Currently writing a basic shell that handles signal interrupt with variety of other functions.
int numberOfCommands = 0;
int signalHandlerFired = 0;
char history[HISTORY_DEPTH][COMMAND_LENGTH];
void handle_SIGINT(){
writeHistory();
signalHandlerFired = 1;
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
char input_buffer[COMMAND_LENGTH];
char *tokens[NUM_TOKENS];
char cwd[COMMAND_LENGTH];
struct sigaction handler;
handler.sa_handler = handle_SIGINT;
sigaction(SIGINT, &handler, NULL);
while (true) {
signalHandlerFired = 0;
getcwd(cwd, sizeof(cwd));
write(STDOUT_FILENO, cwd, strlen(cwd));
write(STDOUT_FILENO, "> ", strlen("> "));
_Bool in_background = false;
read_command(input_buffer, tokens, &in_background);
if (signalHandlerFired == 1) {
continue;
}
char exclamationCommand[2];
exclamationCommand[0] = tokens[0][0];
exclamationCommand[1] = '\0';
char* hcNumber = &tokens[0][1];
if (strcmp(&exclamationCommand[0], "!") == 0) {
if (atoi(hcNumber) == 0) {
} else {
retrieveHistory(hcNumber, numberOfCommands, input_buffer, tokens, in_background);
}
continue;
}
insertHistory(&numberOfCommands, input_buffer, tokens);
//exit
if (strcmp(tokens[0], "exit") == 0) {
exit(0);
}
//pwd
if (strcmp(tokens[0], "pwd") == 0) {
getcwd(cwd, sizeof(cwd));
write(STDOUT_FILENO, cwd, strlen(cwd));
write(STDOUT_FILENO, "\n", strlen("\n"));
continue;
}
//cd
if (strcmp(tokens[0], "cd") == 0) {
int dcSuccess = chdir(tokens[1]);
if (dcSuccess == -1) {
write(STDOUT_FILENO, "Invalid Directory", strlen("Invalid Directory"));
write(STDOUT_FILENO, "\n", strlen("\n"));
}
continue;
}
//history
if (strcmp(tokens[0], "history") == 0) {
writeHistory(tokens[0]);
}
executeCommand(numberOfCommands, input_buffer, tokens, in_background);
}
return 0;
}
In the while loop in main() which gets inputs from the command line and does processing depending on the type of command entered, the signal handler will run twice or more depending on...is what I don't know.
The purpose of SIGINT [Ctrl+C] interrupt is to display the command history. This works fine if i run it once, but after..
/home/ahn/> ls
Token: ls
a.out Makefile.txt~ shell shell.c~ shellsample.c~
Makefile mystring_sol.c shell.c shell.o
/home/ahn/> ^C
History:
1 ls
---------------Second Run
/home/ahn/> ks
Token: ks
Unknown Command
/home/ahn/> ^C
History:
Number Of Commands: 2
1 ls
2 ks
/home/ahn/>
History:
Number Of Commands: 2
1 ls
2 ks
/home/ahn/>
I think I don't have a clear understanding when interrupts happen, at which point in the program is returning too. Moreover, I have no idea why it is running twice. I will provide any function definitions if needed.
Also, the char ks comes out corrupted. Full core here if needed.
Related
Before I start, I just want to say that this is for a school assignment of mine. I'm really close to finishing, except well, since I'm here, obvious to say, I'm stuck on a problem :(.
First of I'll explain what my assignment wants:
The assignment wants me to create a command-line program in C that allows the user to type in N number of /bin/ commands (E.g. > /bin/ps /bin/ls "/bin/which gcc"). Once the user enters the command and hits the enter key, the parent process (the parent process is the program) will create N child processes (i.e. no. of /bin/ commands entered = no. of child processes parent process will create). Each child will run one of the N commands. All the children will be running concurrently, with the parent waiting for each child to terminate.
Once a child terminates, the parent will print whether the command executed successfully or not (E.g. "Command /bin/ps has completed successfully" or "Command /bin/ps has not completed successfully") and once all children have been terminated, the parent will print "All done, bye!"
The issue:
So I've managed to get my child processes to run concurrently, the only issue is that I'm not sure how to pipe the value of the command (like /bin/ps or /bin/which gcc) from the child process to the parent process to print out the success or not message. I've tried putting the write pipe above my execv which allows me to pipe what I want but the execv won't output anything and I can't put my pipe code below my execv because in that case, then while my execv output will show, my pipe won't. I did think that it might be due to close(1) but commenting that out didn't change the result.
