I'm confused with the terms index, key , key-value pair & element with respect to arrays in TCL or say any other programming language in general.
I know that we use index for non-associative arrays and keys for associative arrays , but don't understand why.
Can anyone help me understand the exact meaning (difference between them) and usage of these terms.
Thanks
An index is typically numeric (it's an integer, starting at zero and increasing to number of elements minus one). It identifies the element of interest by its ordinal position in the array.
A key is typically a string or object. It identifies an element in the array "by name."
An element is just an item in an array.
Keys are used for "associative arrays" because you are "associating" a key with a value. A key-value pair is simply an object that contains both a key and the value associated with that key.
(Advanced)
How you use keys and indices has performance implications. If an "associative array" is implemented with a hash table, its performance is O(1). If it's implemented with a binary tree, it is O(n log n)
Accessing an array by its index is always O(1) because finding the correct element is essentially an arithmetic problem. Finding an item in an array if you have neither an index nor a key is O(n).
The terminology can be a little confusing. What Tcl calls an array is always an associative array (implemented as a hash table), even if the keys happen to be numeric. Tcl lists are more like other languages' arrays. You read the value at position n in list l with lindex l n, where n is numeric (but a few other forms, like end are supported). As Robert Harvey points out this is a constant-time operation.
Here it says:
Arrays are useful mostly because the element indices can be computed
at run time. Among other things, this feature allows a single
iterative statement to process arbitrarily many elements of an array.
For that reason, the elements of an array data structure are required
to have the same size and should use the same data representation.
Is this still true for modern languages?
For example, Java, you can have an array of Objects or Strings, right? Each object or string can have different length. Do I misunderstand the above quote, or languages like Java implements Array differently? How?
In java all types except primitives are referenced types meaning they are a pointer to some memory location manipulated by JVM.
But there are mainly two types of programming languages, fixed-typed like Java and C++ and dynamically-typed like python and PHP. In fixed-typed languages your array should consist of the same types whether String, Object or ...
but in dynamically-typed ones there's a bit more abstraction and you can have different data types in array (I don't know the actual implementation though).
An array is a regular arrangement of data in memory. Think of an array of soldiers, all in a line, with exactly equal spacing between each man.
So they can be indexed by lookup from a base address. But all items have to be the same size. So if they are not, you store pointers or references to make them the same size. All languages use that underlying structure, except for what are sometimes called "associative arrays", indexed by key (strings usually), where you have what is called a hash table. Essentially the hash function converts the key into an array index, with a fix-up to resolve collisions.
What is the difference between the following two syntaxes in go?
x := [...]int{ 1:1, 2:2 }
x := []int{ 1:1, 2:2 }
Go's document says "The notation ... specifies an array length equal to the maximum element index plus one". But both the above syntaxes gives same lenght (3).
Is there a name for this operator "..."?
Didn't find a way to search this operator in google.
The first line creates an array using an array literal, its length computed automatically by the compiler. It is detailed in the Composite literals section of the Language Specification.
The notation ... specifies an array length equal to the maximum element index plus one.
Note: this is not to be confused with the ... used to specify variadic parameters or to pass slices as their values. It is detailed in the Function types section of the spec.
The second line uses a slice literal and will result in a slice. Note that under the hood an array will also be created, but that is opaque.
What is the proper term for the type of array that does not contain textual keys?
That is to say
$my_array[0], $my_array[1] etc. vs $my_array['some-key']
An 'indexed' array? Is there even such a term for this type?
It is simply an array, the associative array you are referring to is a language implementation that will use a different underlying data structure and is not even possible in C. By definition when you are referring to an array by index that is all it is.
In computer science, an array data structure or simply array is a data
structure consisting of a collection of elements (values or
variables), each identified by at least one index.
-Wikipedia
Numerical? Numerically Indexed? I don't think there's an agreed upon term. When you retrieve a php array it can be "ASSOC" for associative or "NUM" for numerical. So that's what I'm guess, someone should know what you mean if you used either of those.
a numerically indexed array: here
I think it's just an array, but w3schools.com uses the term "Numeric Arrays", which would clear up any ambiguity between the two types.
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Arrays, What’s the point?
I tried to ask this question before in What is the difference between an array and a list? but my question was closed before reaching a conclusive answer (more about that).
