I'm at a loss as far as how to parse the line in getline(). I would like look at each char that is in the line.
So if someone were to type in: "Hello" into stdin, I'd like to be able to able to access the char array in this manner:
line[0] = 'H'
line[1] = 'e'
line[2] = 'l'
line[3] = 'l'
line[4] = 'o'
line[5] = '/0';
I've looked at getchar(), but I want to try and use getline() as I feel like it is more convenient. I've also looked at scanf(), but it skips whitespaces and doesn't let me parse the input as nicely as getchar() or getline().
Here is simple code that attempts at getting the first char of a line via stdin, but results in a seg fault:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main()
{
int len;
int nbytes = 100;
char *line = (char *) malloc (nbytes + 1);
while(getline(&line, &nbytes, stdin) > 0){
printf("first char: %s", line[0]); //try and get the first char from input
/**
* other code that would traverse line, and look at other chars
*/
};
return 0;
}
Thanks.
Use the %c format specifier to print out a single character.
The code
printf("first char: %s", line[0])
will try to treat line[0] as the address of a char array. If you just want to print out the first character, change it to
printf("first char: %c", line[0])
// ^
There are a couple of other small changes you could consider in other parts of your code:
you don't need to cast the return from malloc
you should free(line) after your while loop
Related
I've attempted to write a C program to read a string and display it back to the user. I've tested it with a lot of input and it seems to work properly. The thing is that I'm not sure whether or not the c != EOF condition is necessary inside the while expression, and since by definition, the size of a char is 1 byte, maybe I can remove the sizeof(char) expressions inside the malloc and realloc statements, but I'm not sure about this.
Here's the program, also, I manually added a null terminating character to the string:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(void)
{
char *str = malloc(sizeof(char));
if (!str)
return 1;
char c;
char *reallocStr;
size_t len = 0;
size_t buf = 1;
printf("Enter some text: ");
while ((c = getchar()) != '\n' && c != EOF) {
if (len == buf) {
buf *= 2;
reallocStr = realloc(str, buf * sizeof(char));
if (!reallocStr)
return 1;
str = reallocStr;
}
str[len++] = c;
}
str[len] = '\0';
printf("You entered: %s\n", str);
free(str);
return 0;
}
As mentioned in the comments, you have a buffer overflow in your code, so you would need to fix that at the very least. To answer your specific questions, sizeof(char) is guaranteed to be 1 (dictated by the c99 spec), so you don't need to multiply by sizeof(char). It's good practice to check for EOF as if your input is coming from an alternate source that has no newline, you don't die (so if someone for example did printf %s hello | yourprogram from a bash prompt, you wouldn't die).
Problems include
Buffer overflow
#HardcoreHenry
Incorrect type
getchar() reruns an int with the values [0..UCHAR_MAX] and the negative: EOF. These 257 different values lose distinctiveness when saved as a char. Possible outcomes: infinite loop or premature loop end. Instead:
// char c;
int c;
Advanced: Arbitrary length
For very long lines buf *= 2; overflows when buf is SIZE_MAX/2 + 1. An alterative to growing in steps of 1, 2, 4, 8, 16,..., consider 1, 3, 7, 15, .... That way code can handle strings up to SIZE_MAX.
Advanced: Reading '\0'
Although uncommon, possible to read in a null character. Then printf("You entered: %s\n", str); will only print to that null character and not to the end of input.
To print all, take advantage that code knows the length.
printf("You entered: ");
fwrite(str, len, 1, stdout);
printf("\n");
To be clear, text input here is not reading of strings, but of reading of lines. That input is saved and converted to a string by appending a null character. Reading a '\0' complicates things, but something robust code handles.
What is the most accurate way to read strings from the keyboard in C, when the string contains spaces in between words? When I use scanf for that purpose then it doesn't read a string with spaces.The second option is to use gets but it is supposed to be harmful(I also want to know why?).Another thing is that I don't want to use any file handling concept like fgets.
These are 2 ways to read strings containing spaces that don't use gets or fgets
You can use getline (POSIX 2008 may not exist in your system) that conveniently manages allocation of the buffer with adequate size to capture the whole line.
char *line = NULL;
size_t bufsize = 0;
size_t n_read; // number of characters read including delimiter
while ((n_read = getline(&line, &bufsize, stdin)) > 1 && line != NULL) {
// do something with line
}
If you absolutely want scanf, in this example it reads to the end of line unless the line has more than the specified number of chars minus 1 for the delimiter. In the later case the line is truncated and you'll get the remaining chars in the next scanf invocation.
char line[1024];
while (scanf("%1023[^\n]\n", line) == 1) {
// do something with line
}
I should also point out that when you read strings from the keyboard with scanf for example, you are actually reading from a file with file pointer stdin. So you can't really avoid "any file handling concept"
#user3623265,
Please find a sample program which Uses fgets to read string from standard input.
Please refer some sample C documents as to how fgets can be used to get strings from a keyboard and what is the purpose of stdin.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(void)
{
char str[80];
int i;
printf("Enter a string: ");
fgets(str, sizeof(str), stdin);
i = strlen(str) - 1;
if (str[i] == '\n')
str[i] = '\0';
printf("This is your string: %s", str);
return 0;
}
There is a third option, you can read the raw data from stdin with the read() call:
#include <unistd.h>
int main(void) {
char buf[1024];
ssize_t n_bytes_read;
n_bytes_read = read(STDIN_FILENO, buf, sizeof(buf) - 1);
if (n_bytes_read < 0) {
// error occured
}
buf[n_bytes_read] = '\0'; // terminte string
printf("\'%s\'", buf);
return 0;
}
Please not that every input is copied raw to buf including the trailing return. That is, if you enter Hello World you will get
'Hello World
'
as output. Try online.
