I need to build a method in C that will return an int, take 3 ints as parameters. The first and second int are the starting and ending bit position. The third int is a 0 or 1 to determine the type of mask.
For example,
getMask(2, 6, 1);
//Set bits 2 to 6 to 1, set all others to zero
should set the bits 2 through 6 to a 1 and all other bits to zero.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
So getMask(2, 6, 1) should return the integer 124.
And getMask(11, 31, 0) (set bits 11 to 31 to 0) should return 2047.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
This is what I have currently:
#include <stdio.h>
int getM(int start, int end, int choice) {
if (choice == 1){
return ~(~0 << (end - start + 1)) << (start);
}
else if (choice == 0){
return ~(~1 << (end - start + 1)) << (start);
}
else{
return 0;
}
}
It works when I the choice is 1, but for 0 I am completely lost.
I currently get -2048 for getMask(11, 31, 0).
I know I can use ands and ors, but I cannot figure out how to use them the way I am doing this.
#AnttiHaapala is correct: choice==0 is just the bitwise negation of choice==1 for the same start and end. Therefore (as an MCVE):
#include <stdio.h>
int getM(int start, int end, int choice) {
if (choice == 1){
return ~(~0 << (end - start + 1)) << (start);
}
else if (choice == 0){
return ~getM(start, end, 1); /* Just use what you have, but ~ it */
}
else{
return 0;
}
}
int main() {
printf("2 6 1 %d\n", getM(2,6,1));
printf("11 31 0 %d\n", getM(11,31,0));
}
Related
I am trying to write a function which gets a matrix 9x9 and updates it accordingly to user's input with the following rules:
Valid number is between 1 and 9 (zero is invalid).
I have to use scanf until I get EOF.
Input has digits and symbols. valid input is a pair of two digits following with a symbol or EOF or space. string with more than two digits is invalid. for example (123% isn't valid but 12% is valid).
Example:
Input: 10 33%55^21 $123%
Output:
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Explanation: 10 and 123 are invalid. 33, 55 and 21 are valid so we will put 1 in 22, 44 and 10.
What I tried to do:
void updateMarix(int matrix[][9]) {
int digits = 0, one_previous, two_previous;
char input;
while (scanf("%c", &input) != EOF) {
if(isValidDigit(input)) {
digits++;
if(digits == 1) {
two_previous = input - '0' - 1;
continue;
} else if(digits == 2){
one_previous = input - '0' -1;
continue;
}
} else if(digits == 2) {
matrix[two_previous][one_previous]++;
}
digits = 0; // reset
}
}
most tests are end with success, but some of them are fail. I think that is because I don't handle with the last input (if for example it ends with 22 it won't update it because with my implementation, the update is in the next iteration when other symbol got as input).
Is there a better implementation for this? My code became messy and not clean.
*Edit: It should ignore invalid input and a3b doesn't counts, a03b also doesn't counts but a13b does counts as 13 meaning we should increase the number in matrix[0][2].
Edit 2: #JonathanLeffler menationed FSM so I tried to create one:
Although it doesn't handles the case of 1234 (invalid number) or 123 (also invalid). The most similar thing was to create an arrow from second number to symbol (but it isn't quite true because in 1234%12 only 12 is valid.
I think your FSM needs 4 states plus the end state:
Zero digits read (D0).
One digit read (D1).
Two digits read (D2).
Digits are invalid but no more error reporting needed (DI).
There are 4 different inputs, too:
Digit 1-9.
Digit 0.
Other.
EOF.
I've used a switch on state and if/else code in each state, but it leads to somewhat verbose code. OTOH, I believe it handles inputs correctly.
