Programming uart of cortex-m3 (Microsemi SmartFusion 2) - arm

I am programming a basic uart echo on cortex-m3,
but i am getting giberish on putty
used 100 MHz clock frequency for cortex-m3
Baud rate 57600
What might be the reason for giberish output ,does uart baud rate be in some multiple or in some relation with cortex-m3 clock frequency or the Amba bus frquency has some relation with baud rate
program is given below -->
#include "drivers/mss_uart/mss_uart.h"
mss_uart_instance_t * const gp_my_uart = &g_mss_uart0;
/*==============================================================================
* main function.
*/
int main()
{
size_t rx_size;
uint8_t rx_buff[1];
/* Turn off the watchdog */
SYSREG->WDOG_CR = 0;
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Initialize and configure UART.
*/
MSS_UART_init(gp_my_uart,
MSS_UART_57600_BAUD,
MSS_UART_DATA_8_BITS | MSS_UART_NO_PARITY | MSS_UART_ONE_STOP_BIT);
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Send greeting message over the UART.
*/
MSS_UART_polled_tx_string(gp_my_uart,(const uint8_t*)"\n\r\n\r**********************************************************************\n\r");
MSS_UART_polled_tx_string(gp_my_uart,(const uint8_t*)"******************** SmartFusion2 MMUART Example *********************\n\r");
MSS_UART_polled_tx_string(gp_my_uart,(const uint8_t*)"**********************************************************************\n\r");
MSS_UART_polled_tx_string(gp_my_uart,(const uint8_t*)"Characters typed will be echoed back.\n\r");
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Echo back any characters received.
*/
for (;;)
{
rx_size = MSS_UART_get_rx(gp_my_uart, rx_buff, sizeof(rx_buff));
if( rx_size > 0 )
{
MSS_UART_polled_tx(gp_my_uart, rx_buff, sizeof(rx_buff));
}
}
}

Related

Forwarding / passthrough UART from one to another port

I'm pretty new to programming in C, but getting used to registers and the way communication in C works. Since UART using the official Arduino read() / write() creates a high delay in passing commands through, I tried to translate this Arduino sketch into pure C. (and because I've time to play around, haha)
My ebike's controller and display are communicating using UART. I tried to read the commands and react to speed changes or brake signals, but first of all I need to get rid of this huge delay in updating the display.
I'm using an Robodyn Mega 2560 PRO (Embed), which has 4x hardware serial ports. In the first step I tried to read what's coming in and forward it to the other port. Shouldn't be to hard to implement in C, right?
void setup() {
Serial1.begin(1200); // BBSHD controller #RX18 TX19
Serial2.begin(1200); // Display DP-C18 #TX16 RX17
}
void loop() {
if (Serial2.available()) {
Serial1.write(Serial2.read());
}
if (Serial1.available()) {
Serial2.write(Serial1.read());
}
}
That's what I programmed in Atmel Studio 7 so far. I used the C example from ATmega640/1280/1281/2560/2561 - Complete Datasheet (Search for USART_Receive and USART_Transmit) and this guide Simple Serial Communications With AVR libc
Currently I can compile and flash it the 2560, but the communication is not being forwarded. I don't know what the default settings are, that Arduino with Serial uses. Which mode, number of stop bits, .. Is there anything obvious I'm missing?
#define F_CPU 16000000UL
#define BAUD 1200
#include <avr/io.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <util/setbaud.h>
void uart_init(void) {
/* Serial1 controller */
UBRR1H = UBRRH_VALUE;
UBRR1L = UBRRL_VALUE;
/* Serial2 display */
UBRR2H = UBRRH_VALUE;
UBRR2L = UBRRL_VALUE;
/* 8-bit data, 1stop bit*/
UCSR1C = (1<<UCSZ11) | (1<<UCSZ10);
UCSR2C = (1<<UCSZ21) | (1<<UCSZ20);
/* Enable RX and TX */
UCSR1B = (1<<RXEN1) | (1<<TXEN1);
UCSR2B = (1<<RXEN2) | (1<<TXEN2);
}
int main(void) {
uart_init();
while(1) {
if (!(UCSR1A & (1<<RXC1))) { /* Only if data is received */
while (!(UCSR1A & (1<<UDRE1))); /* Wait for empty transmit buffer */
UDR2 = UDR1; /* Put data into buffer, sends the data */
}
if (!(UCSR2A & (1<<RXC2))) { /* Only if data is received */
while (!(UCSR2A & (1<<UDRE2))); /* Wait for empty transmit buffer */
UDR1 = UDR2; /* Put data into buffer, sends the data */
}
}
}

