How to make int value to a string - c

Question

I'm trying to turn an int into string. I did it so far by getting the int with scanf, and then split it according to it's digits, and then put every one of the digits inside int array. Then I want to put all the int arr values inside a string, where the sign + or - will be the first character. Here is my code:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#define LENGTH 50
int getLength(int num, int arr[]);
int main()
{
int num = 0, i = 0;
int arr[LENGTH] = {0};
char string[LENGTH] = {0};
printf("enter number: ");
scanf("%d", &num);
int sizeMe = getLength(num, arr);
string[2] = arr[2] + '0';
printf("length %d one of values: %c", sizeMe,string[2]);
for(i = 1; i < sizeMe + 1; i++);
{
string[i] = arr[sizeMe - i] + '0';
}
string[0] = '+';
string[sizeMe] = 0;
printf("string: %s", string);
}
int getLength(int num,int arr[])
{
int count = 0;
int i = 0, temp = 0;
while(num != 0)
{
temp = num%10;
num /= 10;
count++;
i++;
arr[i] = temp;
printf("index %d is %d\n",i,arr[i]);
}
return count;
}
The output of that program is just '+'. What did I do wrong here?

Answer 1

The problem that is causing your code not to work is that you have a semicolon after the for statement like this:
for(i = 1; i < sizeMe + 1; i++);
{
string[i] = arr[sizeMe - i] + '0';
}
That code would be equivalent to this:
for(i = 1; i < sizeMe + 1; i++){}
string[i] = arr[sizeMe - i] + '0';
So what's happening there is that only the last element of string is written in, the rest is left blank, which generates undefined behavior. To solve the problem, remove the semicolon. I also recommend putting the { at the end of the line of the for statement instead of on a new line since doing so would prevent you from making such mistakes. This is therefore the correct code, formatted in the way that I recommend formatting:
for(i = 1; i < sizeMe + 1; i++){
string[i] = arr[sizeMe - i + 1] + '0';
}
Note that you also forgot the +1 in arr[sizeMe - i + 1].
Although that was the error that made your code not work the way you wanted it to work, you've also made several other mistakes, which could potentially cause your program to crash.
First of all, in the for loop, you're not testing if i is greater than LENGTH. The problem with that is that if i is greater than LENGTH, string[i] will be outside of the array, which will cause buffer overflow and make your program crash. To solve this problem, add the following code inside your for loop:
if(i + 1 > LENGTH){
break;
}
The break statement will exit the for loop immediately. Note that we're testing if i + 1 is greater than LENGTH to leave space for the null character at the end of the string.
For the same reason, string[sizeMe] = 0; is also bad, since nothing says that sizeMe is less than the size of the array. Instead, use string[i] = 0;, since i has been incremented until it either reaches LENGTH or sizeMe. Therefore, i will be the minimum of these two values, which is what we want.
You also need to return something at the end of the main function. The main function is of type int, so it should return an int. In C++, this code wouldn't compile because of that. Your code compiled since you're using C and C compilers are generally more tolerant than C++ compilers, so you only got a warning. Make sure to fix all compiler warnings, since doing so can solve bugs. The warnings are there to help you, not to annoy you. Generally, the main function should return 0, since this value usually means that everything went well. So you need to add return 0; at the end of the main function.
Therefore, this is the code you should use:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#define LENGTH 50
int getLength(int num, int arr[]);
int main(){
int num = 0, i = 0;
int arr[LENGTH] = {0};
char string[LENGTH] = {0};
printf("enter number: ");
scanf("%d", &num);
int sizeMe = getLength(num, arr);
string[2] = arr[2] + '0';
printf("length %d one of values: %c", sizeMe,string[2]);
for(i = 1; i < sizeMe + 1; i++){
string[i] = arr[sizeMe - i + 1] + '0';
if(i + 1 > LENGTH){
break;
}
}
string[0] = '+';
string[i] = 0;
printf("string: %s", string);
return 0;
}
int getLength(int num,int arr[]){
int count = 0;
int i = 0, temp = 0;
while(num != 0){
temp = num%10;
num /= 10;
count++;
i++;
arr[i] = temp;
printf("index %d is %d\n",i,arr[i]);
}
return count;
}
Also, as some programmer dude pointed out in a comment, it's much easier to use sprintf. Then your code would be much simpler:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#define LENGTH 50
int main(){
int num = 0;
char string[LENGTH] = {0};
printf("enter number: ");
scanf("%d", &num);
sprintf(string, "%c%d", num >= 0 ? '+' : '-', num);
printf("string: %s", string);
return 0;
}

Answer 2

The short answer to turning a C int into a decimal string is to call sprintf(). That leads to the question how sprintf() does it.
From the book The C Programming Language, 2nd edition section 3.6. There is an example of a function that return a string representation of an integer. So here is the code:
void numberToString(int n, char *s){
int i, sign;
if ((sign = n) < 0) /*record sign*/
n = -n; /* make n positive */
i = 0;
do { // generate digits in reverse order
s[i++] = n % 10 + '0'; // get next digit*/
} while ((n /= 10) > 0); // delete it
s[i++] = sign < 0? '-': '+'; // or -- if(sign < 0) s[i++] = '-'; -- if you want just the sign '-'
s[i] = '\0';
strrev(s); //reverse the string
}
int main()
{
int n;
char str[LENGTH];
printf("Number: ");
scanf("%i", &n);
numberToString(n, str);
printf("Number as string: %s\n", str);
}
strrev is defined in the string.h header (so include it).

Answer 3

You can try and do this with sprintf. When you calculate the number length from get_length(), you can declare a string buffer, either statically or dynamically. Once declared, you can send the formatted output in the buffer with sprintf().
However, if you wish to still use your approach, #Donald Duck has covered the issues into debugging your code, and this is just another approach you can use if you want to.
Here is an example:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
size_t get_length(int number);
int main(void) {
int number;
size_t numcnt;
char *string;
printf("Enter number: ");
if (scanf("%d", &number) != 1) {
printf("Invalid number entered\n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
printf("Number = %d\n", number);
numcnt = get_length(number);
string = malloc(numcnt+1);
if (!string) {
printf("Cannot allocate %zu bytes for string\n", numcnt+1);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
sprintf(string, "%d", number);
printf("String = %s\n", string);
free(string);
return 0;
}
size_t get_length(int number) {
size_t count = 0;
if (number < 0) {
number *= -1;
count++;
}
for (size_t i = number; i > 0; i /= 10) {
count++;
}
return count;
}
Sample input 1:
Enter number: 1234
Sample output 1:
Number = 1234
String = 1234
Sample input 2:
Enter number: -1234
Sample output 2:
Number = -1234
String = -1234