So what I am trying to achieve is something like this:
> /bin/ls "/bin/which gcc" /bin/domainname /bin/fake_command
Output:
/usr/bin/gcc
localdomain
Command /bin/which gcc has completed successfully
Command /bin/domainname has completed successfully
a.txt b.c
Command /bin/ls has completed successfully
Command /bin/fake_command has not completed successfully
All done, bye!
>
But right now, I'm getting:
> /bin/ls "/bin/which gcc" /bin/domainname /bin/fake_command
Output:
Command /bin/which gcc has completed successfully
Command /bin/domainname has completed successfully
Command /bin/ls has completed successfully
Command /bin/fake_command has not completed successfully
>
As you can see, my execv output for the /bin/ commands aren't shown in the output.
I've tried searching SO for people who faced this similar issue as me but none of their solutions managed to work for me which is why I'm asking here. If there's anything you're not clear about, please let me know and I will try my best to explain.
The code:
q1.c
#include "q1.h"
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int
child_status,
pipe_array[2];
pid_t child;
char *success_or_fail;
char *msg_buffer = malloc(CHAR_MAX);
if (msg_buffer == NULL)
{
return -1;
}
struct timespec tw = {.tv_sec = 0, .tv_nsec = 10000000L};
Tuple *process_tuple;
size_t tuple_size = sizeof(*process_tuple) + sizeof(pid_t) + sizeof(char *);
process_tuple = calloc(argc, tuple_size);
if (process_tuple == NULL)
{
return -1;
}
// if (pipe(pipe_array) == -1)
// {
// perror("pipe: ");
// return -1;
// }
for (int j = 1; j < argc; j++)
{
child = fork();
if (child == 0)
{
int
executed,
num_of_words,
num_of_chars;
char
string[strlen(argv[j]) + 1],
*backup = argv[j];
snprintf(string, sizeof(string), "%s", argv[j]);
num_of_chars = get_num_of_chars(string);
num_of_words = get_num_of_words(string);
char *command[num_of_chars + 1];
preparing_the_command(num_of_words, string, command);
// close(pipe_array[0]);
// close(1);
// dup2(pipe_array[1], STDOUT_FILENO);
// write(pipe_array[1], backup, sizeof(backup));
process_tuple[j - 1].pid = getpid();
process_tuple[j - 1].command = backup;
printf(" %i-PID -> %i\n %i-Command -> %s\n\n", process_tuple[j - 1].pid, process_tuple[j - 1].pid, process_tuple[j - 1].pid, process_tuple[j - 1].command);
executed = execv(command[0], command);
nanosleep(&tw, 0);
if (executed == -1)
{
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
else
{
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
}
else if (child == -1)
{
perror("fork() failed: ");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
}
printf(" PID -> %i\n Command -> %s\n\n", process_tuple[0].pid, process_tuple[0].command);
// while ((child = waitpid(-1, &child_status, 0)) != -1)
// {
// for (int o = 0; o < argc; o++)
// {
// printf(" PID -> %i\n Command -> %s\n\n", process_tuple[o].pid, process_tuple[o].command);
// }
// close(0);
// close(pipe_array[1]);
//
// dup2(pipe_array[0], STDIN_FILENO);
// char *recipient;
//
// read(pipe_array[0], recipient, sizeof(recipient));
// if (!(WIFEXITED(child_status) && (WEXITSTATUS(child_status) == 0)))
// {
// success_or_fail = "not completed successfully";
// }
// else
// {
// success_or_fail = "completed successfully";
// }
// snprintf(msg_buffer, CHAR_MAX, "Command %s has %s\n", recipient, success_or_fail);
// fputs(msg_buffer, stdout);
// }
fputs("All done, bye!\n", stdout);
free(msg_buffer);
return 0;
}
int get_num_of_chars(const char string[])
{
int
i = 0,
num_of_chars = 0;
while (string[i++] != '\0')
{
if (string[i] != ' ' && string[i] != '\t')
{
num_of_chars++;
}
}
return num_of_chars;
}
int get_num_of_words(const char string[])
{
int
i = 0,
num_of_words = 0;
bool is_not_separator = false;
while (string[i++] != '\0')
{
if (string[i] == ' ' || string[i] == '\t')
{
is_not_separator = false;
}
else if (!is_not_separator)
{
is_not_separator = true;
num_of_words++;
}
}
return num_of_words;
}
void preparing_the_command(int num_of_words, char string[], char *command[])
{
char *token;
for (int j = 0; j < num_of_words && (token = strtok_r(string, " ", &string)); j++)
{
command[j] = token;
}
command[num_of_words] = (void *) NULL;
}
q1.h
#ifndef ASSIGNMENT2Q1_Q1_H
#define ASSIGNMENT2Q1_Q1_H
/***************
** LIBRARIES **
***************/
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <limits.h>
/*************
** STRUCTS **
*************/
typedef struct
{
pid_t pid;
char *command;
} Tuple;
/*************************
** FUNCTION PROTOTYPES **
*************************/
int get_num_of_chars(const char string[]);
int get_num_of_words(const char string[]);
void preparing_the_command(int num_of_words, char string[], char *command[]);
#endif //ASSIGNMENT2Q1_Q1_H
EDIT: I have made the info here more specific and executed some recommendations from the comments.