Use 8051, How to transfer the correct signal and check it in putty

I used the KEIL software to program the AT89C51ED2 chip, and I used the USB port to view the data transfer by PUTTY. But in the PUTTY, I can't get accurate information.
The code looks fine, the COM port is also set successfully, there was no problem with the connection of the circuit, but there has a problem in the display of putty.
In the PUTTY, according to ASCII. enter a should get b. but in here a got q, b got r, d got t, and GPRMC got w\SM{
is UART have the problem? or the timer? or other......
There are some code and images below here
#include<reg51.h>
char uart_data;
/**
* FUNCTION_PURPOSE: This file set up uart in mode 1 (8 bits uart) with
* timer 1 in mode 2 (8 bits auto reload timer).
* FUNCTION_INPUTS: void
* FUNCTION_OUTPUTS: void
*/
void main (void)
{
PCON=0;
SCON = 0x50; /* uart in mode 1 (8 bit), REN=1 */
TMOD = 0x20 ; /* Timer 1 in mode 2 */
TH1 = 0xFD; /* 9600 Bds at 11.059MHz */
TL1 = TH1; /* 9600 Bds at 11.059MHz */
ES = 1; // Enable serial interrupt
EA = 1; /* Enable global interrupt */
TR1 = 1; /* Timer 1 run */
while(1); /* endless */
}
/**
* FUNCTION_PURPOSE: serial interrupt, echo received data.
* FUNCTION_INPUTS: P3.0(RXD) serial input
* FUNCTION_OUTPUTS: P3.1(TXD) serial output
*/
void serial_IT(void) interrupt 4
{
if (RI == 1)
{ /* if reception occur */
RI = 0; /* clear reception flag for next reception */
uart_data = SBUF; /* Read receive data */
SBUF = uart_data; /* Send back same data on uart*/
}
else TI = 0; /* if emission occur */
} /* clear emission flag for next emission*/
PUTTY
PUTTY
PUTTY

