I am new to sql server.
I have a query that retrieves the desired data from various tables.
The result looks like this with other columns, that contain things like name, removed for simplicity.
id xvalue
1 x
1 y
1 z
2 x
2 y
2 z
3 x
3 y
3 z
I would like to wrap the query with a select to concatenate the result set into an new result set like this.
id xvalue
1 x,y,z
2 x,y,z
3 x,y,z
I have tried to figure out how use the for xml path option and cannot seem to find the
correct syntax.
We have two tables in SQL one with columns (id,mdf,hist) another table with columns (id,hist). First table called historial, second table is resultado. Then we need to concat hist column when the mfn is the same and copy the result to the column hist in resultado table.
DECLARE #iterator INT
SET #iterator = 1
WHILE (#iterator < 100) /* Number of rows */
BEGIN
DECLARE #ListaIncidencias VARCHAR(MAX) = ''
SELECT #ListaIncidencias = #ListaIncidencias + ';' + p.hist
FROM historial p WHERE mfn = #iterator
SET #ListaIncidencias = SUBSTRING(#ListaIncidencias,2,LEN(#ListaIncidencias))
SELECT #ListaIncidencias as 'Incidencias'
INSERT INTO resultado(hist) VALUES(#ListaIncidencias) /* Insert results in new table */
SET #iterator = #iterator + 1
END
Try this
CREATE TABLE #Tmp
(
id INT ,
xValue VARCHAR(10)
)
INSERT INTO #Tmp VALUES ( 1, 'x' )
INSERT INTO #Tmp VALUES ( 1, 'y' )
INSERT INTO #Tmp VALUES ( 1, 'Z' )
INSERT INTO #Tmp VALUES ( 2, 'A' )
INSERT INTO #Tmp VALUES ( 2, 'B' )
SELECT id ,
( STUFF(( SELECT DISTINCT
',' + CAST(xValue AS VARCHAR(20))
FROM #Tmp
WHERE id = t.id
FOR
XML PATH('')
), 1, 1, '') ) AS Data
FROM #Tmp t
GROUP BY id
Something like this should do the trick for you. SQL Server should really just have an easy syntax for this. But it'll give you a comma and space separated list of the xValues.
SELECT id
,STUFF(
(SELECT DISTINCT
', ' + t.xvalue
FROM tableName t
WHERE t.id = t1.id
ORDER BY ', ' + t.xvalue
FOR XML PATH(''), TYPE
).value('.','varchar(max)')
,1,2, ''
) AS xvalue
FROM tableName t1
GROUP BY id
select id,Ids=Stuff((SELECT ',' + xvalue FROM t t1 WHERE t1.id=t.id
FOR XML PATH (''))
, 1, 1, '' )
from t
GROUP BY id
FIDDLE
There is very new functionality in Azure SQL Database and SQL Server 2016 to handle this exact scenario. Example:
select id, STRING_AGG(xvalue, ',') as xvalue
from some_table
group by id
STRING_AGG - https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/mt790580.aspx
Related
I am building a query where I will need a UNPIVOT on dynamic columns. (abcd are example string name)
data1 data2 com fr random
1 2 a d sq
3 4 b a fd
UNPIVOT like so :
data1 data2 Name Website random
1 2 a com sq
1 2 d fr sq
3 4 b com fd
3 4 a fr fd
The matter here is for building my First table I use dynamic SQL (#QueryFinal) because of the column.
Here is my UNPIVOT dynamic Query
'SELECT data1, data2, Name, Website
FROM '+#QueryFinal+'
UNPIVOT (
Name FOR Website in ('+#WebsiteCol+')
) f;'
In my #QueryFinal I have a WHERE .... ORDER BY, it seems like the UNPIVOT can't handle it.
When I delete the WHERE and ORDER BY clause I get the error :
Incorrect syntax near the keyword 'UNPIVOT'.