/*
** FSM
** States: 0 digits (D0), 1 digit (D1), 2 digits (D2), digits invalid (DI)
** Inputs: digit 1-9 (D), digit 0 (0), other (O), EOF.
** Action: S - save, E - error, I - ignore, P - print
** Body of FSM encodes "action;state"
**
** State D0 D1 D2 DI
** Input
** D S;D1 S;D2 E;D2 I;DI
** O I;D0 E;D0 P;D0 I;D0
** 0 E;D2 E;D2 E;D2 I;DI
** EOF I;end E;end P;end I;end
*/
#include <assert.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <stdio.h>
enum State { D0, D1, D2, DI };
enum Input { Digit, Zero, Other, End };
static int debug = 0;
static enum Input input(int *rv)
{
int c = getchar();
if (debug)
printf("Input: %c\n", (c == EOF) ? 'X' : c);
*rv = c;
if (c == EOF)
return End;
if (isdigit(c))
{
*rv = c - '0';
return (c == '0') ? Zero : Digit;
}
return Other;
}
static void updateMatrix(int matrix[9][9])
{
char pair[2] = { 0, 0 };
enum State state = D0;
int c;
enum Input value;
while ((value = input(&c)) != End)
{
switch (state)
{
case D0:
if (value == Digit)
{
pair[0] = c;
state = D1;
}
else if (value == Zero)
{
fprintf(stderr, "Received zero digit - invalid\n");
state = DI;
}
else
{
assert(value == Other);
}
break;
case D1:
if (value == Digit)
{
pair[1] = c;
state = D2;
}
else if (value == Zero)
{
fprintf(stderr, "Received zero digit - invalid\n");
state = DI;
}
else
{
assert(value == Other);
fprintf(stderr, "Received one digit where two expected\n");
state = D0;
}
break;
case D2:
if (value == Digit)
{
fprintf(stderr, "Received more than two digits where two were expected\n");
state = DI;
}
else if (value == Zero)
{
fprintf(stderr, "Received zero digit - invalid\n");
state = DI;
}
else
{
assert(value == Other);
printf("Valid number %d%d\n", pair[0], pair[1]);
matrix[pair[0]-1][pair[1]-1] = 1;
state = D0;
}
break;
case DI:
if (value == Other)
state = D0;
break;
}
}
if (state == D2)
{
printf("Valid number %d%d\n", pair[0], pair[1]);
matrix[pair[0]-1][pair[1]-1] = 1;
}
else if (state == D1)
fprintf(stderr, "Received one digit where two expected\n");
}
static void dump_matrix(const char *tag, int matrix[9][9])
{
printf("%s:\n", tag);
for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++)
{
for (int j = 0; j < 9; j++)
printf("%4d", matrix[i][j]);
putchar('\n');
}
}
int main(void)
{
int matrix[9][9] = { 0 };
updateMatrix(matrix);
dump_matrix("After input", matrix);
return 0;
}
On your test input, it produces the output:
Received zero digit - invalid
Valid number 33
Valid number 55
Valid number 21
Received more than two digits where two were expected
After input:
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
On the mostly-invalid input file:
123345132
bbbb12cccc1dddd011dd
it produces the output:
Received more than two digits where two were expected
Valid number 12
Received one digit where two expected
Received zero digit - invalid
After input:
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
You can argue (easily) that the error messages could be more informative (identifying the erroneous character, and possibly the prior valid digits), but it only produces one error message for each invalid sequence, which is beneficial.
You could use a combination of fgets(), sscanf() and strpbrk() for this.
The input line is read into a character array str and a pointer ptr pointing to the part of the string in str being processed is maintained.
First, set up a loop to read input line by line. fgets() will return NULL on EOF.
for(; fgets(str, sizeof(str), stdin); )
{
...
...
...
}
fgets() will read in the trailing newline as well. You could remove it like
str[strlen(str)-1]='\0';
Now inside the above loop, use another loop to process the input line in str like
for(ptr=str; (ptr=strpbrk(ptr, "0123456789"))!=NULL; ptr+=len)
{
sscanf(ptr, "%d%n", &n, &len);
if(n>10 && n<100)
{
//accepted
printf("\n%d", n);
arr[n/10][n%10]=1;
}
//else discarded
}
strpbrk()'s prototype is
char *strpbrk(const char *s1, const char *s2);
and it returns a pointer to the first character in s1 which is a character in the string s2. If there is no match, NULL is returned.