I'm trying to understand what is really meant by the word "array" in computer science. I am trying to reach an answer not have a discussion as per the spirit of this website. What I'm asking is language agnostic but you may draw on your knowledge of what arrays are/do in various languages that you've used.
Ways of thinking about this question:
Imagine you're designing a new programming language and you decide to implement arrays in it; what does that mean they do? What will the properties and capabilities of those things be. If it depends on the type of language, how so?
What makes an array an array?
When is an array not an array? When it is, for example, a list, vector, table, map, or collection?
It's possible there isn't one precise definition of what an array is, if that is the case then are there any standard or near-standard assumptions or what an array is? Are there any common areas at least? Maybe there are several definitions, if that is the case I'm looking for the most precision in each of them.
Language examples:
(Correct me if I'm wrong on any of these).
C arrays are contiguous blocks of memory of a single type that can be traversed using pointer arithmetic or accessed at a specific offset point. They have a fixed size.
Arrays in JavaScript, Ruby, and PHP, have a variable size and can store an object/scalar of any type they can also grow or have elements removed from them.
PHP arrays come in two types: numeric and associative. Associative arrays have elements that are stored and retrieved with string keys. Numeric arrays have elements that are stored and retrieved with integers. Interestingly if you have: $eg = array('a', 'b', 'c') and you unset($eg[1]) you still retrieve 'c' with $eg[2], only now $eg[1] is undefined. (You can call array_values() to re-index the array). You can also mix string and integer keys.
At this stage of sort of suspecting that C arrays are the only true array here and that strictly-speaking for an array to be an array it has to have all the characteristics I mention in that first bullet point. If that's the case then — again these are suspicions that I'm looking to have confirmed or rejected — arrays in JS and Ruby are actually vectors, and PHP arrays are probably tables of some kind.
Final note: I've made this community wiki so if answers need to be edited a few times in lieu of comments, go ahead and do that. Consensus is in order here.
It is, or should be, all about abstraction
There is actually a good question hidden in there, a really good one, and it brings up a language pet peeve I have had for a long time.
And it's getting worse, not better.
OK: there is something lowly and widely disrespected Fortran got right that my favorite languages like Ruby still get wrong: they use different syntax for function calls, arrays, and attributes. Exactly how abstract is that? In fortran function(1) has the same syntax as array(1), so you can change one to the other without altering the program. (I know, not for assignments, and in the case of Fortran it was probably an accident of goofy punch card character sets and not anything deliberate.)
The point is, I'm really not sure that x.y, x[y], and x(y) should have different syntax. What is the benefit of attaching a particular abstraction to a specific syntax? To make more jobs for IDE programmers working on refactoring transformations?
Having said all that, it's easy to define array. In its first normal form, it's a contiguous sequence of elements in memory accessed via a numeric offset and using a language-specific syntax. In higher normal forms it is an attribute of an object that responds to a typically-numeric message.
array |əˈrā|
noun
1 an impressive display or range of a particular type of thing : there is a vast array of literature on the topic | a bewildering array of choices.
2 an ordered arrangement, in particular
an arrangement of troops.
Mathematics: an arrangement of quantities or symbols in rows and columns; a matrix.
Computing: an ordered set of related elements.
Law: a list of jurors empaneled.
3 poetic/literary elaborate or beautiful clothing : he was clothed in fine array.
verb
[ trans. ] (usu. be arrayed) display or arrange (things) in a particular way : arrayed across the table was a buffet | the forces arrayed against him.
[ trans. ] (usu. be arrayed in) dress someone in (the clothes specified) : they were arrayed in Hungarian national dress.
[ trans. ] Law empanel (a jury).
ORIGIN Middle English (in the senses [preparedness] and [place in readiness] ): from Old French arei (noun), areer (verb), based on Latin ad- ‘toward’ + a Germanic base meaning ‘prepare.’
From FOLDOC:
array
1. <programming> A collection of identically typed data items
distinguished by their indices (or "subscripts"). The number
of dimensions an array can have depends on the language but is
usually unlimited.
An array is a kind of aggregate data type. A single
ordinary variable (a "scalar") could be considered as a
zero-dimensional array. A one-dimensional array is also known
as a "vector".