Try the following dynamic-pivot:
--drop table if exists unpivottest
create table unpivotTest (data1 int, data2 int, com char(1), fr char(1))
insert into unpivotTest
select 1, 2, 'a' , 'd' union all
select 3, 4, 'b', 'a'
select * from unpivotTest
declare #colsunpivot as nvarchar(max),
#query as nvarchar(max)
select #colsunpivot = stuff((select ','+ quotename(c.name)
from sys.columns c
where c.object_id = object_id('dbo.unpivottest') and c.name not like '%data%'
for xml path('')), 1, 1, '')
set #query
= 'select data1, data2, name, website
from unpivottest
-- you cannot do the ordering here
unpivot
(
name
for website in ('+ #colsunpivot +')
) u
where data1 = 1 -- here you can use your where clause
order by data1' -- here you can do the ordering by any col
--print #query
exec sp_executesql #query;
Check a working demo here.
Even if it isn't the same column name as in the example here is the final Query built thanks for the help. I put the WHERE clause in the first SELECT and the ORDER BY in the UNPIVOT
DECLARE #QueryFinal VARCHAR(max) = #Query + #QueryBis + '
from #CALENDAR_FINAL temp
LEFT JOIN #BURSTS b on b.bur_id = temp.bur_id
LEFT JOIN digital_calendar_status dcs ON dcs.dcs_date = temp.[Date] AND dcs.dif_id = '+convert(varchar(2),#FormatId)+'
LEFT JOIN digital_calendar_event dce ON dce.dce_date = temp.[Date]
WHERE '+#ConditionConflict+#ConditionIcon+#ConditionDate
DECLARE #Pivot VARCHAR(2000)='
SELECT
DateStr, f.Conflict, f.dcs_id, f.Status, f.Website, f.Advertiser, f.Comment, f.EventName, f.EventIcone
FROM ('+#QueryFinal+') AS a
UNPIVOT
(
Advertiser
FOR Website IN ('+#WebsiteCol+')
) f
ORDER BY Date;
'
I have the following two tables
TableA Table B
id bid bname btitle
---- ------------------------------
1 1 john titlejohn
2 1 william titlewilliam
3 1 george titlegeorge
2 bill titlebill
3 kyle titlekyle
3 seb titleseb
I need a query in SQL Server which displays the following output:
id name title
1 john,william,george titlejohn,titlewilliam,titlegeorgw
2 bill titlebill
3 kyle,seb titlekyle,titleseb
Please help.
select id, name = stuff(n.name, 1, 1, ''), title = stuff(t.title, 1, 1, '')
from TableA a
outer apply
(
select ',' + bname
from TableB x
where x.bid = a.id
for xml path('')
) n (name)
outer apply
(
select ',' + btitle
from TableB x
where x.bid = a.id
for xml path('')
) t (title)
Here's one solution. It only handles bname but you can extend it to handle btitle. Concatenating column values for a given key is not a natural thing in SQL so you need a trick to loop through the table extracting each row with same key. The trick is to create a memory table with an identity column (n say) which autoincrements on each insert. You can loop through then, picking n=1, then n=2, etc to build up the string.
create function tbl_join_name( #id int)
returns varchar(max)
as
begin
declare #tbl table (n int identity(1,1), name varchar(max), title varchar(max))
insert #tbl( name, title )
select bname, btitle from TableB where bid = #id
declare #n int = 1, #name varchar(max) = '', #count int = (select count(*) from #tbl)
while #n <= #count begin
set #name = #name + (case #name when '' then '' else ',' end) + (select name from #tbl where n = #n)
set #n = #n + 1
end
return #name
end
go
select id, tbl_join_name(id) as bname --, tbl_join_title(id) as btitle
from TableA
It's not very efficient, though. Tested with Sql Server 2008 R2.
Another way:
SELECT A.id,
STUFF((SELECT ','+bname
FROM TableB B
WHERE B.bid = A.id
FOR XML PATH('')),1,1,'') as name,
STUFF((SELECT ','+btitle
FROM TableB B
WHERE B.bid = A.id
FOR XML PATH('')),1,1,'') as title
FROM TableA A
Output:
id name title
1 john,william,george titlejohn,titlewilliam,titlegeorge
2 bill titlebill
3 kyle,seb titlekyle,titleseb
I have a number of text files that are in a format similar to what is shown below.
ENTRY,1,000000,Widget 4000,1,,,2,,
FIELD,Type,A
FIELD,Component,Widget 4000
FIELD,Vendor,Acme
ENTRY,2,000000,PRODUCT XYZ,1,,,3,
FIELD,Type,B
FIELD,ItemAssembly,ABCD
FIELD,Component,Product XYZ - 123
FIELD,Description1,Product
FIELD,Description2,XYZ-123
FIELD,Description3,Alternate Part #440
FIELD,Vendor,Contoso
They have been imported into a table with VARCHAR(MAX) as the only field. Each ENTRY is a "new" item, and all the subsequent FIELD rows are properties of that item. The data next to the FIELD is the column name of the property. The data to the right of the property is the data I want to display.