So we are looking to see the first digit part in str that remains to be processed with strpbrk(ptr, "0123456789").
This number part is read into n via sscanf(). If this number is in the range you need, you may accept it.
The %n format specifier is used to find out the number of characters which has been scanned with the sscanf() inorder to find the value by which ptr must be updated. See this post.
The digit in the ones place will be n%10 and that in the tens place will be n/10 as the number you need is a 2-digit number.
You may set your array representing the matrix like
arr[n/10][n%10]=1;
So the whole thing could look something like
char *ptr, str[50];
for(; fgets(str, sizeof(str), stdin); )
{
for(ptr=str, str[strlen(str)-1]=0; (ptr=strpbrk(ptr, "0123456789"))!=NULL; ptr+=len)
{
sscanf(ptr, "%d%n", &n, &len);
if(n>10 && n<100)
{
printf("\n%d", n);
arr[n/10][n%10]=1;
}
}
}
And for your input 10 33%55^21 $123%, the output would be
33
55
21
as 10 and 123 will be discarded.
Im trying to read a 40000x40000 boolean (binary) matrix from a input file and store it in a variable. After I store it in the variable, I want to write it to a file. However, with the code I wrote it takes more than a hour. Can someone help me out? I think im doing something wrong.
Code
void get_grid_values_file(bool *grid, int n, int m, char *input_filename){
FILE *in_file;
in_file = fopen(input_filename, "r");
char buffer[1];
bool search = true;
int k=0;
while(search){
fseek(in_file, k, SEEK_SET);
fread(buffer, 1, 1, in_file);
if(*buffer == '\n')
search = false;
k++;
}
int i,j;
for(i=0; i<n; i++){
for(j=0; j<m; j++){
fseek(in_file, k, SEEK_SET);
fread(buffer, 1, 1, in_file);
*((grid+i*m) + j) = atof(buffer);
k+=2;
}
}
fclose(in_file);
}
void set_grid_values_file(bool *grid, int n, int m, char *output_filename){
FILE *out_file;
out_file = fopen(output_filename, "w");
char buffer[1] = " ";
//Set n,m and spaces
int length_n= (int) (log10 (abs (n))) + 1;
char char_n[length_n];
sprintf(char_n, "%d", n);
fseek(out_file, 0, SEEK_SET);
fwrite (char_n, length_n, 1, out_file);
fseek(out_file, length_n, SEEK_SET);
fwrite (" ", 1, 1, out_file);
int length_m= (int) (log10 (abs (m))) + 1;
char char_m[length_m];
sprintf(char_m, "%d", m);
fseek(out_file, length_n+1, SEEK_SET);
fwrite (char_m, length_m, 1, out_file);
fseek(out_file, length_n+1+length_m, SEEK_SET);
fwrite ("\n", sizeof(char), 1, out_file);
//Set grid
int i,j;
int k =length_n + length_m + 2;
for(i=0; i<n; i++){
for(j=0; j<m; j++){
fseek(out_file, k, SEEK_SET);
buffer[0] = (*((grid+i*m) + j) == true ? '1' : '0');
fwrite (buffer, 1, 1, out_file);
k++;
fseek(out_file, k, SEEK_SET);
fwrite (" ", 1, 1, out_file);
k++;
}
fseek(out_file, k, SEEK_SET);
fwrite ("\n", sizeof(char), 1, out_file);
k++;
}
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
char *input_filename = "gen0_40kx40k.in";
char *output_filename = "gol_output.out";
int n = 40000;
int m = 40000;
bool *grid = (bool *)malloc(n*m*sizeof(bool));
//Read
get_grid_values_file((bool *)grid, n, m, input_filename);
//Write
set_grid_values_file((bool *)grid, n, m, output_filename);
return 0;
}
Input format, the first line contains the dem of the 2d matrix:
20 20
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Read larger chunks from the input file - not every char as a separate call. Eg a complete row of your matrix at once.
