declare struct timeval time inside a function - c

I have done some search about problems when using time.h to obtain a random seed initialization. Particularly in my case, I want to place the time outside the main function.
Based on the comments I made some changes. After including twice in the include as and , these errors and warning went off:
too few arguments to function ‘random’
implicit declaration of function ‘srandom’ [-Wimplicit-function-declaration]
too few arguments to function ‘random’
Once I declared the code as:
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <math.h>
int main(void)
{
struct timeval time;
...
}
It works, however it has to move outside main. But if I change to:
#include <sys/time.h>
struct timeval time;
int main(void)
{
...
}
It gives me the error:
‘time’ redeclared as different kind of symbol
In my case the implementation I am working on is in C not in C++. When I try to move the code to a function in order to receive a different random number every time my function is called, some other errors happen:
double myRandom(double dAverage,double dStddev);
double myRandom(double dAverage,double dStddev){
int iRandom1, iRandom2;
double dRandom1, dRandom2,result;
long int liSampleSize;
iRandom1=(random());
dRandom1=(double)iRandom1 /2147483647;
iRandom2=(random());
dRandom2=(double)iRandom2 /2147483647;
result= dAverage + dStddev * sqrt(-2.0 * log(dRandom1))*cos(6.28318531 * dRandom2);
return(result);
}
int main(void){
...
struct timeval time;
gettimeofday(&time, NULL);
srandom((unsigned int) time.tv_usec);
for (i=0; i<liSampleSize;i++)
{ result=myRandom(dAverage,dStddev);
}
}
Apparently it should be working. Has somebody any idea what is wrong here. All comments are highly appreciated.
Update: Then, taking srandom out of myRandom makes the generated values as expected. So, it worked!

The first error is related to time.h. Including it introduces some instance called time to your global namespace.
The second is most likely because you haven't included stdlib.h.

Related

I'm getting implicit declaration of function error in C. What is the reason for this? [duplicate]

My compiler (GCC) is giving me the warning:
warning: implicit declaration of function
Why is it coming?
You are using a function for which the compiler has not seen a declaration ("prototype") yet.
For example:
int main()
{
fun(2, "21"); /* The compiler has not seen the declaration. */
return 0;
}
int fun(int x, char *p)
{
/* ... */
}
You need to declare your function before main, like this, either directly or in a header:
int fun(int x, char *p);
The right way is to declare function prototype in header.
Example
main.h
#ifndef MAIN_H
#define MAIN_H
int some_main(const char *name);
#endif
main.c
#include "main.h"
int main()
{
some_main("Hello, World\n");
}
int some_main(const char *name)
{
printf("%s", name);
}
Alternative with one file (main.c)
static int some_main(const char *name);
int some_main(const char *name)
{
// do something
}
When you do your #includes in main.c, put the #include reference to the file that contains the referenced function at the top of the include list.
e.g. Say this is main.c and your referenced function is in "SSD1306_LCD.h"
#include "SSD1306_LCD.h"
#include "system.h" #include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <xc.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <libpic30.h> // http://microchip.wikidot.com/faq:74
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include "GenericTypeDefs.h" // This has the 'BYTE' type definition
The above will not generate the "implicit declaration of function" error, but below will-
#include "system.h"
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <xc.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <libpic30.h> // http://microchip.wikidot.com/faq:74
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include "GenericTypeDefs.h" // This has the 'BYTE' type definition
#include "SSD1306_LCD.h"
Exactly the same #include list, just different order.
Well, it did for me.
You need to declare the desired function before your main function:
#include <stdio.h>
int yourfunc(void);
int main(void) {
yourfunc();
}
When you get the error: implicit declaration of function it should also list the offending function. Often this error happens because of a forgotten or missing header file, so at the shell prompt you can type man 2 functionname and look at the SYNOPSIS section at the top, as this section will list any header files that need to be included. Or try http://linux.die.net/man/ This is the online man pages they are hyperlinked and easy to search.
Functions are often defined in the header files, including any required header files is often the answer. Like cnicutar said,
You are using a function for which the compiler has not seen a
declaration ("prototype") yet.
If you have the correct headers defined & are using a non GlibC library (such as Musl C) gcc will also throw error: implicit declaration of function when GNU extensions such as malloc_trim are encountered.
The solution is to wrap the extension & the header:
#if defined (__GLIBC__)
malloc_trim(0);
#endif
This error occurs because you are trying to use a function that the compiler does not understand. If the function you are trying to use is predefined in C language, just include a header file associated with the implicit function.
If it's not a predefined function then it's always a good practice to declare the function before the main function.
Don't forget, if any functions are called in your function, their prototypes must be situated above your function in the code. Otherwise, the compiler might not find them before it attempts to compile your function. This will generate the error in question.
The GNU C compiler is telling you that it can find that particular function name in the program scope. Try defining it as a private prototype function in your header file, and then import it into your main file.
I think the question is not 100% answered. I was searching for issue with missing typeof(), which is compile time directive.
Following links will shine light on the situation:
https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-5.3.0/gcc/Typeof.html
https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-5.3.0/gcc/Alternate-Keywords.html#Alternate-Keywords
as of conculsion try to use __typeof__() instead. Also gcc ... -Dtypeof=__typeof__ ... can help.

