Put each word of a string into array in C [closed] - c

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I'm trying to split up a string (typed in by the user at run time) into words (separated by spaces), and put each word into a different slot into an array. So, for example, if I took the string "hello world", array[0] would contain "hello" and array[1] would contain "world". And the last slot (in this case array[2]) would contain NULL. Here's what I have so far, which doesn't seem to be working properly. Any help would be appreciated. (By the way, this is part of a program which will call execvp(argv[0],argv); )
char input[100];
char* argv[20];
char* token;
scanf("%s", input);
//get the first token
token = strtok(input, " ");
int i=0;
//walk through other tokens
while( token != NULL ) {
argv[i] = token;
i++;
token = strtok(NULL, " ");
}
argv[i] = NULL; //argv ends with NULL

You need to allocate memory for each argv[i] and copy the current token to argv[i]:
token = strtok(input, " ");
int i=0;
//walk through other tokens
while( token != NULL ) {
argv[i] = malloc(strlen(token) + 1);
strncpy(argv[i], token, strlen(token));
//argv[i] = token;
i++;
token = strtok(NULL, " ");
}
argv[i] = NULL; //argv ends with NULL

I have created an example of what I think you want. I have used one malloc(3) for the whole
line of strings and another for the array of pointers you will get from the function.
Also, the second parameter of strtok(3) is passed to give more flexibility (the shell normally uses the contents of IFS environment variable to separate arguments so you can use the same algorithm as the shell does) I think you should use " \n\t" at least. It has a main() test function, so it's complete for your purpose.
#include <assert.h> /* man assert(3) */
#include <stdlib.h> /* malloc lives here */
#include <string.h> /* strtok, strdup lives here */
#include <stdio.h> /* printf lives here */
char **split(const char *str, const char *delim)
{
char *aux;
char *p;
char **res;
char *argv[200]; /* place for 200 words. */
int n = 0, i;
assert(aux = strdup(str));
for (p = strtok(aux, delim); p; p = strtok(NULL, delim))
argv[n++] = p;
argv[n++] = NULL;
/* i'll put de strdup()ed string one place past the NULL,
* so you can free(3), once finished */
argv[n++] = aux;
/* now, we need to copy the array, so we can use it outside
* this function. */
assert(res = calloc(n, sizeof (char *)));
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
res[i] = argv[i];
return res;
} /* split */
int main()
{
char **argv =
split("Put each word of a string into array in C", " ");
int i;
for (i = 0; argv[i]; i++)
printf("[%s]", argv[i]);
puts(""); /* to end with a newline */
free(argv[i+1]);
free(argv);
} /* main */
The sample code just outputs:
$ pru
[Put][each][word][of][a][string][into][array][in][C]

I think I just figured out my problem: I need to use gets() instead of scanf(), because scanf() only gets the first word, up until a space, while I want to be able to get a string containing multiple words separated by spaces.