IIR Lowpass filter using STM32F429 Discovery board in Keil uVision

I am designing an IIR 2nd order Lowpass filter with sampling frequency = 100Hz and cutoff frequency = 10 Hz. The filter coefficients are of Chebyshev Type I using fdatool in Matlab.
But the code is not able to filter the signal (i.e. for all frequencies it gives the output with same amplitudes as the input signal) . Only minor decrease in amplitude is observed for an input signal of 10 KHz and above. I assure you that the ADC and DAC are working fine as i have tested the for FFT filter.
Here is the code:
/* Include core modules */
#include "stm32f4xx.h"
#include "stdint.h"
#include "stdlib.h"
#include "arm_math.h"
#include "my_files.h"
#define URS 2
#define numStages 1
#define NUM_TAPS 5*numStages
#define samples 3
////////ADC FUNCTION//////////////////
void ADC_configure(void)
{
RCC->APB2ENR|=1Ul<<8; // ADC1 clock enabled
ADC1->CR2|=0x00000001; // enable ADC
ADC1->CR1|=0; // single conversion ADC1 pin 0 has been selected
}
int32_t readADC(void)
{
ADC1->CR2|=(1UL<<30);
return(ADC1->DR);
}
////////DAC FUNCTION/////////////////
int32_t dv1,dv2,ds;
//---function declaration--//
// initilising DAC---------//
void DAC_init(void)
{
RCC->APB1ENR|=1UL<<29;
DAC->CR|=((1UL<<16)|(1UL<<0));
RCC->AHB1ENR|=0x00000001; // clock to gpio A
GPIOA->MODER|=0x00000F03; // pt0,4,5 in Analog mode
}
// Sending to DAC...........//
void Send_DAC(int32_t data_in1, int32_t data_in2)
{ dv1=data_in1;
dv2=data_in2<<16;
ds=dv2+dv1;
DAC->DHR12RD=ds;
}
/* IIR settings */
float32_t pState[2*numStages];
const float pCoeffs[NUM_TAPS] = {1,2,1,-1.1997,0.5157};//{b0,b1,b2,a1,a2}
/* Global variables */
float32_t Input[samples]; /* Data to be read from ADC */
float32_t InputData[samples]; /* Data to be processed */
float32_t Output[samples]; /* Output filtered Data */
arm_biquad_cascade_df2T_instance_f32 S; /* ARM IIR module */
uint16_t i;
void TIM3_Init (void) {
RCC->APB1ENR |= RCC_APB1ENR_TIM3EN; /* enable clock for TIM1 */
TIM3->PSC = 8600; /* set prescaler = 10KHz */
TIM3->ARR = 100; /* set auto-reload = 10ms */
TIM3->RCR = 0; /* set repetition counter */
TIM3->CR1 |= (1UL << URS);
TIM3->DIER = TIM_DIER_UIE; /* Update Interrupt enable */
NVIC_EnableIRQ(TIM3_IRQn); /* TIM1 Interrupt enable */
NVIC_SetPriority (TIM3_IRQn, 0);
TIM3->CR1 |= TIM_CR1_CEN; /* timer enable */
}
void TIM3_IRQHandler() {
/*Shift Operation*/
for(i=samples-1;i>0;i--){
Input[i]= Input[i-1];
InputData[i]= Input[i];
}
/* Input part from the ADC */
Input[0] = (float32_t)readADC();
InputData[0] = Input[0];
//////////IIR//////////////////////
/* Initialize the IIR module */
arm_biquad_cascade_df2T_init_f32(&S, numStages, pCoeffs, pState);
/* Process the data through the IIR module */
arm_biquad_cascade_df2T_f32(&S, InputData, Output, samples);
////////DAC Output/////////////////
Send_DAC(Input[0], Output[0]);
}
/////////main function///////////////
int main(void) {
/* Initialize system */
SystemInit();
DAC_init();
ADC_configure();
TIM3_Init();
while (1) {
}
}
Any suggestion or solution would be of great help.
Some possible problems:
Did you enable the FPU?
Check alignment for ADC (and DAC?).
Ensure the interrupt-handler does not run too long (overflow).
Good you do not use the stdlib for much more tha init, btw. But you really should use symbolic constants for the register initialization! This does not cost extra.
Not directly related, but will(!) give wrong results: If I get it right, you trigger each conversion in readADC. This leads to jitter (resulting in noise on the digitized signal); trigger the conversations by a timer (that's what the trigger system is for actually) and use the ADC-interrupt to read the data or use a DMA (the STM DMA provides a double-buffer mode which is perfect for this). In this simple example, if using DMA, you can even get along completely without interrupt and do the calculations in the main program.
For the DAC you should the same.
Not sure why use a timer anyway; the ADC can self-trigger. Is that not sufficient?
You do not need to init IIR filter every time. Do it only once in init code. Init procedure clears previous values in pState, but they are required for IIR to perform correctly. That's the reason why your filter doesn't work. Presence of FPU only influences the speed of computation.