The desired output would be:
ENTRY Type Component Vendor ItemAssembly Description1
1,000000,Widget 4000 A Widget 4000 Acme
2,000000,Product XYZ B Product XYZ-123 Contoso ABCD Product
I've got the column names using the code below (there are several tables that I have UNIONed together to list all the property names).
select #cols =
STUFF (
(select Distinct ', ' + QUOTENAME(ColName) from
(SELECT
SUBSTRING(ltrim(textFileData),CHARINDEX(',', textFileData, 1)+1,CHARINDEX(',', textFileData, CHARINDEX(',', textFileData, 1)+1)- CHARINDEX(',', textFileData, 1)-1) as ColName
FROM [MyDatabase].[dbo].[MyTextFile]
where
(LEFT(textFileData,7) LIKE #c)
UNION
....
) A
FOR XML PATH(''), TYPE).value('.','NVARCHAR(MAX)'),1,1,'')
Is a Pivot table the best way to do this? No aggregation is needed. Is there a better way to accomplish this? I want to list out data next to the FIELD name in a column format.
Thanks!
Here is the solution in SQL fiddle:
http://sqlfiddle.com/#!3/8f0b0/8
Prepare raw data in format (entry, field, value), use dynamic SQL to make pivot on unknown column count.
MAX() for string is enough to simulate "without aggregate" behavior in this case.
create table t(data varchar(max))
insert into t values('ENTRY,1,000000,Widget 4000,1,,,2,,')
insert into t values('FIELD,Type,A')
insert into t values('FIELD,Component,Widget 4000')
insert into t values('FIELD,Vendor,Acme ')
insert into t values('ENTRY,2,000000,PRODUCT XYZ,1,,,3,')
insert into t values('FIELD,Type,B')
insert into t values('FIELD,ItemAssembly,ABCD')
insert into t values('FIELD,Component,Product XYZ - 123')
insert into t values('FIELD,Description1,Product ')
insert into t values('FIELD,Description2,XYZ-123 ')
insert into t values('FIELD,Description3,Alternate Part #440')
insert into t values('FIELD,Vendor,Contoso');
create type preparedtype as table (entry varchar(max), field varchar(max), value varchar(max))
declare #prepared preparedtype
;with identified as
(
select
row_number ( ) over (order by (select 1)) as id,
substring(data, 1, charindex(',', data) - 1) as type,
substring(data, charindex(',', data) + 1, len(data)) as data
from t
)
, tree as
(
select
id,
(select max(id)
from identified
where type = 'ENTRY'
and id <= i.id) as parentid,
type,
data
from identified as i
)
, pivotsrc as
(
select
p.data as entry,
substring(c.data, 1, charindex(',', c.data) - 1) as field,
substring(c.data, charindex(',', c.data) + 1, len(c.data)) as value
from tree as p
inner join tree as c on c.parentid = p.id
where p.id = p.parentid
and c.parentid <> c.id
)
insert into #prepared
select * from pivotsrc
declare #dynamicPivotQuery as nvarchar(max)
declare #columnName as nvarchar(max)
select #columnName = ISNULL(#ColumnName + ',','')
+ QUOTENAME(field)
from (select distinct field from #prepared) AS fields
set #dynamicPivotQuery = N'select * from #prepared
pivot (max(value) for field in (' + #columnName + ')) as result'
exec sp_executesql #DynamicPivotQuery, N'#prepared preparedtype readonly', #prepared
Here your are, this comes back exactly as you need it. I love tricky SQL :-). This is a real ad-hoc singel-statement call.
