Different Static Global Variables Share the Same Memory Address - c

Question

Summary
I have several C source files that all declare individual identically named static global variables. My understanding is that the static global variable in each file should be visible only within that file and should not have external linkage applied, but in fact I can see when debugging that the identically named variables share the same memory address.
It is like the static keyword is being ignored and the global variables are being treated as extern instead. Why is this?
Example Code
foo.c:
/* Private variables -----------------------------------*/
static myEnumType myVar = VALUE_A;
/* Exported functions ----------------------------------*/
void someFooFunc(void) {
myVar = VALUE_B;
}
bar.c:
/* Private variables -----------------------------------*/
static myEnumType myVar = VALUE_A;
/* Exported functions ----------------------------------*/
void someBarFunc(void) {
myVar = VALUE_C;
}
baz.c:
/* Private variables -----------------------------------*/
static myEnumType myVar = VALUE_A;
/* Exported functions ----------------------------------*/
void someBazFunc(void) {
myVar = VALUE_D;
}
Debugging Observations
Set breakpoints on the myVar = ... line inside each function.
Call someFooFunc, someBarFunc, and someBazFunc in that order from main.
Inside someFooFunc myVar initially is set to VALUE_A, after stepping over the line it is set to VALUE_B.
Inside someBarFunc myVar is for some reason initally set to VALUE_B before stepping over the line, not VALUE_A as I'd expect, indicating the linker may have merged the separate global variables based on them having an identical name.
The same goes for someBazFunc when it is called.
If I use the debugger to evaluate the value of &myVar when at each breakpoint the same address is given.
Tools & Flags
Toolchain: GNU ARM GCC (6.2 2016q4)
Compiler options:
arm-none-eabi-gcc -mcpu=cortex-m4 -mthumb -mlong-calls -O1 -fmessage-length=0 -fsigned-char -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections -ffreestanding -fno-move-loop-invariants -Wall -Wextra -g3 -DDEBUG -DTRACE -DOS_USE_TRACE_ITM -DSTM32L476xx -I"../include" -I"../system/include" -I"../system/include/cmsis" -I"../system/include/stm32l4xx" -I"../system/include/cmsis/device" -I"../foo/inc" -std=gnu11 -MMD -MP -MF"foo/src/foo.d" -MT"foo/src/foo.o" -c -o "foo/src/foo.o" "../foo/src/foo.c"
Linker options:
arm-none-eabi-g++ -mcpu=cortex-m4 -mthumb -mlong-calls -O1 -fmessage-length=0 -fsigned-char -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections -ffreestanding -fno-move-loop-invariants -Wall -Wextra -g3 -T mem.ld -T libs.ld -T sections.ld -nostartfiles -Xlinker --gc-sections -L"../ldscripts" -Wl,-Map,"myProj.map" --specs=nano.specs -o ...

Answer 1

NOTE: I do understand that OP's target platform is ARM, but nevertheless I'm still posting an answer in terms of x86. The reason is, I have no ARM backend in handy, while the question is not limited to a particular architecture.
Here's a simple test stand. Note that I'm using int instead of custom enum typedef, since it should not matter at all.
foo.c
static int myVar = 1;
int someFooFunc(void)
{
myVar += 2;
return myVar;
}
bar.c
static int myVar = 1;
int someBarFunc(void)
{
myVar += 3;
return myVar;
}
main.c
#include <stdio.h>
int someFooFunc(void);
int someBarFunc(void);
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
printf("%d\n", someFooFunc());
printf("%d\n", someBarFunc());
return 0;
}
I'm compiling it on x86_64 Ubuntu 14.04 with GCC 4.8.4:
$ g++ main.c foo.c bar.c
$ ./a.out
3
4
Obtaining such results effectively means that myVar variables in foo.c and bar.c are different. If you look at the disassembly (by objdump -D ./a.out):
000000000040052d <_Z11someFooFuncv>:
40052d: 55 push %rbp
40052e: 48 89 e5 mov %rsp,%rbp
400531: 8b 05 09 0b 20 00 mov 0x200b09(%rip),%eax # 601040 <_ZL5myVar>
400537: 83 c0 02 add $0x2,%eax
40053a: 89 05 00 0b 20 00 mov %eax,0x200b00(%rip) # 601040 <_ZL5myVar>
400540: 8b 05 fa 0a 20 00 mov 0x200afa(%rip),%eax # 601040 <_ZL5myVar>
400546: 5d pop %rbp
400547: c3 retq
0000000000400548 <_Z11someBarFuncv>:
400548: 55 push %rbp
400549: 48 89 e5 mov %rsp,%rbp
40054c: 8b 05 f2 0a 20 00 mov 0x200af2(%rip),%eax # 601044 <_ZL5myVar>
400552: 83 c0 03 add $0x3,%eax
400555: 89 05 e9 0a 20 00 mov %eax,0x200ae9(%rip) # 601044 <_ZL5myVar>
40055b: 8b 05 e3 0a 20 00 mov 0x200ae3(%rip),%eax # 601044 <_ZL5myVar>
400561: 5d pop %rbp
400562: c3 retq
You can see that the actual addresses of static variables in different modules are indeed different: 0x601040 for foo.c and 0x601044 for bar.c. However, they are associated with a single symbol _ZL5myVar, which really screws up GDB logic.
You can double-check that by means of objdump -t ./a.out:
0000000000601040 l O .data 0000000000000004 _ZL5myVar
0000000000601044 l O .data 0000000000000004 _ZL5myVar
Yet again, different addresses, same symbols. How GDB will resolve this conflict is purely implementation-dependent.
I strongly believe that it's your case as well. However, to be double sure, you might want to try these steps in your environment.