AVR ATmega keeps resetting while using printf before main loop

I'm developing a C application using avr-libc on an AVR ATmega328P microcontroller. Since I don't have an ICE debugger for it, I followed these instructions and this tutorial for making the stdio.h functions such as printf able to use the hardware UART as stdout.
That works, and I can see the output on a PC terminal connected to my target board, but the strange thing is: When I have only one printf on main, but before the main loop something is causing the processor to reset, while if I have a printf only inside the main loop or before the main loop AND inside the loop it works fine. Something like this:
#include <stdio.h>
/* stream definitions for UART input/output */
FILE uart_output = FDEV_SETUP_STREAM(uart_drv_send_byte, NULL, _FDEV_SETUP_WRITE);
FILE uart_input = FDEV_SETUP_STREAM(NULL, uart_drv_read_byte, _FDEV_SETUP_READ);
int main() {
/* Definition of stdout and stdin */
stdout = &uart_output;
stdin = &uart_input;
/* Configures Timer1 for generating a compare interrupt each 1ms (1kHz) */
timer_init()
/* UART initialization */
uart_drv_start(UBRRH_VALUE, UBRRL_VALUE, USE_2X, &PORTB, 2);
/* Sets the sleep mode to idle */
set_sleep_mode(SLEEP_MODE_IDLE);
printf("START ");
/* main loop */
while(1) {
printf("LOOP ");
/* Sleeps so the main loop iterates only on interrupts (avoids busy loop) */
sleep_mode();
}
}
The code above produces the following output:
START LOOP LOOP LOOP LOOP LOOP LOOP ... LOOP
which is expected. If we comment the printf("START ") line it produces this:
LOOP LOOP LOOP LOOP LOOP LOOP LOOP ... LOOP
which is also fine. The problem is, if I don't have any printf inside the while loop, it goes like this:
START START START START START START ... START
That clearly shows the processor is being restarted, since the expected output would be just one START and nothing else while the infinite loop goes on being awaken only on the 1 kHz timer interrupts. Why is this happening? I should stress there's no watchdog timer configured (if there was, the cases where only LOOP is printed would be interrupted by a new START also).
Monitoring execution using GPIO pins
To try to get some insight into the situation, I turned GPIO pins ON and OFF around the problematic print("START ") and sleep_mode in the main loop:
int main() {
/* Irrelevant parts suppressed... */
GPIO1_ON;
printf("START ");
GPIO1_OFF;
/* Main loop */
while(1) {
/* Sleeps so the main loop iterates only on interrupts (avoids busy loop) */
GPIO2_ON;
sleep_mode();
GPIO2_OFF;
}
}
It turned out that GPIO1 stays ON for 132 µs (printf("START ") call time) and then OFF for 6.6 ms - roughly the time to transmit the six characters at 9600 bit/s - and GPIO2 toggles 12 times (six times two interrupts: the UART-ready-to-transmit interrupt and the UART-empty-data-register interrupt), showing sleep active for another 1.4 ms before GPIO1 goes ON again indicating a new printf("START ") - hence after reset. I'll probably have to check out the UART code, but I'm pretty sure the non-interrupt UART version also shows the same problem, and that doesn't explain either why having a printf inside the main loop works OK, without a reset happening (I would expect the reset would happen in any case should the UART code be faulty).
(SOLVED!): For completeness, The UART init and TX code is below**
This was my first attempt in writing an interrupt driven UART driver for the AVR, but one that could be used either on a RS-232 or a RS-485, which requires activating a TX_ENABLE pin while transmitting data. It turned out that, since I had to make the code useable either on ATmega328P or ATmega644, the interrupt vectors have different names, so I used a #define TX_VECTOR to assume the right name according to the processor used. In the process of making and testing the driver the choosing of "TX_VECTOR" for the UDRE data empty interrupt ended up masking the fact I hadn't defined the USART0_TX_vect yet (this was work in progress, I might not even need both anyway...)