DECLARE #tbl TABLE(OneCol VARCHAR(MAX));
INSERT INTO #tbl
VALUES('ENTRY,1,000000,Widget 4000,1,,,2,,')
,('FIELD,Type,A')
,('FIELD,Component,Widget 4000')
,('FIELD,Vendor,Acme ')
,('ENTRY,2,000000,PRODUCT XYZ,1,,,3,')
,('FIELD,Type,B')
,('FIELD,ItemAssembly,ABCD')
,('FIELD,Component,Product XYZ - 123')
,('FIELD,Description1,Product ')
,('FIELD,Description2,XYZ-123 ')
,('FIELD,Description3,Alternate Part #440')
,('FIELD,Vendor,Contoso');
WITH OneColumn AS
(
SELECT ROW_NUMBER() OVER(ORDER BY (SELECT 1)) AS inx
,CAST('<root><r>' + REPLACE(OneCol,',','</r><r>') + '</r></root>' AS XML) AS Split
FROM #tbl AS tbl
)
,AsParts AS
(
SELECT inx
,Each.part.value('/root[1]/r[1]','varchar(max)') AS Part1
,Each.part.value('/root[1]/r[2]','varchar(max)') AS Part2
,Each.part.value('/root[1]/r[3]','varchar(max)') AS Part3
,Each.part.value('/root[1]/r[4]','varchar(max)') AS Part4
,Each.part.value('/root[1]/r[5]','varchar(max)') AS Part5
FROM OneColumn
CROSS APPLY Split.nodes('/root') AS Each(part)
)
,TheEntries AS
(
SELECT DISTINCT *
FROM AsParts
WHERE Part1='ENTRY'
)
SELECT TheEntries.Part2 + ',' + TheEntries.Part3 + ',' + TheEntries.Part4 AS [ENTRY]
,MyFields.AsXML.value('(fields[1]/field[Part2="Type"])[1]/Part3[1]','varchar(max)') AS [Type]
,MyFields.AsXML.value('(fields[1]/field[Part2="Component"])[1]/Part3[1]','varchar(max)') AS Component
,MyFields.AsXML.value('(fields[1]/field[Part2="Vendor"])[1]/Part3[1]','varchar(max)') AS Vendor
,MyFields.AsXML.value('(fields[1]/field[Part2="ItemAssembly"])[1]/Part3[1]','varchar(max)') AS ItemAssembly
,MyFields.AsXML.value('(fields[1]/field[Part2="Description1"])[1]/Part3[1]','varchar(max)') AS Description1
FROM TheEntries
CROSS APPLY
(
SELECT *
FROM AsParts AS ap
WHERE ap.Part1='FIELD' AND ap.inx>TheEntries.inx
AND ap.inx < ISNULL((SELECT TOP 1 nextEntry.inx FROM TheEntries AS nextEntry WHERE nextEntry.inx>TheEntries.inx ORDER BY nextEntry.inx DESC),10000000)
ORDER BY ap.inx
FOR XML PATH('field'), ROOT('fields'),TYPE
) AS MyFields(AsXML)
I am trying to get information for products that have an ID that is contained in a list. The problem is that the list contains some single values and some range values:
PX03 - PX069, PX20, PX202, PX25 - PX270, PX250 - PX2509, PX251, PX2511 -
PX2513
Basically what I am looking for is some way to take a list or string containing both values and ranges and the end output is a table or list that has all of the values within the ranges individually so that I can loop through them.
I have a stored procedure that loops through all the ID's in the main products table that use the 'PX' prefix, but the table has all ids (i.e. PX 1 - 9999, LX 00001 - 99999) and I only want to search through those contained in the above list. I could write it out all the id's individually but some of the ranges contain many values, which would be time consuming to go through.
My idea was to create a separate table containing this list, in which there would be three columns: an identity column, and then one column each for the beginning and end of the range. Any items that do not have a range would just have the same value for beginning and end range, i.e.:
----------------------------------
rownum | range_start | range_end|
----------------------------------
1 PX03 PX069
2 PX20 PX20
3 PX202 PX202
4 PX25 PX25
5 PX250 PX2509
and then populating a table using something like:
SELECT id from product_table
WHERE id BETWEEN listtable.range_start AND listtable.range_end
where product_table is my original table with the product id's and their information and listtable is the new table I just created. This would give me:
id|
---
PX03
PX030
PX031
PX032
PX033
.
.
.
PX067
PX068
PX069
PX20
PX202
PX25
PX250
PX251
etc.
but I am thinking I would need to iterate through the list and I am not sure how to do that. Any ideas, hints or suggestions?