Why do you use in the inner loop of set_grid_values_file two fwrite calls. Better to combine them:
char buffer[2] = " ";
for(i=0; i<n; i++){
int base = grid+i*m;
for(j=0; j<m; j++){
fseek(out_file, k, SEEK_SET);
buffer[0] = (*(base + j) ? '1' : '0');
fwrite (buffer, 1, 2, out_file);
k+=2;
}
I would suggest removing the calls to fseek.
while(search){
// Make sure the read is successful. Otherwise, break out of the loop.
if ( fread(buffer, 1, 1, in_file) != 1 )
{
break;
}
if(*buffer == '\n')
search = false;
k++;
}
int i,j;
// Rewind the file
fseek(in_file, 0, SEEK_SET);
for(i=0; i<n; i++){
for(j=0; j<m; j++){
// Make sure the read is successful. Otherwise, break out of the loop.
if ( fread(buffer, 1, 1, in_file) != 1 )
{
break;
}
*((grid+i*m) + j) = atof(buffer);
k+=2;
}
}
Also atof(buffer) is a problem when buffer has only one element in it. Use at least a two element array.
char buffer[2] = {0};
This is about the simplest(and possibly the fastest) method.
stdio is buffered, getc() is most probably a macro
function calls are costly (they trash the instruction pipeline and cache) ; you use 1seek+1fread per boolean bit read.
you dont need to seek the file; just read it sequentially and put the values at the correct{row,col} positions.
setting and testing an indicator variable (your search) is a waste of time (often taught in Pascal and Java classes...) ;instead: just jump out of the loop (or continue)
I am assuming an ASCII file with spaces between the values, but without the{nrow,ncol} at the top (the{n,m}values are supplied as function arguments)
void get_grid_values_file(bool *grid, int n, int m, char *input_filename)
{
unsigned col,row;
FILE * fp;
fp= fopen (input_filename, "r" );
if(!fp)return;
for(row=col=0; ; ) {
int ch;
ch=getc(fp);
if (ch == EOF)break;
if (ch < '0' || ch > '1') continue;
grid[row*m+col++] = (ch == '0') ? False :True;
if (col == m) {col=0; row++; }
if (row == n) break;
}
fclose(fp);
return;
}
When main runs, I've been getting this output. The first columns being somehow confused with the last one, even though it's specifically initialized.
0 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 13 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 5 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 0
0 0 4 0 2 0 7 12 19 12 3 0 8 0 2 0 0
0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0
0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 2
2 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 1
1 7 7 7 20 7 7 7 14 7 7 7 20 7 7 7 1
1 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0
0 0 6 0 4 0 7 12 19 12 3 0 6 0 8 0 0
0 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 5 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 7 7 7 7 8 0 0 0 0 0 0
motion.h
struct square{
int directions;
int isRobotHere;
int isMultipleDirections;
int printable;
};
typedef struct square Square;
struct robot{
int robotx;
int roboty;
int robotz;
int destinationx;
int destinationy;
int destinationz;
};
typedef struct robot Robot;
enum direction{North, NorthWest, West, SouthWest, South, SouthEast, East, NorthEast};
Square firstfloor[16][16];
Square secondfloor[16][16];
void printbothfloors();
void initializeArrays();
initializeArrays.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include "motion.h"
void initializeArrays(){
firstfloor[6][0].directions=5;
firstfloor[7][0].directions=5;
firstfloor[8][0].directions=14;
firstfloor[9][0].directions=5;
firstfloor[10][0].directions=6;
firstfloor[11][1].directions=6;
firstfloor[12][2].directions=6;
firstfloor[13][3].directions=15;