Related

Taking of the last word in the line with strtok

Given a file with the following line:
word1 word2 word3 word4
I tried to write the following code:
FILE* f = fopen("my_file.txt", "r");
char line[MAX_BUFFER + 1];
if (fgets(line, MAX_LENGTH_LINE, f) == NULL) {
return NULL;
}
char* word = strtok(line, " ");
for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
printf("%s ", word);
word = strtok(NULL, " ");
}
For prints the "words".
It's working. But, I don't understand something.
How it's acheive the last word word4? (I don't understand it because that after "word4" not exists a space)..
I'm not quite sure what you're asking. Are you asking how the program was able to correctly read word4 from the file even though it wasn't followed by a space? Or are you asking why, when the program printed word4 back out, it didn't seem to print a space after it?
The answer to the first question is that strtok is designed to give you tokens separated by delimiters, not terminated by delimiters. There is no requirement that the last token be followed by a delimiter.
To see the answer to the second question, it may be more clear if we adjust the program and its printout slightly:
char* word = strtok(line, " ");
for (int i = 0; word != NULL; i++) {
printf("%d: \"%s\"\n", i, word);
word = strtok(NULL, " ");
}
I have made two changes here:
The loop runs until word is NULL, that is, as long as strtok finds another word on the line. (This is to make sure we see all the words, and to make sure we're not trying to treat the fourth word specially in any way. If you were trying to treat the fourth word specially in some way, please say so.)
The words are printed back out surrounded by quotes, so that we can see exactly what they contain.
When I run the modified program, I see:
0: "word1"
1: "word2"
2: "word3"
3: "word4
"
That last line looks very strange at first, but the explanation is straightforward. You originally read the line using fgets, which does copy the terminating \n character into the line buffer. So it ends up staying tacked onto word4; that is, the fourth "word" is "word4\n".
For this reason, it's often a good idea to include \n in the set of whitespace delimiter characters you hand to strtok -- that is, you can call strtok(line, " \n") instead. If I do that (in both of the strtok calls), the output changes to
0: "word1"
1: "word2"
2: "word3"
3: "word4"
which may be closer to what you expected.
Your code doesn't check the return value of strtok(), it may be unsafe in some cases.
/* Split string
#content origin string content
#delim delimiter for splitting
#psize pointer pointing at the variable to store token size
#return tokens after splitting
*/
const char **split(char *content, const char *delim, int *psize)
{
char *token;
const char **tokens;
int capacity;
int size = 0;
token = strtok(content, delim);
if (!token)
{
return NULL;
}
// Initialize tokens
tokens = malloc(sizeof(char *) * 64);
if (!tokens)
{
exit(-1);
}
capacity = 64;
tokens[size++] = token;
while ((token = strtok(NULL, delim)))
{
if (size >= capacity)
{
tokens = realloc(tokens, sizeof(char *) * capacity * 2);
if (!tokens)
{
exit(-1);
}
capacity *= 2;
}
tokens[size++] = token;
}
// if (size < capacity)
// {
// tokens = realloc(tokens, sizeof(char *) * size);
// if (!tokens)
// {
// exit(-1);
// }
// }
*psize = size;
return tokens;
}

C string nested splitting

I'm a beginner at C and I'm stuck on a simple problem. Here it goes:
I have a string formatted like this: "first1:second1\nsecond2\nfirst3:second3" ... and so on.
As you can see from the the example the first field is optional ([firstx:]secondx).
I need to get a resulting string which contains only the second field. Like this: "second1\nsecond2\nsecond3".
I did some research here on stack (string splitting in C) and I found that there are two main functions in C for string splitting: strtok (obsolete) and strsep.
I tried to write the code using both functions (plus strdup) without success. Most of the time I get some unpredictable result.
Better ideas?
Thanks in advance
EDIT:
This was my first try
int main(int argc, char** argv){
char * stri = "ciao:come\nva\nquialla:grande\n";
char * strcopy = strdup(stri); // since strsep and strtok both modify the input string
char * token;
while((token = strsep(&strcopy, "\n"))){
if(token[0] != '\0'){ // I don't want the last match of '\n'
char * sub_copy = strdup(token);
char * sub_token = strtok(sub_copy, ":");
sub_token = strtok(NULL, ":");
if(sub_token[0] != '\0'){
printf("%s\n", sub_token);
}
}
free(sub_copy);
}
free(strcopy);
}
Expected output: "come", "si", "grande"
Here's a solution with strcspn:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(void) {
const char *str = "ciao:come\nva\nquialla:grande\n";
const char *p = str;
while (*p) {
size_t n = strcspn(p, ":\n");
if (p[n] == ':') {
p += n + 1;
n = strcspn(p , "\n");
}
if (p[n] == '\n') {
n++;
}
fwrite(p, 1, n, stdout);
p += n;
}
return 0;
}
We compute the size of the initial segment not containing : or \n. If it's followed by a :, we skip over it and get the next segment that doesn't contain \n.
If it's followed by \n, we include the newline character in the segment. Then we just need to output the current segment and update p to continue processing the rest of the string in the same way.
We stop when *p is '\0', i.e. when the end of the string is reached.

how to save a string token , save its content to an array, then use those contents for further comparison