UPDATE
After creating the table using the solution given by #asantaballa, it was as simple as using an inner join:
SELECT d.id
FROM product_table d
INNER JOIN #RangeTable r
ON d.id BETWEEN r.RangeFrom AND r.RangeTo
See if this works for you for the part about converting the string to a table.
Declare #StrList Varchar(1000) = 'PX03 - PX069, PX20, PX202, PX25 - PX270, PX250 - PX2509, PX251, PX2511 - PX2513'
Declare #RangeTable Table (RangeFrom VarChar(32), RangeTo VarChar(32))
Select #StrList = Replace(#StrList,' ', '') + ','
Declare #StrListItem Varchar(32)
While CHARINDEX(',', #StrList) > 0
Begin
Select #StrListItem = SUBSTRING(#StrList,1,CHARINDEX(',', #StrList) - 1)
Declare
#RangeFrom VarChar(32)
, #RangeTo VarChar(32)
If CHARINDEX('-', #StrListItem) = 0
Begin
Select
#RangeFrom = #StrListItem
, #RangeTo = #StrListItem
End
Else
Begin
Select
#RangeFrom = SUBSTRING(#StrListItem, 1, CHARINDEX('-', #StrListItem) - 1)
, #RangeTo = SUBSTRING(#StrListItem, CHARINDEX('-', #StrListItem) + 1, LEN(#StrListItem) - CHARINDEX('-', #StrListItem))
End
Insert Into #RangeTable (RangeFrom, RangeTo) Values (#RangeFrom, #RangeTo)
Select #StrList = SUBSTRING(#StrList, CHARINDEX(',', #StrList) + 1, LEN(#StrList) - CHARINDEX(',', #StrList))
End
Select * From #RangeTable
Here is your string and product_table
DECLARE #STR VARCHAR(100) = 'PX03 - PX069, PX20, PX202, PX25 - PX270, PX250 - PX2509, PX251, PX2511 - PX2513'
SELECT * INTO #product_table
FROM
(
SELECT 'PX4' PRODID
UNION ALL
SELECT 'PX26'
UNION ALL
SELECT 'PX75'
UNION ALL
SELECT 'PX77'
)TAB
Now create a table to hold the value
CREATE TABLE #listtable(ROWNUM int IDENTITY(1,1),range_start VARCHAR(100),range_end VARCHAR(100))
Now insert the splitted value to the table.
INSERT INTO #listtable
SELECT
ISNULL(PARSENAME(REPLACE(Split.a.value('.', 'VARCHAR(100)'),'-','.'),2),Split.a.value('.', 'VARCHAR(100)')) 'range_start' ,
PARSENAME(REPLACE(Split.a.value('.', 'VARCHAR(100)'),'-','.'),1) 'range_end'
FROM
(
SELECT CAST ('<M>' + REPLACE(#STR, ',', '</M><M>') + '</M>' AS XML) AS Data
) AS A
CROSS APPLY Data.nodes ('/M') AS Split(a)
Since Id is string, you need a function to extract numbers from Id(function created by God of SQL Server - Pinal Dave)
CREATE FUNCTION dbo.udf_GetNumeric
(#strAlphaNumeric VARCHAR(256))
RETURNS VARCHAR(256)
AS
BEGIN
DECLARE #intAlpha INT
SET #intAlpha = PATINDEX('%[^0-9]%', #strAlphaNumeric)
BEGIN
WHILE #intAlpha > 0
BEGIN
SET #strAlphaNumeric = STUFF(#strAlphaNumeric, #intAlpha, 1, '' )
SET #intAlpha = PATINDEX('%[^0-9]%', #strAlphaNumeric )
END
END
RETURN ISNULL(#strAlphaNumeric,0)
END
First of all keep in mind that we will not get PX1,PX2,PX3,PX4 if you give id BETWEEN listtable.range_start AND listtable.range_end because those are of varchar type and not numbers. So we need to extract numbers from each PX and get the values between them and append PX.