error: implicit declaration of function 'sysconf'

Following this question, I'm trying to use sysconf to get the number of processors on a Linux machine:
#include <unistd.h>
int main()
{
...
int CPUs = sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN);
...
}
However, the compiler gives me this error:
error: implicit declaration of function 'sysconf'
Am I doing something wrong? I tried to also add #include <sys/sysinfo.h> but nothing changed.

Why isn't my function invoked? I don't understand why a declaration is expected

Hello folks out there,
this is my code:
main.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include "sqlite3.h"
#include "db_typedefs.h"
#include "operations.h"
int main(){
printf("Text\n");
int f = 3;
void add_mini(3);
}
operations.h
#ifndef ADD_OPERATIONS_H_INCLUDED
#define ADD_OPERATIONS_H_INCLUDED
void add_mini(int flag);
#endif // ADD_OPERATIONS_H_INCLUDED
operations.c
void add_mini(int flag)
{
int rc;
rc = flag;
printf("%i\n", rc);
}
Operations.c has also libraries included similar to main.c.
Compiler Error
error: expected declaration specifiers or '...' before numeric constant
regarding to void add_mini(3)
It seems like I'm unable to pass a simple integer value. While debugging it's even skipping the add_mini line.
Do you have any idea what's going on?
The whole code is embedded in a larger query to determine typed orders but this works fine. I just can't pass this simple integer value.
Thanks in advance.
When you use
void add_mini(3);
the compiler thinks it is a function declaration, not a function call. The argument 3 is not valid for a function declaration. Hence, the compiler complains.
Remove the void part to call the function.
int main(){
printf("Text\n");
int f = 3;
add_mini(3);
}
or, since you have initialized f to 3,
int main(){
printf("Text\n");
int f = 3;
add_mini(f);
}
Call the function like so: add_mini(3); rather than void add_mini(3);
Remove the word void for calling add_mini from main.c :
add_mini(3);
Or
(void)add_mini(3);

linked list gives this warnings [duplicate]