I have a shell written in C that works like a charm when used. However, I have some tests written for a function called pipe_exec that causes a bus error. I thought it was originally from strtok in my split function (and it may still be).
The pipe_exec func basically deals with commands with pipes like ls -a | wc -l or something. It always works fine when I'm using the actual shell but with the tests, there's always a bus error if there are any flags involved with the piped commands.
The issue could jut be with my test.
But I have no clue what the issue is. It's tracing back to the strtok in my split function, but it only has a bus issue with the tests and never in any actual equivalent situations.
Any help here is appreciated. Sorry for so much code to look at.
shell_exec_tests.c
static char *args1[20] = {"ls ", " wc"}; // works
static char *args2[20] = {"ls -a", "wc -l"}; // causes bus error
static int a = 0;
static int b = 0;
void test_setup(void)
{
a = pipe_exec(args1);
b = pipe_exec(args2);
}
void test_teardown(void)
{
// nothing
}
MU_TEST(test_check)
{
mu_check(a == EXIT_SUCCESS);
mu_check(b == EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
MU_TEST_SUITE(test_suite)
{
MU_SUITE_CONFIGURE(&test_setup, &test_teardown);
MU_RUN_TEST(test_check);
}
int main()
{
MU_RUN_SUITE(test_suite);
MU_REPORT();
return MU_EXIT_CODE;
}
pipe_exec.c
// make_proc: determine if a process goes to stdout or takes in data from stdin
void make_proc(int in, int out, char **cmd)
{
pid_t rc;
int status;
rc = fork();
if (rc < 0) {
perror("fork");
exit(1);
}
if (rc == 0) {
if (in != STDIN_FILENO) {
dup2(in, STDIN_FILENO);
close(in);
}
if (out != STDOUT_FILENO) {
dup2(out, STDOUT_FILENO);
close(out);
}
execvp(*cmd, cmd);
errmsg(*cmd);
exit(1);
}
waitpid(rc, &status, WUNTRACED);
return;
}
// pipe_exec: loop through each command, connecting each through a pipe
int pipe_exec(char **args)
{
int in, status, return_val;
int pipe_no; // keep track of no. of cmds seperated by pipes
int pfd[2];
pid_t rc;
char **cmd;
return_val = EXIT_SUCCESS;
in = 0;
pipe_no = 0;
while (*args) {
cmd = split(*args, " \t\r\n");
if (!args[1]) {
break;
}
if (pipe(pfd) < 0) {
perror("pipe");
}
make_proc(in, pfd[1], cmd);
close(pfd[1]);
in = pfd[0];
args++;
pipe_no++;
}
// move pointer back
args -= pipe_no;
rc = fork();
if (rc < 0) {
perror("fork");
exit(1);
}
if (rc == 0) {
if (in != 0) dup2(in, STDIN_FILENO);
execvp(*cmd, cmd);
errmsg(*cmd);
return_val = EXIT_FAILURE;
exit(1);
}
waitpid(rc, &status, WUNTRACED);
// pretty sure i need a pipe to get the EXIT_FAILURE from
// the child if the child fails, but for now im just working
// on finding that bus error issue
return return_val;
}
And lastly, my split function:
// trim: trim leading and trailing whitespace on a string
static char *trim(char *str)
{
char *end;
// Trim leading space
while(isspace((unsigned char)*str)) str++;
if(*str == 0) // All spaces?
