I'm going through the tutorial on making an OS on http://wiki.osdev.org/Bare_Bones. When I try to link boot.o and kernel.o using this command: i686-elf-gcc -T linker.ld -o myos.bin -ffreestanding -O2 -nostdlib boot.o kernel.o -lgcc , I just get this error:
collect2: fatal error: cannot find 'ld'
compilation terminated.
I just installed fresh Ubuntu 15.10 that with gcc-5.2.1 and binutils-2.25.1 .
I have searched the internet for answers but nothing helped.
I also got once the same error during a pentest while I was trying to compile my exploit on the victim server.
In my case, the directory where the "ld" program was located had not been defined in the PATH environment variable, so I simply added it.
eg. export PATH=$PATH:/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin
I had this error while hacking a remote machine and trying to use gcc to compile an exploit on the victim machine.
I simply copied the program ld to /tmp/, the working directory where i was compiling my exploit exploit.c by running
cp /usr/bin/ld /tmp/ld
followed by the original gcc compile command and the compile worked.
I searched a lot to fix this issue and nothing worked but lastly i uninstalled MinGw and reinstalled it then did edited the environment variables again and then uninstalled and reinstalled vs code extensions then it worked.
Related
Hi I'm trying to compile a c project with gcc 10.2 in Ubuntu 20.04.
But at the end it gives me error as below
/usr/bin/ld: cannot find /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpthread_nonshared.a
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
Below are the libraries I'm trying to link while creating a so file
-lpthread -ldl -lm -lstdc++ -lrt
When i looked into /usr/lib64 i could see only *.so files but no *.a files.
Do we need to install them separately?
Could someone help with this.
Do we need to install them separately?
You need to install glibc-devel (or similar) package.
I am currently following the Bare Bones tutorial from OSDev and i have set up everything and compiled the kernel and bootloader into object files, and i have the .ld file. However, when i try to link the files and produce it into a bin using i686-elf-gcc -T linker.ld -o myos.bin -ffreestanding -O2 -nostdlib boot.o kernel.o -lgcc, i get this error:
.../i686/bin/../lib/gcc/i686-elf/4.8.2/../../../../i686-elf/bin/ld.exe: cannot open linker script file linker.ld
collect2.exe: error: ld returned 1 exit status
I am using GCC and using the compiled version of i686-elf-gcc which includes many more compilers and i have added 4 dlls as it was missing (also not related to linker), but i installed MinGW and added them. I am on Windows 10 x64. Many of the solutions or workarounds i find just brings up more errors or does absolutely nothing to the errors (-T doesn't do anything, -noixemul is not a parameter.). I removed multiboot content since i am gonna use a sector-long bootloader which loads the object files.
If i'm not mistaken, your problem is really, really, really simple:
You don't have access to linker.ld. Try running as superuser or changing the permissions.
If this doesn't solve it, you have an actual problem. Try not using the -T flag.
EDIT: Dear god, I didn't expect this to be right. Thanks!
I have the following folder on my git repo - https://github.com/ryu577/base/tree/master/numerical/c/NumericalRecipiesCode/lib
On my windows machine which has cygwin installed, I can run make in that directory, which triggers the command -
gcc -o ../bin/lib/tst_libfns ../obj/nrutil.o ../obj/fileio.o ../obj/tst_libfns.o -I ../include -lm
This puts the tst_libfns.o and fileio.o in the obj directory.
Now, I pulled this repository into my ubuntu machine and tried the same thing. However, when the same command is generated there, it gives me the following error:
gcc -o ../bin/lib/tst_libfns ../obj/nrutil.o ../obj/fileio.o ../obj/tst_libfns.o -I../include -lm
../obj/fileio.o:fileio.c:(.text+0x52): undefined reference to `__getreent'
../obj/tst_libfns.o:tst_libfns.c:(.text+0x10): undefined reference to `__main'
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
make: *** [../bin/lib/tst_libfns] Error 1
Am I missing something obvious?
I just figured it out. I had pulled in the .o files through git in the obj directory and gcc was somehow trying to use the existing files (which had been generated in Cygwin + Windows). Somehow, those .o files don't seem to be compatible with linux. When I delete them and run the make command again, the .o files are re-generated. I guess the moral of the story here is that binaries and executables generated by GCC in Windows are incompatible with Linux (and I'll guess vice versa).
I was searching for a way to create mocking objects with c-code until I stumbled upon cmockery.
For me it seems to be the best mocking software available since it doesn't have a lot of dependencies.
I'm working in ubuntu and downloaded the tarball cmockery from https://code.google.com/p/cmockery/downloads/list
I ran the ./configure, make and make install.
I am able to execute the given examples but I just can't figure out how to get it working on my own projects. I had a look at the configure and makefile to try and find out how they did it, but that was no success. I think it's the linking that's causing my problems.
Files of cmockery can be find at:
/usr/local/include/google/cmockery.h
/usr/local/lib/libcmockery.la
/usr/local/lib/libcmockery.a
/usr/local/lib/libcmockery.so.0.0.0
/usr/local/lib/libcmockery.so.0
/usr/local/lib/libcmockery.so
I tried copying the example files calculator.c and calculater_test.c to a separate directory and compile them there.
This is what I did:
gcc -c -o calculator.o calculator.c
gcc -c -o calculator_test.o calculator_test.c -I /usr/local/include/google/
gcc -o run *.o -L /usr/local/lib/
At the last step I got a lot of undefined references to all functions specific to cmockery and the error:
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
I guess I'm messing things up with the linker but I can't find anywhere how it should be done correctly.
You are missing -lcmockery:
gcc -o run *.o -L /usr/local/lib/ -lcmockery
I working on open source GHDL project for my project purpose installed ghdl-0.29-2.143svn.4.fc16.src.rpm consisting of ghdl 0.29 and gcc 4.3.4 through rpm -i and rpmbuild -ba command successfully.
In ghdl folder, I edited one ada program then I did make and make install : no errors but it creates problem changes in gcc version 4.6.3 (default) to 4.3.4 and no gcc program execution gave error:
error: C compiler cannot create executables
See `config.log' for more details."
In config.log file /usr/bin/ld: cannot find crtbegin.o: No such file or directory
/usr/bin/ld: cannot find -lgcc
/usr/bin/ld: cannot find -lgcc_s
collect2: ld returned 1 exit status
Thanks in advance
Regards
Raghu
Have you tried reinstalling glibc? That might work.