My compiler (GCC) is giving me the warning:
warning: implicit declaration of function
Why is it coming?
You are using a function for which the compiler has not seen a declaration ("prototype") yet.
For example:
int main()
{
fun(2, "21"); /* The compiler has not seen the declaration. */
return 0;
}
int fun(int x, char *p)
{
/* ... */
}
You need to declare your function before main, like this, either directly or in a header:
int fun(int x, char *p);
The right way is to declare function prototype in header.
Example
main.h
#ifndef MAIN_H
#define MAIN_H
int some_main(const char *name);
#endif
main.c
#include "main.h"
int main()
{
some_main("Hello, World\n");
}
int some_main(const char *name)
{
printf("%s", name);
}
Alternative with one file (main.c)
static int some_main(const char *name);
int some_main(const char *name)
{
// do something
}
When you do your #includes in main.c, put the #include reference to the file that contains the referenced function at the top of the include list.
e.g. Say this is main.c and your referenced function is in "SSD1306_LCD.h"
#include "SSD1306_LCD.h"
#include "system.h" #include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <xc.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <libpic30.h> // http://microchip.wikidot.com/faq:74
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include "GenericTypeDefs.h" // This has the 'BYTE' type definition
The above will not generate the "implicit declaration of function" error, but below will-
#include "system.h"
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <xc.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <libpic30.h> // http://microchip.wikidot.com/faq:74
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include "GenericTypeDefs.h" // This has the 'BYTE' type definition
#include "SSD1306_LCD.h"
Exactly the same #include list, just different order.
Well, it did for me.
You need to declare the desired function before your main function:
#include <stdio.h>
int yourfunc(void);
int main(void) {
yourfunc();
}
When you get the error: implicit declaration of function it should also list the offending function. Often this error happens because of a forgotten or missing header file, so at the shell prompt you can type man 2 functionname and look at the SYNOPSIS section at the top, as this section will list any header files that need to be included. Or try http://linux.die.net/man/ This is the online man pages they are hyperlinked and easy to search.
Functions are often defined in the header files, including any required header files is often the answer. Like cnicutar said,
You are using a function for which the compiler has not seen a
declaration ("prototype") yet.
If you have the correct headers defined & are using a non GlibC library (such as Musl C) gcc will also throw error: implicit declaration of function when GNU extensions such as malloc_trim are encountered.
The solution is to wrap the extension & the header:
#if defined (__GLIBC__)
malloc_trim(0);
#endif
This error occurs because you are trying to use a function that the compiler does not understand. If the function you are trying to use is predefined in C language, just include a header file associated with the implicit function.
If it's not a predefined function then it's always a good practice to declare the function before the main function.
Don't forget, if any functions are called in your function, their prototypes must be situated above your function in the code. Otherwise, the compiler might not find them before it attempts to compile your function. This will generate the error in question.
The GNU C compiler is telling you that it can find that particular function name in the program scope. Try defining it as a private prototype function in your header file, and then import it into your main file.
I think the question is not 100% answered. I was searching for issue with missing typeof(), which is compile time directive.
Following links will shine light on the situation:
https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-5.3.0/gcc/Typeof.html
https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-5.3.0/gcc/Alternate-Keywords.html#Alternate-Keywords
as of conculsion try to use __typeof__() instead. Also gcc ... -Dtypeof=__typeof__ ... can help.

storage size of ‘tzp’ isn’t known

So I'm trying to use this piece of code to benchmark:
#include <time.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/resource.h>
double get_time()
{
struct timeval t;
struct timezone tzp;
gettimeofday(&t, &tzp);
return t.tv_sec + t.tv_usec*1e-6;
}
But for some reason I keep getting this error
error: storage size of ‘tzp’ isn’t known
warning: unused variable ‘tzp’
Any help would be appreciated.
You defined _XOPEN_SOURCE=500. According to the X/Open 5, the second argument is of type void* and must be NULL:
int gettimeofday(struct timeval *tp, void *tzp);
[..]
If tzp is not a null pointer, the behaviour is unspecified.
If you want the prototype specified in the linux manual, you need to
#define __USE_BSD
However, if you pass anything other than NULL, it will return an error.
You can just get rid of the 'tzp' variable.
From the gettimeofday man page:
If either tv or tz is NULL, the corresponding structure is not set or returned.
The use of the timezone structure is obsolete; the tz argument should normally be specified as NULL.
So your code should be something like:
#include <time.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/resource.h>
double get_time()
{
struct timeval t;
gettimeofday(&t, NULL);
return t.tv_sec + t.tv_usec*1e-6;
}

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