firstfloor[14][4].directions=6;
firstfloor[15][5].directions=6;
firstfloor[16][6].directions=7;
firstfloor[16][7].directions=7;
firstfloor[16][8].directions=7;
firstfloor[16][9].directions=7;
firstfloor[16][10].directions=8;
firstfloor[15][11].directions=8;
firstfloor[14][12].directions=8;
firstfloor[13][13].directions=16;
firstfloor[12][14].directions=8;
firstfloor[11][15].directions=8;
firstfloor[10][16].directions=1;
firstfloor[9][16].directions=1;
firstfloor[8][16].directions=1;
firstfloor[7][16].directions=1;
firstfloor[6][16].directions=2;
firstfloor[5][15].directions=2;
firstfloor[4][14].directions=2;
firstfloor[3][13].directions=17;
firstfloor[2][12].directions=2;
firstfloor[1][11].directions=2;
firstfloor[0][10].directions=3;
firstfloor[0][9].directions=3;
firstfloor[0][8].directions=13;
firstfloor[0][7].directions=3;
firstfloor[0][6].directions=4;
firstfloor[1][5].directions=4;
firstfloor[2][4].directions=4;
firstfloor[3][3].directions=18;
firstfloor[4][2].directions=4;
firstfloor[5][1].directions=4;
firstfloor[1][8].directions=5;
firstfloor[2][8].directions=5;
firstfloor[3][8].directions=5;
firstfloor[4][8].directions=19;
firstfloor[5][8].directions=5;
firstfloor[6][8].directions=5;
firstfloor[7][8].directions=5;
firstfloor[8][8].directions=14;
firstfloor[9][8].directions=5;
firstfloor[10][8].directions=5;
firstfloor[11][8].directions=5;
firstfloor[12][8].directions=19;
firstfloor[13][8].directions=5;
firstfloor[14][8].directions=5;
firstfloor[15][8].directions=5;
firstfloor[8][1].directions=7;
firstfloor[8][2].directions=7;
firstfloor[8][3].directions=7;
firstfloor[8][4].directions=20;
firstfloor[8][5].directions=7;
firstfloor[8][6].directions=7;
firstfloor[8][7].directions=7;
firstfloor[8][9].directions=7;
firstfloor[8][10].directions=7;
firstfloor[8][11].directions=7;
firstfloor[8][12].directions=20;
firstfloor[8][13].directions=7;
firstfloor[8][14].directions=7;
firstfloor[8][15].directions=7;
firstfloor[7][4].directions=11;
firstfloor[9][4].directions=11;
firstfloor[4][7].directions=12;
firstfloor[4][9].directions=12;
firstfloor[12][7].directions=12;
firstfloor[12][9].directions=12;
firstfloor[7][12].directions=11;
firstfloor[9][12].directions=11;
firstfloor[4][4].directions=2;
firstfloor[4][6].directions=7;
firstfloor[4][10].directions=3;
firstfloor[4][12].directions=8;
firstfloor[6][4].directions=5;
firstfloor[6][12].directions=5;
firstfloor[10][4].directions=1;
firstfloor[10][12].directions=1;
firstfloor[12][4].directions=4;
firstfloor[12][6].directions=7;
firstfloor[12][10].directions=3;
firstfloor[12][12].directions=6;
firstfloor[11][0].directions=0;
firstfloor[5][16].directions=0;
}
printbothfloors.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "motion.h"
void printbothfloors(){
// printf("printfloor is running");
int upper, lower, i, j;
printf("%4d %4d %4d %4d %4d", firstfloor[6][0].directions, firstfloor[7][0].directions, firstfloor[8][0].directions, firstfloor[9][0].directions, firstfloor[10][0].directions);
printf("%4d %4d %4d %4d %4d", firstfloor[6][16].directions, firstfloor[7][16].directions, firstfloor[8][16].directions, firstfloor[9][16].directions, firstfloor[10][16].directions);
printf("FIRST FLOOR");
printf("\n-");
/* The next for loop prints out the upper edge */
for (upper = 0; upper < 18; upper++){
printf("----");
}
printf("\n");
/*The next for loop prints out the floor, every element is 4 digits wide */
for (i = 0; i <= 16; i++){
printf("|");
for(j = 0; j <= 16; j++){
printf("%4d", firstfloor[i][j].directions);
}
printf(" |\n");
}
/* The next for loop prints out the lower edge */