/*I am unsure if my code for saving the tokens in an array is accurate.
This is so because been whenever I run my program, the code to compare
token[0] with my variable doesn't give an output nor perform assigned function.
Hence I am sure there is something inaccurate about my coding.*/
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main()
{
//variable declarations
const char *array[] = {"ax","bo","cf"};
char delim[]=" \n";
char* myline;
size_t max = 500;
char* token1;
char* token2[max];
int n = 0;
while(1) //loop always
{
printf("Enter an argument\n"); //asks for an input
getline (&myline, &max, stdin); //read the input/line
//for loop -- splits up the line into tokens
for(token1 = strtok(myline, " "); token1 != NULL; token1 = strtok(NULL, delim))
{
token2[n] = malloc(strlen(token1)+1); //allocate some space/memory to token2[n]
//save the token in an array by copying from token1 to token2
strcpy(token2[n],token1);
int m;
for(m = 0; m<sizeof(array);m++) //loop through the array elements for comparison
{
//compare array at index m with token at index 0 -- compare only first token with a specific variable
if(strcmp(token2[0], array[m]) == 0)
{
printf("equal");
}
}
}
free(token2[n]); //deallocate assigned memory
}
return(0);
}
I think you should try vector of string like
vector < string > str = { "ax","bo","cf" };
Their seems to be a few issues in your current code:
for(m = 0; m<strlen;m++) is not correct. strlen() is a <string.h> function used to obtain the length of a C string. Since you want array[i], you need to include the size of array in the guard. To find the size of the array, you can use sizeof(array)/sizeof(array[0]). It would be good to include this in a macro:
#define ARRAYSIZE(x) (sizeof x/sizeof x[0])
Then your loop can be:
size_t m;
for(m = 0; m<ARRAYSIZE(array); m++)
You need to check return of malloc(), as it can return NULL on failure to allocate spaces. Here is a way to check this:
token2[n] = malloc(strlen(token1)+1);
if (token2[n] == NULL) {
/* handle error */
It is possible to skip the malloc()/strcpy() step by simply using strdup.
getline() returns -1 on failure to read a line, so its good to check this. It also adds a \n character at the end of the buffer, so you need to remove this. Otherwise, strcmp will never find equal strings, as you will be comparing strcmp("string\n", "string"). You need to find the \n character in your buffer, and replace it with a \0 null-terminator.
You can achieve this like:
size_t slen = strlen(myline);
if (slen > 0 && myline[slen-1] == '\n') {
myline[slen-1] = '\0';
}
You also need to free() all of the char* pointers in token2[].
Since you are using the same delimeter for strtok(), its better to make this const. So const char *delim = " \n"; instead.
Alot of the fixes I suggested in the comments, so I didn't post them here, as you seemed to have updated your code with those suggestions.

Arrays in C not working

Well, I declared a global array of chars like this char * strarr[];
in a method I am tokenising a line and try to put everything into that array like this
*line = strtok(s, " ");
while (line != NULL) {
*line = strtok(NULL, " ");
}
seems like this is not working.. How can I fix it?
Thanks
Any number of things could be going wrong with the code you haven't shown us, such as undefined behaviour by strtoking a string constatnt, or getting your parameters wrong when calling the function.
But the most likely problem from the code we can see is the use of *line instead of line, assuming that line is of type char *.
Use the following code as a baseline:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main (void) {
char str[] = "My name is paxdiablo";
// Start tokenising words.
char *line = strtok (str, " ");
while (line != NULL) {
// Print current token and get next word.
printf ("[%s]\n", line);
line = strtok(NULL, " ");
}
return 0;
}
This outputs:
[My]
[name]
[is]
[paxdiablo]
and should be easily modifiable into something you can use.
Be aware that, if you're trying to save the character pointers returned from strtok (which would make sense for using *line), they are transitory and will not be what you expect after you're done. That's because modifications are made in-place within the source string. You can do it with something like:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main (void) {
char *word[4]; // The array of words.
size_t i; // General counter.
size_t nextword = 0; // For preventing array overflow.
char str[] = "My name is paxdiablo";
// Start tokenising.
char *line = strtok (str, " ");
while (line != NULL) {
// If array not full, duplicate string to array and advance index.
if (nextword < sizeof(word) / sizeof(*word))
word[nextword++] = strdup (line);
// Get next word.
line = strtok(NULL, " ");
}
// Print out all stored words.
for (i = 0; i < nextword; i++)
printf ("[%s]\n", word[i]);
return 0;
}
Note the specific size of the word array in that code above. The use of char * strarr[] in your code, along with the message tentative array definition assumed to have one element is almost certainly where the problem lies.
If your implementation doesn't come with a strdup, you can get a reasonably-priced one here :-)

How does strtok() split the string into tokens in C?