return str;
// Trim trailing space
end = str + strlen(str) - 1;
while(end > str && isspace((unsigned char)*end)) end--;
// Write new null terminator character
end[1] = '\0';
return str;
}
// split: take a string and break it up into an array of strings based on delim
char **split(char *s, const char *delim)
{
char **split_s;
char *token;
size_t len;
int i;
len = strlen(s);
split_s = calloc(len*2, sizeof(char*));
if (split_s == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, "split: could not allocate memory\n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
i = 0;
token = strtok(s, delim);
while (token != NULL) {
split_s[i] = trim(token);
token = strtok(NULL, delim);
i++;
}
split_s[i] = NULL;
return split_s;
}
1) I can't use some commands in this code, such as : cat somefile.txt > somefile2.txt
also I can't use : cat somefile.txt | less
2) When I use commands like : ( cd ../) (cd ./Desktop) and then I want to exit the program, I need to execute exit commands more than one time: ie "if I use 3 cd command, I will need 3 exit commands to end the program"
#define MAX_ARGS 5
// Global Declarations
// Mini Functions
void remove_new_line_char(char line[])
{
int i=0;
while(line[i]!= '\n')
i++;
line[i] = '\0';
}
// Grand Functions
int read_line(char line[])
{
fgets(line, 10000, stdin); // File Get String
remove_new_line_char(line); // Remove New Line Charactere
if (strlen(line) > 512)
{
fprintf(stderr,"The Command exceeded available line length\n");
return 0;
}
if (strcmp(line, "exit") == 0)
exit(0);
return 1;
}
int parse_line(char* args[], char line[])
{
int i=0;
args[i] = strtok(line, " ");
if(args[i] == NULL)
{
printf("Command Line is Empty!\n");
return -1;
}
while (args[i] != NULL)
{
int flag = 0;
if(strcmp(args[i],"&") == 0)
flag = 1;
i++;
args[i] = strtok(NULL, " "); // NULL maintains a static pointer to the previously passed string.
if (args[i] == NULL && flag == 1)
{
args[i-1] = NULL; // Remove & From Argument List and Set Background Flag.
return 1;
}
}
return 0;
}
// Main
int main()
{
char* args[MAX_ARGS]; // Array of Strings
char line[10000]; // String
while(1)
{
printf("Shell> ");
if(read_line(line) == 1) // No Errors
{
int background = parse_line(args, line);
if(background != -1) // Command Line isn't Empty
{
// Fork and Execute
pid_t child_pid = fork();
if(child_pid == 0) // Child
{
if (strcmp(args[0], "cd") == 0 && args[1]!= NULL && args[2] == NULL) // Special Handling For CD
{
//printf("%s\n",args[2]);
int check = chdir(args[1]);
if(check == -1)
fprintf(stderr, "Invalid Directory\n");
}
// Handle if args[1]== NULL, Don't even execvp()
else // Other Functions
{
execvp(args[0], args); // args[0] is actually the command.
fprintf(stderr,"an error occured in execution\n%s\n",strerror(errno));
//fprintf(stderr,"Invalid Instruction\n");
}
}
else // Parent
{
if(background == 0)
waitpid(child_pid, 0);
wait(1000);
}
}
}
}
return 0;
}
I suspect that I can't use any command that has characters like: > < |
Thanks in advance
1) i can't use some commands in this code as : cat somefile.txt > somefile2.txt also i can't use : cat somefile.txt | less
In the standard shell, the > and | are operators interpreted by the shell, not arguments to the command. Since in this case the shell is your program itself, if you must support those operators then you'll need to implement the appropriate redirections yourself. Refer to open(), pipe(), and dup2(), and for the pipe case you'll also need judicious application of close().
2)when i use commands like : ( cd ../) (cd ./Desktop) and then i want to exit the program, i need to execute exit command more than one time "if i use 3 cd command i will need 3 exit command to end the program"
In the special case of the cd command, you fork and then change directory in the child process, but the child does not terminate or exec another process. That leaves you with two copies of your shell running. You need to exit both before control returns to whatever process launched your program. Possibly in that case you want to instead execute chdir without forking (or waiting for a child).
Hi i would like to get suggestions as to getting output from a script which i am supposed to execute from an excl call:
void getCurrentFSLSMode(char* const in_fsls_directory, enum Mode* out_mode) {
int link[2];
pid_t pid;
char buffer[MAX_PATH_STR_LENGTH];
char command_buffer[MAX_COMMAND_STR_LENGTH];
char script_name[] = "/scpt.sh\0";
if (pipe(link)==-1)
printf("pipe");
if ((pid = fork()) == -1)
printf("fork");
if(pid == 0) {
dup2 (link[1], STDOUT_FILENO);
close(link[0]);
close(link[1]);
command_buffer[0] = '\0';
strcat(command_buffer, in_fsls_directory);
strcat(command_buffer, script_name);
printf("%s\n", command_buffer);
execl("/bin/sh", "sh", command_buffer, (char *)0);
} else {
close(link[1]);
int nbytes = read(link[0], buffer, sizeof(buffer));
buffer[nbytes - 1] = '\0';
// LAZY COMPARISON
// not algorithm name, it's just what im doing.