for (lower = 0; lower < 18; lower++){
printf("----");
}
printf("-\n");
/*
printf("SECOND FLOOR");
// printf("printfloor is running");
printf("\n-----");
// The next for loop prints out the upper edge
for (upper = 0; upper < 17; upper++){
printf("----");
}
printf("\n");
//The next for loop prints out the floor, every element is 4 digits wide
for (i = 0; i <= 16; i++){
printf("|");
for(j = 0; j <= 16; j++){
printf("%4d", secondfloor[i][j].directions);
}
printf(" |\n");
}
// The next for loop prints out the lower edge
for (lower = 0; lower < 17; lower++){
printf("----");
}
printf("-----\n");
*/
}
prog2.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "motion.h"
//#include "printbothfloors.h"
int main(){
int row = 0;
int column = 0;
initializeArrays();
// printbothfloors();
/*
for (row=0; row < 17; row++){
for (column=0; column < 17; column++){
// firstfloor[row][column].directions=0;
// secondfloor[row][column].directions=5;
//firstfloor[i][j].isRobotHere=0;
//secondfloor[i][j].isRobotHere=0;
//firstfloor[i][j].isMultipleDirections=0;
//secondfloor[i][j].isMultipleDirections=0;
}
}
firstfloor[6][0].directions=5;
firstfloor[7][0].directions=5;
firstfloor[8][0].directions=14;
firstfloor[9][0].directions=5;
firstfloor[10][0].directions=6;
firstfloor[11][1].directions=6;
firstfloor[12][2].directions=6;
firstfloor[13][3].directions=15;
firstfloor[14][4].directions=6;
firstfloor[15][5].directions=6;
firstfloor[16][6].directions=7;
firstfloor[16][7].directions=7;
firstfloor[16][8].directions=7;
firstfloor[16][9].directions=7;
firstfloor[16][10].directions=8;
firstfloor[15][11].directions=8;
firstfloor[14][12].directions=8;
firstfloor[13][13].directions=16;
firstfloor[12][14].directions=8;
firstfloor[11][15].directions=8;
firstfloor[10][16].directions=1;
firstfloor[9][16].directions=1;
firstfloor[8][16].directions=1;
firstfloor[7][16].directions=1;
firstfloor[6][16].directions=2;
firstfloor[5][15].directions=2;
firstfloor[4][14].directions=2;
firstfloor[3][13].directions=17;
firstfloor[2][12].directions=2;
firstfloor[1][11].directions=2;
firstfloor[0][10].directions=3;
firstfloor[0][9].directions=3;
firstfloor[0][8].directions=13;
firstfloor[0][7].directions=3;
firstfloor[0][6].directions=4;
firstfloor[1][5].directions=4;
firstfloor[2][4].directions=4;
firstfloor[3][3].directions=18;
firstfloor[4][2].directions=4;
firstfloor[5][1].directions=4;
firstfloor[1][8].directions=5;
firstfloor[2][8].directions=5;
firstfloor[3][8].directions=5;
firstfloor[4][8].directions=19;
firstfloor[5][8].directions=5;
firstfloor[6][8].directions=5;
firstfloor[7][8].directions=5;
firstfloor[8][8].directions=14;
firstfloor[9][8].directions=5;
firstfloor[10][8].directions=5;
firstfloor[11][8].directions=5;
firstfloor[12][8].directions=19;
firstfloor[13][8].directions=5;
firstfloor[14][8].directions=5;
firstfloor[15][8].directions=5;
firstfloor[8][1].directions=7;
firstfloor[8][2].directions=7;
firstfloor[8][3].directions=7;
firstfloor[8][4].directions=20;
firstfloor[8][5].directions=7;
firstfloor[8][6].directions=7;
firstfloor[8][7].directions=7;
firstfloor[8][9].directions=7;
firstfloor[8][10].directions=7;
firstfloor[8][11].directions=7;
firstfloor[8][12].directions=20;
firstfloor[8][13].directions=7;
firstfloor[8][14].directions=7;
firstfloor[8][15].directions=7;
firstfloor[7][4].directions=11;
firstfloor[9][4].directions=11;
firstfloor[4][7].directions=12;
firstfloor[4][9].directions=12;
firstfloor[12][7].directions=12;
firstfloor[12][9].directions=12;
firstfloor[7][12].directions=11;
firstfloor[9][12].directions=11;
firstfloor[4][4].directions=2;
