_read(6); /* Vbatt input from OSMC (not used at present), position PA6. */
//Sav Golay filter for accelerometer only.
a0 = a1;
a1 = a2;
a2 = a3;
a3 = a4;
a4 = a5;
a5 = a6;
a6 = (float) accelraw;
accsum = (float) ((-2*a0) + (3*a1) + (6*a2) + (7*a3) +
(6*a4) + (3*a5) + (-2*a6))/21; //Sav Golay calculation
gaincontrol = (float) gaincontrol*0.9 + 0.1*adc2/341; //Smooths any voltage spikes and gives range 0-3.
Throttle_pedal=(float) Throttle_pedal*0.9 + 0.1*adc4/341; //Smooths any voltage spikes and gives range 0-3
//Cuts the motor if the dead mans button is let go
//(gaincontrol variable also wired in through this button to adc2
if (adc2<100) {
Throttle_pedal = 0.001;
gaincontrol = 0.001;
}
overallgain = gaincontrol*softstart;
//What to do if the lever is pulled back or pushed forwards or not doing anything:
Balance_point = 514;
if (adc3 > 100)
Balance_point = 534;
if (adc5>100)
Balance_point = 494;
PORTB |= (1<<PB2); //Port B2 turned on/off once per loop so I can measure
//loop time with an oscilloscope
/*ACCELEROMETER signal processing*/
/*Subtract offsets*/
x_acc = (float) accsum - Balance_point; //accsum is SG value for accelerometer, not
//a true "sum" so no need to divide by 7
if (x_acc < -250)
x_acc = -250; //Cap acceleration values to a range of -250 to +250 (80
//degree tilt each way).
if (x_acc > 250)
x_acc = 250;
/* Accelerometer angle change is about 3.45 units per degree tilt in
range 0-30 degrees(sin theta). Convert tilt to degrees of tilt from
accelerometer sensor. Sin angle roughly = angle for small angles so
no need to do trigonometry. x_acc below is now in DEGREES */
x_accdeg= (float) x_acc/-3.45; //The minus sign corrects for a back
//to front accelerometer mounting!
/* GYRO signal processing*/
/* Subtract offsets: Sensor reading is 0-1024 so "balance point" i.e. my required
zero point will be that reading minus 512. */
/* Gyro angle change of 20mV per deg per sec from datasheet gives change
of 4.096 units (on the scale of 0 - 1023) per degree per sec angle change.
This limits the rate of change of gyro angle to just less than the
maximum rate it is actually capable of measuring (100 deg/sec). Note
all these fractions are rounded up to an integer later just before
it is sent to the PWM generator which in turn is connected to the
motor controller. */
gangleratedeg = (float)((gyrosum/7) - 508)/4.096; //gyrosum is a sum of a group
//of 7 samples so divide by 7 for gyro value
if (gangleratedeg < -92)
gangleratedeg = -92;
if (gangleratedeg > 92)
gangleratedeg = 92;
/* I turn port B2 on and off once per main program cycle so I can attach an
oscilloscope to it and work out the program cycle time.
I use the cycle time to work out gyro angle change per cycle where you
have to know the length of this time interval. */
PORTB &= (0<<PB2);
/* ti represents scaling for the "i" or integral factor (currently 2.2 here)
gyroangledt is anglechange since last CYCLE in degrees from gyro sensor,
where ti is scaling factor (should in theory be about 1 but 2.2 makes
board feel tighter)
ganglerate is now in units of degrees per second.
aa varies the time constant, that is, a smaller aa value makes
accelerometer time constant longer as it slowly corrects for
the gyro drift. */
aa=0.005;
gyroangledt = (float)ti*cycle_time*gangleratedeg;
gangleraterads = (float)gangleratedeg*0.017453;
/* New angle in DEGREES is old angle plus change in angle from gyro
since last cycle with little bit of new accel reading factored in. */
angle = (float)((1-aa) * (angle+gyroangledt)) + (aa * x_accdeg); //The main angle calculating function*/
//Convert angle from degrees to radians
anglerads=(float)angle*0.017453;
balance_torque=(float)(4.5*anglerads) + (0.5*gangleraterads);
cur_speed = (float)(cur_speed + (Throttle_pedal * balance_torque * cycle_time)) * 0.999;
/* The level value is from -1 to +1 and represents the duty cycle to be sent to
the motor. Converting to radians helps us stay within these limits. */
level = (balance_torque + cur_speed) * overallgain;
}
/* Configure timer and set up the output pins OC1A(Pin PD5 on my micro) and
OC1B (Pin PD4 on my micro) as phase-correct PWM channels.
Note: Some strongly feel that locked-antiphase is the way to go as get
regenerative braking and good control around mid-balance point. The downside
is that you can get a lot more noise and voltage spikes in system but
these can be smoothed out with filters.