Please explain to me the working of strtok() function. The manual says it breaks the string into tokens. I am unable to understand from the manual what it actually does.
I added watches on str and *pch to check its working when the first while loop occurred, the contents of str were only "this". How did the output shown below printed on the screen?
/* strtok example */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main ()
{
char str[] ="- This, a sample string.";
char * pch;
printf ("Splitting string \"%s\" into tokens:\n",str);
pch = strtok (str," ,.-");
while (pch != NULL)
{
printf ("%s\n",pch);
pch = strtok (NULL, " ,.-");
}
return 0;
}
Output:
Splitting string "- This, a sample string." into tokens:
This
a
sample
string
the strtok runtime function works like this
the first time you call strtok you provide a string that you want to tokenize
char s[] = "this is a string";
in the above string space seems to be a good delimiter between words so lets use that:
char* p = strtok(s, " ");
what happens now is that 's' is searched until the space character is found, the first token is returned ('this') and p points to that token (string)
in order to get next token and to continue with the same string NULL is passed as first
argument since strtok maintains a static pointer to your previous passed string:
p = strtok(NULL," ");
p now points to 'is'
and so on until no more spaces can be found, then the last string is returned as the last token 'string'.
more conveniently you could write it like this instead to print out all tokens:
for (char *p = strtok(s," "); p != NULL; p = strtok(NULL, " "))
{
puts(p);
}
EDIT:
If you want to store the returned values from strtok you need to copy the token to another buffer e.g. strdup(p); since the original string (pointed to by the static pointer inside strtok) is modified between iterations in order to return the token.
strtok() divides the string into tokens. i.e. starting from any one of the delimiter to next one would be your one token. In your case, the starting token will be from "-" and end with next space " ". Then next token will start from " " and end with ",". Here you get "This" as output. Similarly the rest of the string gets split into tokens from space to space and finally ending the last token on "."
strtok maintains a static, internal reference pointing to the next available token in the string; if you pass it a NULL pointer, it will work from that internal reference.
This is the reason strtok isn't re-entrant; as soon as you pass it a new pointer, that old internal reference gets clobbered.
strtok doesn't change the parameter itself (str). It stores that pointer (in a local static variable). It can then change what that parameter points to in subsequent calls without having the parameter passed back. (And it can advance that pointer it has kept however it needs to perform its operations.)
From the POSIX strtok page:
This function uses static storage to keep track of the current string position between calls.
There is a thread-safe variant (strtok_r) that doesn't do this type of magic.
strtok will tokenize a string i.e. convert it into a series of substrings.
It does that by searching for delimiters that separate these tokens (or substrings). And you specify the delimiters. In your case, you want ' ' or ',' or '.' or '-' to be the delimiter.
The programming model to extract these tokens is that you hand strtok your main string and the set of delimiters. Then you call it repeatedly, and each time strtok will return the next token it finds. Till it reaches the end of the main string, when it returns a null. Another rule is that you pass the string in only the first time, and NULL for the subsequent times. This is a way to tell strtok if you are starting a new session of tokenizing with a new string, or you are retrieving tokens from a previous tokenizing session. Note that strtok remembers its state for the tokenizing session. And for this reason it is not reentrant or thread safe (you should be using strtok_r instead). Another thing to know is that it actually modifies the original string. It writes '\0' for teh delimiters that it finds.
One way to invoke strtok, succintly, is as follows:
char str[] = "this, is the string - I want to parse";
char delim[] = " ,-";
char* token;
for (token = strtok(str, delim); token; token = strtok(NULL, delim))