firstfloor[4][6].directions=7;
firstfloor[4][10].directions=3;
firstfloor[4][12].directions=8;
firstfloor[6][4].directions=5;
firstfloor[6][12].directions=5;
firstfloor[10][4].directions=1;
firstfloor[10][12].directions=1;
firstfloor[12][4].directions=4;
firstfloor[12][6].directions=7;
firstfloor[12][10].directions=3;
firstfloor[12][12].directions=6;
firstfloor[11][0].directions=0;
firstfloor[5][16].directions=0;
*/
// for (i = 0; i < 17; i++){
// firstfloor
// printbothfloors();
// pbf_entrypoints();
/*
row = 0;
column = 0;
while (i < 17){
firstfloor[i][8] = 1;
secondfloor[i][8] = 1;
firstfloor[8][i] = 1;
secondfloor[8][i] = 1;
i++;
}
*/
printf("Function got here");
printbothfloors();
return 0;
}
Valid indices for Type arr[N] are between 0 and N-1.
This goes for any Type and for any number of dimensions.
Indexes in C start at 0, so if you declare an array to have 16 elements, valid indexes start from 0 and end at 15.
16 boxes, numbered 0 to 15:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Accessing an element outside of this range (e.g. by using the index -1 or 16) invokes undefined behaviour.
Both the first answers are correct, I'll add some examples from your code.
firstfloor[6][16].directions
firstfloor[x][y], has been initialized as firstfloor[16][16] meaning the values x and y can can from 0 to 15. The numbering system is 0 based, a hang-over from Java's C language ancestry. 0-15 covers 16 elements.
/*The next for loop prints out the floor, every element is 4 digits wide */
for (i = 0; i <= 16; i++){
printf("|");
for(j = 0; j <= 16; j++){
printf("%4d", firstfloor[i][j].directions);
}
printf(" |\n");
}
The two for loops, start correctly at i = 0 and should only continue while i < 16 or if you prefer i <= 15.
At the moment I'm personally jumping between Java, C and Python, so someone might correct me in this, but calling firstfloor[6][16] if it does not generate an array out-of-bounds error, will give you the same result as firstfloor[7][0]. This might explain why you are observing the first columns being confused with the last.
Good luck :-)
I want to generate permutations of string of 5 0s followed by the permutations of 4 0s and a single 1, followed by the permutations of 3 0s with 2 1s etc? My code is as follows:
#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
int i,j,k,l,s[5];
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
s[i]=0;
for(k=0;k<5;k++)
printf("%d ",s[k]);
printf("\n");
printf("---------------------------------------------\n");
for(i=0;i<5;i++){
for(j=0;j<5;j++)
if(i==j)
s[j]=1;
else
s[j]=0;
for(k=0;k<5;k++)
printf("%d ",s[k]);
printf("\n");
}
printf("---------------------------------------------\n");
for(i=0;i<5;i++){
for(k=0;k<5;k++)
s[k]=0;
s[i]=1;
for(j=i+1;j<5;j++){
s[j]=1;
for(k=0;k<5;k++)
printf("%d ",s[k]);
printf("\n");
for(k=j;k<5;k++)
s[k]=0;
}
}
printf("---------------------------------------------\n");
for(i=0;i<5;i++){
for(j=i+1;j<5;j++){
for(k=0;k<5;k++)
s[k]=0;
s[i]=1;
s[j]=1;
for(l=j+1;l<5;l++){
s[l]=1;
for(k=0;k<5;k++)
printf("%d ",s[k]);
printf("\n");
for(k=l;k<5;k++)
s[k]=0;
}
}
}
}
So output is
0 0 0 0 0
---------------------------------------------
1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 1
---------------------------------------------
1 1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 1
0 0 1 1 0
0 0 1 0 1
0 0 0 1 1
---------------------------------------------
1 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 1
0 1 1 1 0
0 1 1 0 1
0 1 0 1 1
0 0 1 1 1
Output is ok. However in my code I use
different for loops for different cases.