Here is the query which filters the IDs in product_table which are in the range between listtable
;WITH CTE AS
(
SELECT ROWNUM,CAST(dbo.udf_GetNumeric(range_start)AS INT) NUMBERS,
CAST(dbo.udf_GetNumeric(range_end)AS INT) RTO1
FROM #listtable
UNION ALL
SELECT T.ROWNUM,NUMBERS+1,RTO1
FROM #listtable T
JOIN CTE ON CTE.ROWNUM = T.ROWNUM
WHERE NUMBERS < RTO1
)
SELECT PRODID IDS--,ROWNUM,NUMBERS NUMS,'PX'+CAST(NUMBERS AS VARCHAR(10)) IDS2
FROM CTE
JOIN #product_table ON PRODID='PX'+CAST(NUMBERS AS VARCHAR(10))
ORDER BY NUMBERS
option (MaxRecursion 0)
SQL FIDDLE
I've got a situation where I'm trying to get a list of unfilled fields from a temp table into a comma separated statement.
So given the example data (which will always be a single row, and probably in a temp table (as the actual data will come from a multitude of source tables)):
Field1 Field2 Field3 Field4
'aaa' null '' null
And the mapping table of
FieldName Question Section
'Field1' 'Q1' 'Sec1'
'Field2' 'Q2' 'Sec1'
'Field3' 'Q3' 'Sec2'
'Field4' 'Q4' 'Sec2'
I would like the following result:
Section UnansweredQs
'Sec1' 'Q2'
'Sec2' 'Q3, Q4'
I've got as far as the comma separated list of questions by doing:
create table #testData (f1 varchar(50), f2 int, f3 varchar(50), f4 varchar(50))
create table #qlist (fieldName varchar(5), question varchar(3), section varchar(5))
insert into #qlist values ('f1', 'q1', 'sec1'), ('f2', 'q2', 'sec1'), ('f3', 'q3', 'sec2'), ('f4', 'q4', 'sec2')
insert into #testData values ('asda', null, '', null)
Then
declare #usql nvarchar(max) = ''
declare #sql nvarchar(max)
declare #xml xml
--build a gargantuan set of union statements, comparing the column value to null/'' and putting q# if it is
set #usql =
(
select 'select case when ' + c.name + ' is null or ' + c.Name + ' = '''' then ''' + q.question + ', '' else '''' end from #testData union '
from tempdb..syscolumns c
inner join #qlist q
on c.name = q.fieldName
where c.id = object_id('tempdb..#testData')
for xml path('')
);
--remove the last 'union', append for xml path to pivot the rows into a single column of concatenated rows
set #usql = left(#usql, len(#usql) - 6) + ' for xml path('''')'
print #usql
--remove final comma
--get the position of the last comma in the select statment (ie after the final unanswered question)
declare #lastComma int = charindex(',', reverse(#usql))
--add the bit before the last comma, and the bit after the last comma but skip the actual comma :)
set #usql = left(#usql, len(#usql) - #lastComma) + right(#usql, #lastComma - 2)
exec (#usql)
With this I get
XML_F52E2B61-18A1-11d1-B105-00805F49916B
----------------------------------------
q2, q3, q4
But I can't get that result set into another table or variable (via insert into #tmpresult exec (#usql) approach).
Usually with the Msg 1086, Level 15, State 1, Line 1
The FOR XML clause is invalid in views, inline functions, derived tables, and subqueries when they contain a set operator. To work around, wrap the SELECT containing a set operator using derived table syntax and apply FOR XML on top of it. error.
I've tried various things, wrapping, removing the unions, CTE's but can't get it to work.
I have a query for you:
with cte as (
select
N.Name
from Table1
cross apply (values
('Field1', Field1),
('Field2', Field2),
('Field3', Field3),
('Field4', Field4)
) as N(Name,Value)
where N.Value is null or N.Value = ''
)
select distinct
T2.Section,
stuff(
(
select ', ' + TT.Question
from Table2 as TT
inner join cte as c on c.Name = TT.FieldName
where TT.Section = T2.Section
for xml path(''), type
).value('.', 'nvarchar(max)')
, 1, 2, '') as UnansweredQs
from Table2 as T2
you can turn it into dynamic by yourself :)
sql fiddle demo
There is no need to use dynamic SQL to do this.
declare #X xml
set #X = (
select *
from #testData
for xml path('root'), elements xsinil, type
)
select section,
(
select ', '+Q2.question
from #qlist as Q2
where Q1.section = Q2.section and
#X.exist('/root/*[local-name() = sql:column("Q2.fieldName")][. = ""]') = 1
for xml path(''), type
).value('substring(text()[1], 2)', 'varchar(max)') as UnansweredQs
from #qlist as Q1
group by Q1.section
SQL Fiddle