Others are far more expert on this than I am so need to look into this
for yourself but this is my understanding.
My aim is to start with phase-correct as I just about understand it and
others have used it OK, then develop from there. */
void timer_init()
{
TCCR0 = 0 |
(1<<CS02) | (1<<CS01) | (1<<CS00); // External clock to Pin T0 Clock on rising edge/1024
// PWM mode is "PWM, Phase Correct, 10-bit"
TCCR1A = 0 |
(1<<COM1A1) | (1<<COM1A0) | // set on match up, clear on match down
(1<<COM1B1) | (1<<COM1B0) | // set on match up, clear on match down
(1<<WGM11) | (1<<WGM10); //OCR1_Max is 1023 so these are set like this
TCCR1B = 0 |
(1<<CS10); // Prescaler divide by 1 see P131 datasheet about prescaling
values to change here.
/* 16 MHz / 1 / 1024 / 2 gives 8 kHz, probably about right. */
}
void set_motor()
/* The leveli terms is the level term rescaled from -1023 to +1023 as an
integer ready to send to the PWM motor control ports that are in
turn connected to the OSMC. */
{
//if (level<-0.9) level= -0.9; //Checks we are within sensible limits
//if (level>0.9) level=0.9;
int16_t leveli = (int16_t)(level*1023); //NOTE: here we take the floating
//point value we have ended up with
//for "level", we multiply it by 1023
//and then make it into an integer
//before feeding the value into
//the PWM generator as "leveli"
if (leveli<-1020)
leveli=-1020; //Double-checks that we are within sensible PWM limits as do
//not want to suddenly be thrown off the board
if (leveli>1020)
leveli=1020;
/* Set up LED or buzzer on Port B1 to warn me to slow down if torque to be
delivered is more than 50% of max possible. The reason for this is that
you always need some reserve motor power in case you start tipping
forward at speed. If the motor is already running flat-out you would
be about to fall over at high speed! Some use an auto-tip back routine
to automatically limit top speed. For now I will do it this way as easier. */
if (level<-0.7 || level>0.7) {
PORTB |= (1<<PB1);
}
else {
PORTB &= (0<<PB1);
}
softstart = (float) softstart+0.001;
if (softstart>1.0)
softstart=1.0;
//PORTC |= (0<<PC1); // AHI=1 PinC3, BHI=1 PinC2 set both to ON for OSMC to
//work and both to OFF to shut motor down.
/*NOTE: I am not sure why, but to stop the motor cutting out on direction
changes I had in the end to hard wire AHI and BHI to +12 V. */
/* Un-disabled OSMC by setting PinC1 output to zero, a 1 would disable the OSMC. */
PORTC |= 0x0c; //Make C1 pulled down so un-disables the OSMC i.e. enables it.
PORTC &= ~0x02; //Disable is off
if (leveli<0) {
OCR1A = -leveli; // ALI is PWM. Going backwards as leveli variable is a
//negative signed value, keep the minus sign in here!
OCR1B = 0; // BLI = 0
}
else {
OCR1A = 0; // ALI = 0 going forwards as leveli variable is a positive signed value
OCR1B = leveli; // BLI is PWM
}
}
void loop()
{
InitPorts();
adc_init();
timer_init();
/* Initial tilt-start code
Turn on micro while board tipped to one side, rider about to step
onto it, if tilt angle crosses zero (mid) point balance algorithm
becomes operational otherwise locked in this loop forever until
it is tipped to level position as rider gets onto the board. */
tipstart=0;
accelraw = 0;
while (tipstart<1){
// You need this to allow the SG filter to wind up to the proper
//stable value when you first turn machine on, before looking
//at the value of accsum (below).
for (i=0; i<20; i++) {
sample_inputs();
}
if (accsum<504 || accsum>524) {
// if (x_accdeg>0) {
tipstart=0;
}
else {
tipstart=1;
softstart=0.4;
}
}
angle=0;
cur_speed=0;
/* End of tilt start code. If go beyond this point then machine
has become level and is active. */
sei();
while (1) {
sample_inputs();
set_motor();
}
}
BTW, I'm using the Arduino compiler (you can find it at Download the Arduino Software).
How come? I dont even have a reference to setup in here!
It's because you don't have a reference to setup that it's complaining.
Arduino code generates a main that (for the discussion here) basically looks like this:
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
setup();
while(1) {
loop();
}
}
So, you should rename your loop function to setup and take this part:
while (1) {
sample_inputs();
set_motor();
}
drop the while loop, and put those two function calls into a new function called loop.
The Arduino language requires you to define two functions, setup() and loop().
If you don't have anything to setup(), you should define an empty function to satisfy the language requirements:
void setup()
{
// do nothing
}
The included code doesn't even have a main function. It looks to me like a setup issue in your toolchain, or else you've been investigating the wrong cpp file.
Find Test2.cpp and line 406 (in a function called main)