Is it possible to use better approach so
that length of the code is reduced?
One approach follows. This solution needs O(n) space and each output string requires O(n) time.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
char *buf;
// Print combinations of m 1's in a field of n 0/1's starting at s.
void print_combinations(char *s, int n, int m)
{
// If there is nothing left to append, we are done. Print the buffer.
if (m == 0 && n == 0) {
*s = '\0';
printf("%s\n", buf);
return;
}
// Cut if there are more 1's than positions left or negative numbers.
if (m > n || m < 0 || n < 0) return;
// Append a 0 and recur to print the rest.
*s = '0';
print_combinations(s + 1, n - 1, m);
// Now do the same with 1.
*s = '1';
print_combinations(s + 1, n - 1, m - 1);
}
int main(void)
{
int n = 5;
buf = malloc(n + 1);
for (int m = 0; m <= n; m++) {
print_combinations(buf, n, m);
printf("-----\n");
}
return 0;
}
You could use a recursive function like so - you don't have to print the result when finished, you could add it to a list etc.
The function works by starting with an empty string. At each step you add one more character - in this case you add either a 0 or a 1.
If a 1 is added we account for this by decrementing the ones value on the next call to the function. (In a more general case you could pass a list of all the elements to be permuted - then the process would be to pick from this list, add it to your permutation and remove it from the list. You repeat that until the list is empty and you have permuted all of the elements in the list.)
When the string reaches the desired length we have finished and so we return.
#include <stdio.h>
void recurse(char *str, int length, int maxLength, int ones)
{
if (length == maxLength)
{
// we are finished
printf("%s\n", str);
return;
}
if (ones > 0)
{
// put a 1 into the new string
str[length] = '1';
recurse(str, length + 1, maxLength, ones - 1);
}
if (ones < maxLength - length)
{
// there are still spaces for 0s
// put a 0 into the string
str[length] = '0';
recurse(str, length + 1, maxLength, ones);
}
}
int main()
{
const int maxLength = 5;
char buffer[maxLength + 1];
buffer[maxLength] = 0;
int ones;
for (ones = 0; ones <= maxLength; ones++)
{
printf("Ones: %i\n", ones);
recurse(buffer, 0, maxLength, ones);
printf("\n");
}
return 0;
}
The output looks like this:
Ones: 0
00000
Ones: 1
10000
01000
00100
00010
00001
Ones: 2
11000
10100
10010
10001
01100
01010
01001
00110
00101
00011
Ones: 3
11100
11010
11001
10110
10101
10011
01110
01101
01011
00111
Ones: 4
11110
11101
11011
10111
01111
Ones: 5
11111
Finally, unless you really want to/need to learn/use C, I would recommend using C++ because you get really nice features like std::vector and std::set and so many other things which will make your life so much easier. I would have written this completely different in C++.
I have a problem with this piece of code in C.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdint.h>
typedef uint64_t bboard;
// Accessing a square of the bitboard
int
get (bboard b, int square)
{
return (b & (1ULL << square));
}
void
print_board (bboard b)
{
int i, j, square;
for (i = 7; i >= 0; i--) // rank => top to bottom
{
for (j = 0; j < 8; j++) // file => left to right
printf ("%d ", get (b, j+8*i) ? 1 : 0);
printf ("\n");
}
}
int
main ()
{
bboard b = 0xffffffffffffffff;
print_board (b);
}
// result that I have
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Ok, why the bitboard is not set with all bit at 1?
For any question please add a comment. Ty :D
get returns an int, but (b & (1ULL << square)) is a uint64_t. When (b & (1ULL << square)) is greater than INT_MAX, the result is undefined; in this case it truncates and returns 0.
If get returns a bboard instead, this works as expected (verified here: http://codepad.org/zEZiJKeR).