{
printf("token=%s\n", token);
}
Result:
this
is
the
string
I
want
to
parse
The first time you call it, you provide the string to tokenize to strtok. And then, to get the following tokens, you just give NULL to that function, as long as it returns a non NULL pointer.
The strtok function records the string you first provided when you call it. (Which is really dangerous for multi-thread applications)
strtok modifies its input string. It places null characters ('\0') in it so that it will return bits of the original string as tokens. In fact strtok does not allocate memory. You may understand it better if you draw the string as a sequence of boxes.
To understand how strtok() works, one first need to know what a static variable is. This link explains it quite well....
The key to the operation of strtok() is preserving the location of the last seperator between seccessive calls (that's why strtok() continues to parse the very original string that is passed to it when it is invoked with a null pointer in successive calls)..
Have a look at my own strtok() implementation, called zStrtok(), which has a sligtly different functionality than the one provided by strtok()
char *zStrtok(char *str, const char *delim) {
static char *static_str=0; /* var to store last address */
int index=0, strlength=0; /* integers for indexes */
int found = 0; /* check if delim is found */
/* delimiter cannot be NULL
* if no more char left, return NULL as well
*/
if (delim==0 || (str == 0 && static_str == 0))
return 0;
if (str == 0)
str = static_str;
/* get length of string */
while(str[strlength])
strlength++;
/* find the first occurance of delim */
for (index=0;index<strlength;index++)
if (str[index]==delim[0]) {
found=1;
break;
}
/* if delim is not contained in str, return str */
if (!found) {
static_str = 0;
return str;
}
/* check for consecutive delimiters
*if first char is delim, return delim
*/
if (str[0]==delim[0]) {
static_str = (str + 1);
return (char *)delim;
}
/* terminate the string
* this assignmetn requires char[], so str has to
* be char[] rather than *char
*/
str[index] = '\0';
/* save the rest of the string */
if ((str + index + 1)!=0)
static_str = (str + index + 1);
else
static_str = 0;
return str;
}
And here is an example usage
Example Usage
char str[] = "A,B,,,C";
printf("1 %s\n",zStrtok(s,","));
printf("2 %s\n",zStrtok(NULL,","));
printf("3 %s\n",zStrtok(NULL,","));
printf("4 %s\n",zStrtok(NULL,","));
printf("5 %s\n",zStrtok(NULL,","));
printf("6 %s\n",zStrtok(NULL,","));
Example Output
1 A
2 B
3 ,
4 ,
5 C
6 (null)
The code is from a string processing library I maintain on Github, called zString. Have a look at the code, or even contribute :)
https://github.com/fnoyanisi/zString
This is how i implemented strtok, Not that great but after working 2 hr on it finally got it worked. It does support multiple delimiters.
#include "stdafx.h"
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
char* mystrtok(char str[],char filter[])
{
if(filter == NULL) {
return str;
}
static char *ptr = str;
static int flag = 0;
if(flag == 1) {
return NULL;
}
char* ptrReturn = ptr;
for(int j = 0; ptr != '\0'; j++) {
for(int i=0 ; filter[i] != '\0' ; i++) {
if(ptr[j] == '\0') {
flag = 1;
return ptrReturn;
}
if( ptr[j] == filter[i]) {
ptr[j] = '\0';
ptr+=j+1;
return ptrReturn;
}
}
}
return NULL;
}
int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{
char str[200] = "This,is my,string.test";
char *ppt = mystrtok(str,", .");
while(ppt != NULL ) {
cout<< ppt << endl;
ppt = mystrtok(NULL,", .");
}
return 0;
}
For those who are still having hard time understanding this strtok() function, take a look at this pythontutor example, it is a great tool to visualize your C (or C++, Python ...) code.
In case the link got broken, paste in:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main()
{
char s[] = "Hello, my name is? Matthew! Hey.";
char* p;
for (char *p = strtok(s," ,?!."); p != NULL; p = strtok(NULL, " ,?!.")) {
puts(p);
}
return 0;
}
Credits go to Anders K.
Here is my implementation which uses hash table for the delimiter, which means it O(n) instead of O(n^2) (here is a link to the code):
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<string.h>
#define DICT_LEN 256
int *create_delim_dict(char *delim)
{
int *d = (int*)malloc(sizeof(int)*DICT_LEN);
memset((void*)d, 0, sizeof(int)*DICT_LEN);
int i;