Right now I just defined an empty interrupt service routine (ISR) for USART0_TX_vect and the thing doesn't reset anymore, showing #PeterGibson nailed it right on. Thanks a lot!
// Interrupt vectors for Atmega328P
#if defined(__AVR_ATmega328P__)
#define RX_VECTOR USART_RX_vect
#define TX_VECTOR USART_UDRE_vect
// Interrupt vectors for Atmega644
#elif defined(__AVR_ATmega644P__)
#define RX_VECTOR USART0_RX_vect
#define TX_VECTOR USART0_UDRE_vect
#endif
ISR(TX_VECTOR)
{
uint8_t byte;
if (!ringbuffer_read_byte(&txrb, &byte)) {
/* If RS-485 is enabled, sets TX_ENABLE high */
if (TX_ENABLE_PORT)
*TX_ENABLE_PORT |= _BV(TX_ENABLE_PIN);
UDR0 = byte;
}
else {
/* No more chars to be read from ringbuffer, disables empty
* data register interrupt */
UCSR0B &= ~_BV(UDRIE0);
}
/* If RS-485 mode is on and the interrupt was called with TXC0 set it
* means transmission is over. TX_ENABLED should be cleared. */
if ((TX_ENABLE_PORT) && (UCSR0A & _BV(TXC0) & _BV(UDR0))) {
*TX_ENABLE_PORT &= ~_BV(TX_ENABLE_PIN);
UCSR0B &= ~_BV(UDRIE0);
}
}
void uart_drv_start(uint8_t ubrrh, uint8_t ubrrl, uint8_t use2x,
volatile uint8_t* rs485_tx_enable_io_port,
uint8_t rs485_tx_enable_io_pin)
{
/* Initializes TX and RX ring buffers */
ringbuffer_init(&txrb, &tx_buffer[0], UART_TX_BUFSIZE);
ringbuffer_init(&rxrb, &rx_buffer[0], UART_RX_BUFSIZE);
/* Disables UART */
UCSR0B = 0x00;
/* Initializes baud rate */
UBRR0H = ubrrh;
UBRR0L = ubrrl;
if (use2x)
UCSR0A |= _BV(U2X0);
else
UCSR0A &= ~_BV(U2X0);
/* Configures async 8N1 operation */
UCSR0C = _BV(UCSZ00) | _BV(UCSZ01);
/* If a port was specified for a pin to be used as a RS-485 driver TX_ENABLE,
* configures the pin as output and enables the TX data register empty
* interrupt so it gets disabled in the end of transmission */
if (rs485_tx_enable_io_port) {
TX_ENABLE_PORT = rs485_tx_enable_io_port;
TX_ENABLE_PIN = rs485_tx_enable_io_pin;
/* Configures the RS-485 driver as an output (on the datasheet the data
* direction register is always on the byte preceding the I/O port addr) */
*(TX_ENABLE_PORT-1) |= _BV(TX_ENABLE_PIN);
/* Clears TX_ENABLE pin (active high) */
*TX_ENABLE_PORT &= ~_BV(TX_ENABLE_PIN);
/* Enables end of transmission interrupt */
UCSR0B = _BV(TXCIE0);
}
/* Enables receptor, transmitter and RX complete interrupts */
UCSR0B |= _BV(RXEN0) | _BV(TXEN0) | _BV(RXCIE0);
}
FIXED UART CODE (NOW WORKING 100%!)
In order to help anyone interested or developing a similar interrupt driven UART driver for the AVR ATmega, here it goes the code with the problems above fixed and tested. Thanks to everyone who helped me spot the problem with the missing ISR!
// Interrupt vectors for Atmega328P
#if defined(__AVR_ATmega328P__)
#define RX_BYTE_AVAILABLE USART_RX_vect
#define TX_FRAME_ENDED USART_TX_vect
#define TX_DATA_REGISTER_EMPTY USART_UDRE_vect
// Interrupt vectors for Atmega644
#elif defined(__AVR_ATmega644P__)
#define RX_BYTE_AVAILABLE USART0_RX_vect
#define TX_FRAME_ENDED USART0_TX_vect
#define TX_DATA_REGISTER_EMPTY USART0_UDRE_vect
#endif
/* I/O port containing the pin to be used as TX_ENABLE for the RS-485 driver */
static volatile uint8_t* TX_ENABLE_PORT = NULL;
/** Pin from the I/O port to be used as TX_ENABLE for the RS-485 driver */
static volatile uint8_t TX_ENABLE_PIN = 0;
ISR(RX_BYTE_AVAILABLE)
{
// Read the status and RX registers.
uint8_t status = UCSR0A;
// Framing error - treat as EOF.
if (status & _BV(FE0)) {
/* TODO: increment statistics */
}
// Overrun or parity error.
if (status & (_BV(DOR0) | _BV(UPE0))) {
/* TODO: increment statistics */
}
ringbuffer_write_byte(&rxrb, UDR0);
}
ISR(TX_FRAME_ENDED)
{
/* The end of frame interrupt will be enabled only when in RS-485 mode, so
* there is no need to test, just turn off the TX_ENABLE pin */
*TX_ENABLE_PORT &= ~_BV(TX_ENABLE_PIN);