A reference to an array element is written something like
A[i,j,k] where A is the array name and i, j and k are the
indices. The C language is peculiar in that each index is
written in separate brackets, e.g. A[i][j][k]. This expresses
the fact that, in C, an N-dimensional array is actually a
vector, each of whose elements is an N-1 dimensional array.
Elements of an array are usually stored contiguously.
Languages differ as to whether the leftmost or rightmost index
varies most rapidly, i.e. whether each row is stored
contiguously or each column (for a 2D array).
Arrays are appropriate for storing data which must be accessed
in an unpredictable order, in contrast to lists which are
best when accessed sequentially. Array indices are
integers, usually natural numbers, whereas the elements of
an associative array are identified by strings.
2. <architecture> A processor array, not to be confused with
an array processor.
Also note that in some languages, when they say "array" they actually mean "associative array":
associative array
<programming> (Or "hash", "map", "dictionary") An array
where the indices are not just integers but may be
arbitrary strings.
awk and its descendants (e.g. Perl) have associative
arrays which are implemented using hash coding for faster
look-up.
If you ignore how programming languages model arrays and lists, and ignore the implementation details (and consequent performance characteristics) of the abstractions, then the concepts of array and list are indistinguishable.
If you introduce implementation details (still independent of programming language) you can compare data structures like linked lists, array lists, regular arrays, sparse arrays and so on. But then you are not longer comparing arrays and lists per se.
The way I see it, you can only talk about a distinction between arrays and lists in the context of a programming language. And of course you are then talking about arrays and lists as supported by that language. You cannot generalize to any other language.
In short, I think this question is based on a false premise, and has no useful answer.
EDIT: in response to Ollie's comments:
I'm not saying that it is not useful to use the words "array" and "list". What I'm saying is the words do not and cannot have precise and distinct definitions ... except in the context of a specific programming language. While you would like the two words to have distinct meaning, it is a fact that they don't. Just take a look at the way the words are actually used. Furthermore, trying to impose a new set of definitions on the world is doomed to fail.
My point about implementation is that when we compare and contrast the different implementations of arrays and lists, we are doing just that. I'm not saying that it is not a useful thing to do. What I am saying is that when we compare and contrast the various implementations we should not get all hung up about whether we call them arrays or lists or whatever. Rather we should use terms that we can agree on ... or not use terms at all.
To me, "array" means "ordered collection of things that is probably efficiently indexable" and "list" means "ordered collection of things that may be efficiently indexable". But there are examples of both arrays and lists that go against the trend; e.g. PHP arrays on the one hand, and Java ArrayLists on the other hand. So if I want to be precise ... in a language-agnostic context, I have to talk about "C-like arrays" or "linked lists" or some other terminology that makes it clear what data structure I really mean. The terms "array" and "list" are of no use if I want to be clear.
An array is an ordered collection of data items indexed by integer. It is not possible to be certain of anything more. Vote for this answer you believe this is the only reasonable outcome of this question.
An array:
is a finite collection of elements
the elements are ordered, and this is their only structure
elements of the same type
supported efficient random access
has no expectation of efficient insertions
may or may not support append
(1) differentiates arrays from things like iterators or generators. (2) differentiates arrays from sets. (3) differentiates arrays from things like tuples where you get an int and a string. (4) differentiates arrays from other types of lists. Maybe it's not always true, but a programmer's expectation is that random access is constant time. (5) and (6) are just there to deny additional requirements.
I would argue that a real array stores values in contiguous memory. Anything else is only called an array because it can be used like array, but they aren't really ("arrays" in PHP are definately not actual arrays (non-associative)). Vectors and such are extensions of arrays, adding additional functionality.
an array is a container, and the objects it holds have no any relationships except the order; the objects are stored in a continuous space abstractly (high level, of course low level may continuous too), so you could access them by slot[x,y,z...].
for example, per array[2,3,5,7,1], you could get 5 using slot[2] (slot[3] in some languages).
for a list, a container too, each object (well, each object-holder exactly such as slot or node) it holds has indicators which "point" to other object(s) and this is the main relationship; in general both high or low level the space is not continuous, but may be continuous; so accessing by slot[x,y,z...] is not recommended.
for example, per |-2-3-5-7-1-|, you need to do a travel from first object to 3rd one to get 5.