for(i=0; i< strlen(delim); i++) {
d[delim[i]] = 1;
}
return d;
}
char *my_strtok(char *str, char *delim)
{
static char *last, *to_free;
int *deli_dict = create_delim_dict(delim);
if(!deli_dict) {
/*this check if we allocate and fail the second time with entering this function */
if(to_free) {
free(to_free);
}
return NULL;
}
if(str) {
last = (char*)malloc(strlen(str)+1);
if(!last) {
free(deli_dict);
return NULL;
}
to_free = last;
strcpy(last, str);
}
while(deli_dict[*last] && *last != '\0') {
last++;
}
str = last;
if(*last == '\0') {
free(deli_dict);
free(to_free);
deli_dict = NULL;
to_free = NULL;
return NULL;
}
while (*last != '\0' && !deli_dict[*last]) {
last++;
}
*last = '\0';
last++;
free(deli_dict);
return str;
}
int main()
{
char * str = "- This, a sample string.";
char *del = " ,.-";
char *s = my_strtok(str, del);
while(s) {
printf("%s\n", s);
s = my_strtok(NULL, del);
}
return 0;
}
strtok() stores the pointer in static variable where did you last time left off , so on its 2nd call , when we pass the null , strtok() gets the pointer from the static variable .
If you provide the same string name , it again starts from beginning.
Moreover strtok() is destructive i.e. it make changes to the orignal string. so make sure you always have a copy of orignal one.
One more problem of using strtok() is that as it stores the address in static variables , in multithreaded programming calling strtok() more than once will cause an error. For this use strtok_r().
strtok replaces the characters in the second argument with a NULL and a NULL character is also the end of a string.
http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/clibrary/cstring/strtok/
you can scan the char array looking for the token if you found it just print new line else print the char.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
int main()
{
char *s;
s = malloc(1024 * sizeof(char));
scanf("%[^\n]", s);
s = realloc(s, strlen(s) + 1);
int len = strlen(s);
char delim =' ';
for(int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
if(s[i] == delim) {
printf("\n");
}
else {
printf("%c", s[i]);
}
}
free(s);
return 0;
}
So, this is a code snippet to help better understand this topic.
Printing Tokens
Task: Given a sentence, s, print each word of the sentence in a new line.
char *s;
s = malloc(1024 * sizeof(char));
scanf("%[^\n]", s);
s = realloc(s, strlen(s) + 1);
//logic to print the tokens of the sentence.
for (char *p = strtok(s," "); p != NULL; p = strtok(NULL, " "))
{
printf("%s\n",p);
}
Input: How is that
Result:
How
is
that
Explanation: So here, "strtok()" function is used and it's iterated using for loop to print the tokens in separate lines.
The function will take parameters as 'string' and 'break-point' and break the string at those break-points and form tokens. Now, those tokens are stored in 'p' and are used further for printing.
strtok is replacing delimiter with'\0' NULL character in given string
CODE
#include<iostream>
#include<cstring>
int main()
{
char s[]="30/4/2021";
std::cout<<(void*)s<<"\n"; // 0x70fdf0
char *p1=(char*)0x70fdf0;
std::cout<<p1<<"\n";
char *p2=strtok(s,"/");
std::cout<<(void*)p2<<"\n";
std::cout<<p2<<"\n";
char *p3=(char*)0x70fdf0;
std::cout<<p3<<"\n";
for(int i=0;i<=9;i++)
{
std::cout<<*p1;
p1++;
}
}
OUTPUT
0x70fdf0 // 1. address of string s
30/4/2021 // 2. print string s through ptr p1
0x70fdf0 // 3. this address is return by strtok to ptr p2
30 // 4. print string which pointed by p2
30 // 5. again assign address of string s to ptr p3 try to print string
30 4/2021 // 6. print characters of string s one by one using loop
Before tokenizing the string
I assigned address of string s to some ptr(p1) and try to print string through that ptr and whole string is printed.
after tokenized
strtok return the address of string s to ptr(p2) but when I try to print string through ptr it only print "30" it did not print whole string. so it's sure that strtok is not just returning adress but it is placing '\0' character where delimiter is present.
cross check
1.
again I assign the address of string s to some ptr (p3) and try to print string it prints "30" as while tokenizing the string is updated with '\0' at delimiter.
2.
see printing string s character by character via loop the 1st delimiter is replaced by '\0' so it is printing blank space rather than ''

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