}
ISR(TX_DATA_REGISTER_EMPTY)
{
uint8_t byte;
if (!ringbuffer_read_byte(&txrb, &byte)) {
/* If RS-485 is enabled, sets TX_ENABLE high */
if (TX_ENABLE_PORT)
*TX_ENABLE_PORT |= _BV(TX_ENABLE_PIN);
UDR0 = byte;
}
else {
/* No more chars to be read from ringbuffer, disables empty
* data register interrupt */
UCSR0B &= ~_BV(UDRIE0);
}
}
void uart_drv_start(uint8_t ubrrh, uint8_t ubrrl, uint8_t use2x,
volatile uint8_t* rs485_tx_enable_io_port,
uint8_t rs485_tx_enable_io_pin)
{
/* Initializes TX and RX ring buffers */
ringbuffer_init(&txrb, &tx_buffer[0], UART_TX_BUFSIZE);
ringbuffer_init(&rxrb, &rx_buffer[0], UART_RX_BUFSIZE);
cli();
/* Disables UART */
UCSR0B = 0x00;
/* Initializes baud rate */
UBRR0H = ubrrh;
UBRR0L = ubrrl;
if (use2x)
UCSR0A |= _BV(U2X0);
else
UCSR0A &= ~_BV(U2X0);
/* Configures async 8N1 operation */
UCSR0C = _BV(UCSZ00) | _BV(UCSZ01);
/* If a port was specified for a pin to be used as a RS-485 driver TX_ENABLE,
* configures the pin as output and enables the TX data register empty
* interrupt so it gets disabled in the end of transmission */
if (rs485_tx_enable_io_port) {
TX_ENABLE_PORT = rs485_tx_enable_io_port;
TX_ENABLE_PIN = rs485_tx_enable_io_pin;
/* Configures the RS-485 driver as an output (on the datasheet the data
* direction register is always on the byte preceding the I/O port addr) */
*(TX_ENABLE_PORT-1) |= _BV(TX_ENABLE_PIN);
/* Clears TX_ENABLE pin (active high) */
*TX_ENABLE_PORT &= ~_BV(TX_ENABLE_PIN);
/* Enables end of transmission interrupt */
UCSR0B = _BV(TXCIE0);
}
/* Enables receptor, transmitter and RX complete interrupts */
UCSR0B |= _BV(RXEN0) | _BV(TXEN0) | _BV(RXCIE0);
sei();
}
void uart_drv_send_byte(uint8_t byte, FILE *stream)
{
if (byte == '\n') {
uart_drv_send_byte('\r', stream);
}
uint8_t sreg = SREG;
cli();
/* Write byte to the ring buffer, blocking while it is full */
while(ringbuffer_write_byte(&txrb, byte)) {
/* Enable interrupts to allow emptying a full buffer */
SREG = sreg;
_NOP();
sreg = SREG;
cli();
}
/* Enables empty data register interrupt */
UCSR0B |= _BV(UDRIE0);
SREG = sreg;
}
uint8_t uart_drv_read_byte(FILE *stream)
{
uint8_t byte;
uint8_t sreg = SREG;
cli();
ringbuffer_read_byte(&rxrb, &byte);
SREG = sreg;
return byte;
}
You've possibly enabled the UDRE (Uart Data Register Empty) interrupt and not set a vector for it, so when the interrupt triggers the processor resets (according to the defaults). When printf is called continuously in the main loop, this interrupt is never triggered.
From the docs
Catch-all interrupt vector
If an unexpected interrupt occurs (interrupt is enabled and no handler
is installed, which usually indicates a bug), then the default action
is to reset the device by jumping to the reset vector. You can
override this by supplying a function named BADISR_vect which should
be defined with ISR() as such. (The name BADISR_vect is actually an
alias for __vector_default. The latter must be used inside assembly
code in case is not included.)
I ran in the same situation right now, but since I don't have a high reputation on stackoverflow, I can not vote.
here is a snippet of my initialization procedure that caused this problem to me:
void USART_Init()
{
cli();
/* Set baud rate */
UBRR0H = (uint8_t)(BAUD_PRESCALE>>8);
UBRR0L = (uint8_t)BAUD_PRESCALE;
/* Enable receiver and transmitter */
UCSR0B |= (1<<RXEN0)|(1<<TXEN0);
/* Set frame format: 8data, 1stop bit 8N1 => 86uS for a byte*/
UCSR0C |= (1<<UCSZ01)|(1<<UCSZ00);
/*enable Rx and Tx Interrupts*/
UCSR0B |= (1 << RXCIE0) | (1 << TXCIE0); //<- this was the problem
/*initialize the RingBuffer*/
RingBuffer_Init(&RxBuffer);
sei();
}
The problem was that I initially used interrupt based transmission, but later on I have changed the design and went for 10ms polling for Tx sequence, and forgotten to change this line as well in the init procedure.
Thanks very much for pointing this out Peter Gibson.