Answer 2

so.s make the linker happy
.globl _start
_start: b _start
one.c
static unsigned int hello = 4;
static unsigned int one = 5;
void fun1 ( void )
{
hello=5;
one=6;
}
two.c
static unsigned int hello = 4;
static unsigned int two = 5;
void fun2 ( void )
{
hello=5;
two=6;
}
three.c
static unsigned int hello = 4;
static unsigned int three = 5;
void fun3 ( void )
{
hello=5;
three=6;
}
first off if you optimize then this is completely dead code and you should not expect to see any of these variables. The functions are not static so they dont disappear:
Disassembly of section .text:
08000000 <_start>:
8000000: eafffffe b 8000000 <_start>
08000004 <fun1>:
8000004: e12fff1e bx lr
08000008 <fun2>:
8000008: e12fff1e bx lr
0800000c <fun3>:
800000c: e12fff1e bx lr
If you dont optimize then
08000000 <_start>:
8000000: eafffffe b 8000000 <_start>
08000004 <fun1>:
8000004: e52db004 push {r11} ; (str r11, [sp, #-4]!)
8000008: e28db000 add r11, sp, #0
800000c: e59f3020 ldr r3, [pc, #32] ; 8000034 <fun1+0x30>
8000010: e3a02005 mov r2, #5
8000014: e5832000 str r2, [r3]
8000018: e59f3018 ldr r3, [pc, #24] ; 8000038 <fun1+0x34>
800001c: e3a02006 mov r2, #6
8000020: e5832000 str r2, [r3]
8000024: e1a00000 nop ; (mov r0, r0)
8000028: e28bd000 add sp, r11, #0
800002c: e49db004 pop {r11} ; (ldr r11, [sp], #4)
8000030: e12fff1e bx lr
8000034: 20000000 andcs r0, r0, r0
8000038: 20000004 andcs r0, r0, r4
0800003c <fun2>:
800003c: e52db004 push {r11} ; (str r11, [sp, #-4]!)
8000040: e28db000 add r11, sp, #0
8000044: e59f3020 ldr r3, [pc, #32] ; 800006c <fun2+0x30>
8000048: e3a02005 mov r2, #5
800004c: e5832000 str r2, [r3]
8000050: e59f3018 ldr r3, [pc, #24] ; 8000070 <fun2+0x34>
8000054: e3a02006 mov r2, #6
8000058: e5832000 str r2, [r3]
800005c: e1a00000 nop ; (mov r0, r0)
8000060: e28bd000 add sp, r11, #0
8000064: e49db004 pop {r11} ; (ldr r11, [sp], #4)
8000068: e12fff1e bx lr
800006c: 20000008 andcs r0, r0, r8
8000070: 2000000c andcs r0, r0, r12
08000074 <fun3>:
8000074: e52db004 push {r11} ; (str r11, [sp, #-4]!)
8000078: e28db000 add r11, sp, #0
800007c: e59f3020 ldr r3, [pc, #32] ; 80000a4 <fun3+0x30>
8000080: e3a02005 mov r2, #5
8000084: e5832000 str r2, [r3]
8000088: e59f3018 ldr r3, [pc, #24] ; 80000a8 <fun3+0x34>
800008c: e3a02006 mov r2, #6
8000090: e5832000 str r2, [r3]
8000094: e1a00000 nop ; (mov r0, r0)
8000098: e28bd000 add sp, r11, #0
800009c: e49db004 pop {r11} ; (ldr r11, [sp], #4)
80000a0: e12fff1e bx lr
80000a4: 20000010 andcs r0, r0, r0, lsl r0
80000a8: 20000014 andcs r0, r0, r4, lsl r0
Disassembly of section .data:
20000000 <hello>:
20000000: 00000004 andeq r0, r0, r4
20000004 <one>:
20000004: 00000005 andeq r0, r0, r5
20000008 <hello>:
20000008: 00000004 andeq r0, r0, r4
2000000c <two>:
2000000c: 00000005 andeq r0, r0, r5
20000010 <hello>:
20000010: 00000004 andeq r0, r0, r4
there are three hello variables created (you should notice by now that there is no reason to start up the debugger this can all be answered by simply examining the compiler and linker output, the debugger just gets in the way)
800000c: e59f3020 ldr r3, [pc, #32] ; 8000034 <fun1+0x30>
8000034: 20000000 andcs r0, r0, r0
8000044: e59f3020 ldr r3, [pc, #32] ; 800006c <fun2+0x30>
800006c: 20000008 andcs r0, r0, r8
800007c: e59f3020 ldr r3, [pc, #32] ; 80000a4 <fun3+0x30>
80000a4: 20000010 andcs r0, r0, r0, lsl r0
20000000 <hello>:
20000000: 00000004 andeq r0, r0, r4
20000008 <hello>:
20000008: 00000004 andeq r0, r0, r4
20000010 <hello>:
20000010: 00000004 andeq r0, r0, r4
each function is accessing its own separate version of the static global. They are not combined into one shared global.

Answer 3

The answers thus far have demonstrated that it should work as written, but the actual answer is only in the comments so I will post it as an answer.
What you’re seeing is a debugger artifact, not the real situation. In my experience, this should be your first guess of any truely wierd observation within the debugger. Verify the observation in the actual running program before going on. E.g. an old fashioned debug printf statement.