//
printf("DBG : %s %d\n", buffer, nbytes);
if (buffer[0] == 'G') {
*out_mode = K;
} else if (buffer[0] == 'K') {
*out_mode = G;
} else {
*out_mode = CLEARED;
}
wait(NULL);
}
}
if i use the same code on running a binary, i am able to read out its output,
however, when i try to execute a script such as the one above, i am only able to read the command issued.
example:
excl("binary command to run");
read(output)
output == "correct output"
but if
excl("shell script to run");
read(output)
output == "shell script to run"
why is this?
I have an assignment for school where I have to create a shell which can do the following:
read incoming command, parse each part of command
fork child process and execute each command without (< > >> |)
successfully execute each command with <, >, >>
successfully execute each command with |
I am seriously lost... I am new to shell and I have no clue on what to do from here.
My code gives me an error stating segmentation fault (core dumped). Any and all help will be greatly appreciated.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define MAX_ARG 10
int main()
{
char line [256];
char prompt[] = "sh2 % ";
char command[256], *args[MAX_ARG];
int pid;
char status;
int i;
/* spit out the prompt */
printf("%s", prompt );
while( fgets(line, sizeof line, stdin) != NULL)
{
/* fgets leaves '\n' in input buffer. ditch it */
line [strlen(line)-1] = '\0';
while (line != NULL)
{
//parse command and arg
args[0] = strtok(line, " "); //grab command
for (i=1; i<MAX_ARG; i++) //grab arguments, to assume max = 10?
{
//if a single command with arguments then set command & argument
//for (i>0)
{
// check to see if the command is 'exit'
if(!strcmp("exit", args[i]))
{
exit(0);
}
{
int p[2];
pipe(p)
if (fork() == 0) //child
{
close (0);
dup(p[0]);
exec("cmd2");
}
else
{
close(1);
close(p[0]);
close(p[1]);
dup(p[1]);
exec("cmd1");
}
close(0);
open("stdout.txt", "r");
if (fork()== 0)
{
exec("cmd3");
}
}
else if (!strcmp(">", args[i]))
open("stderr.txt". "w")
if (fork() == 0)
{
exec("cmd1");
}
}
else if (!strcmp(">>", args[i]))
{
close(1);
open("stdout_stderr.txt", "w");
if (fork() == 0)
{
close(2);
dup(1);
exec("cmd2");
}
}
else
{
pid = fork();
if (pid == 0)
{
status = execvp(command,args);
exit(0);
}
else
{
waitpid(-1);
}
}
}
}
}
}
return 0;
}
You have quite a few things wrong in your program, so it's hard to point to one line and say change this. I think you are trying to do too much at once and not building on a solid base.
In programming you want to start small and build on your progress, your professor did you a favor by lining up the steps:
read incoming command, parse each part of command
fork child process
and execute each command without (< > >> |)
successfully execute
each command with <, >, >>
successfully execute each command with |
Try to get #1 working befor moving on to #2 and as mentioned before using functions is going to help a lot. I would suggest looking at this post http://bytes.com/topic/c/answers/215994-writing-shell-c which will give you a simple shell you could model from. Here is a baseline parser to get you started on #1 (based on the post mentioned)
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
char line[4096] = {0};
char safeline[4096] = {0};
int done = 0;
int i = 0;
char *s = line;
char **t = NULL;
char *prompt = ">";
char *args = NULL;
char *nl = NULL;
int main(void)
{
while(!done)
{
printf("%s", prompt);
fflush(stdout);
if(NULL == fgets(line, sizeof line, stdin))
{
t = NULL;
done = 1;
}
else
{
nl = strchr(line, '\n');
if(nl != NULL)
{
*nl = '\0';
strcpy(safeline, line);
}
else
{
int ch;
printf("Line too long! Ignored.\n");
while((ch = getchar()) != '\n' && ch != EOF)
{
continue;
}
if(ch == EOF)
{
done = 1;
}
}
args = strchr(line, ' ');
if(args != NULL)
{
*args++ = '\0';
}
if(!done)
{
printf("command - %s : args - %s\n",s, args);
}
}
}
}