Help with AVR and Serial ports

I'm having problems with serial communication. I've connected an AtMega644 to a serial LCD which takes 9600 8N1. I just get garbage. By garbage I'm just getting some U,P,T and # instead of the desired "U". I'm using the internal 8Mhz RC Osc with the fuses listed below. I suspect a timing issue but I'm not sure where I went wrong. I added a blinking LED and the timing looks right (eyeball and digital stopwatch). Any help is appreciated.
avrdude -pm644 -cavrisp2 -Pusb -b2400 -u
-Uflash:w:ImpactTarget.hex:a
-Ulfuse:w:0xe2:m
-Uhfuse:w:0xd8:m
-Uefuse:w:0xff:m
#define F_CPU 8000000
#define BAUDRATE 9600
#define UBRRVAL (F_CPU/(BAUDRATE*16UL)) -1
#include <avr/io.h>
#include <util/delay.h>
#include <avr/interrupt.h>
#include <stdio.h>
/***************************************************** USART_Init()
*
*
**/
void USART_Init () {
//Set baud rate
UBRR0H = (unsigned char)(UBRRVAL>>8); //high byte
UBRR0L = (unsigned char) UBRRVAL; //low byte
//Asynchronous normal speed
UCSR0A = (0<<U2X0);
//Enable Transmitter and Receiver and Interrupt on receive complete
UCSR0B = (1<<RXEN0) | (1<<TXEN0) | (1<<RXCIE0);
//page 186 Set asynchronous mode,no parity, 1 stop bit, 8 bit size
UCSR0C= (0<<UMSEL00)| (0<<UMSEL01)| //Async
(0<<UPM00) | (0<<UPM01) | //Parity None
(0<<USBS0) | //Stop bits 1
(0<<UCSZ02) | (1<<UCSZ01) |(1<<UCSZ00); //8 Bits
//enable interrupts
sei();
}
/******************************************** send_btye
* sends one byte to serial port
**/
void send_byte (char data) {
while ( ! (UCSR0A & (1<<UDRE0)) )
/* NOOP */;
UDR0 = data;
}
/**
* _delay_ms has a short time so this is an extension
*/
void delay_ms (int time) {
for (int i = 0; i < time; i++) {
_delay_ms(1);
}
}
/****************************** main *********/
int main () {
USART_Init();
DDRA = 0xff;
for (;;) {
send_byte('U');
delay_ms(500);
PORTA ^=_BV(PA0);
}
return 0;
}
Your UBRRVAL doesn't fully parenthesize its expression so when it is expanded in a context like UBRRVAL >> 8 the >> 8 does not apply the way you expect.
I think you're right - it's probably a timing issue: the internal RC oscillator is usually much too imprecise to use for USART.
I would try to attach an external crystal (and set the fuses correspondingly) and see if it helps.
this is exactly what took 3 days of my project time, just try to set Baudrate at (9600) and set the (X2) option for Baudrate. it should work.

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