If you insist on not having a FILE * in scope, use getchar().
char buff[1024];
int ch;
int i = 0;
while( (ch = getchar()) != '\n' )
if(i < 1023)
buff[i++] = ch;
buff[i] = 0;
/* now move string into a smaller buffer */
Generally however it's accepted that stdout and stdin and FILE * are available. Your requirement is a bit odd and, since you are obviously not an advanced C programmer who has an unusual need to suppress the FILE * symbol, I suspect your understanding of C IO is shaky.
I am having the absolute craziest time getting full line input to work. I will explain my problem. I need to get a full line of input, including a space, from the user entered at the keyboard. Simple right? Wrong!
MY GOAL
Store multiple strings, with spaces, into variables. If it makes a difference, I want to make the variables equal to a char pointer. So once I get the input from tempString, I want to set it to a char pointer. Like so:
char *variable1, *variable2;
//get user input
variable1 = tempString;
//get more user input
variable 2 = tempString;
//etc etc etc
Here's what I've tried.
First try
char tempString[100];
scanf("%s", &tempString);
printf("%s", tempString);
Invalid: scanf will stop reading at a white space, so "Example String" would just end up being "Example".
Second try
So I do more research. I thought I found the magic fix.
char tempSTring[100];
fgets(tempString, 100, stdin);
printf("%s", tempString);
Originally this works. However there is a massive problem. I need to get the user to enter about 8 inputs. Meaning I have to use a command like this 8 times. The problem is the program often skips over the fgets command. If I use a scanf previously, somehow the \n character is stuck in the input stream, and automatically feeds into fgets, satisfying its stdin input, and then does not prompt the user for input.
Third try
After thinking fgets was maybe my solution with a work around, I tried some tricks.
char tempSTring[100];
getc(stdin);
fgets(tempString, 100, stdin);
printf("%s", tempString);
I tried adding this getc(stdin) line. It worked for much of my program. It absorbs the \n character left behind in the stream. When it does so, great, it works. But sometimes, for some reason, the \n is NOT left in the stream, and when debugging, it looks like getc(stdin) is requesting input from the user, so it pauses my program to ask for input.
Question
These don't work for me.
How should I be doing this easy task?
To read (up to) 8 lines from a file, you can use either of these solutions. I decline to use variables char *variable1, *variable2, …; — that is an array seeking to escape.
POSIX getline()
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(void)
{
enum { MAX_LINES = 8 };
char *lines[MAX_LINES];
int index = 0;
char *buffer = 0;
size_t buflen = 0;
while (index < MAX_LINES && getline(&buffer, &buflen, stdin) != -1)
{
lines[index++] = buffer;
buffer = 0;
buflen = 0;
}
free(buffer); // Space may be allocated before EOF is detected
for (int i = 0; i < index; i++)
printf("%d: %s", i, lines[i]);
return 0;
}
If getline() fails to allocate memory, it will report an error, so there is no need to do an explicit error check.
Standard C fgets()
Code using strdup(), another POSIX function. It isn't a part of standard C (though it is widely available). It is trivial to implement.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(void)
{
enum { MAX_LINES = 8 };
char *lines[MAX_LINES];
int index = 0;
char buffer[4096];
while (index < MAX_LINES && fgets(buffer, sizeof(buffer), stdin) != 0)
{
if ((lines[index] = strdup(buffer)) == 0)
break;
index++;
}
for (int i = 0; i < index; i++)
printf("%d: %s", i, lines[i]);
return 0;
}
The test in the loop allows for the possibility of strdup() failing to allocate memory.
Notes
Both the solutions above keep the newline at the end of the input string. If you don't want that, you can zap it with:
lines[i][strcspn(lines[i], "\r\n")] = '\0';
This overwrites a carriage return or newline with a null byte, transforming DOS or Unix line endings. You then need to adjust the printing which assumes the string includes a newline. Note that the expression shown works correctly even if there is no carriage return or newline in the string.
The fgets() solution will break lines at 4095 characters, leaving the rest to be read as 'the next line'. If that's not acceptable, you have a variety of strategies open to you.
You can detect whether there is a newline and arrange to allocate more memory and read the next section of the line into the extra memory, repeating until you come across a newline or EOF.
You can read the remaining characters up to the newline or EOF:
int c;
while ((c = getchar()) != EOF && c != '\n')
;
Implementing strdup()
If for some reason your system doesn't have an implementation of strdup(), you can create a surrogate with:
#include <assert.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
char *strdup(const char *old_str)
{
assert(old_str != 0);
size_t old_len = strlen(old_str) + 1;
char *new_str = malloc(old_len);
if (new_str != 0)
memmove(new_str, old_str, old_len);
return new_str;
}
Here's how we old fart C programmers would do it:
#include <stdio.h>
#define MAX_LEN 100
int main( )
{
int c;
char input[MAX_LEN+1];
int i = 0;
while ( (c=getchar()) != '\n' && c != EOF && i < MAX_LEN)
input[i++] = c;
if (c == EOF || c =='\n') {
/* received input that terminated within buffer limit */
input[i] = '\0';
printf("read in your input string of: %s\n", input);
}
else {
printf("don't buffer overflow me dude!\n");
return -1;
}
return 0;
}
But nowadays people will tell you to use one of the library functions. I'm still an old fart though.
EDIT: Fixed my embarrassing mistakes pointed out by the helpful comments below.
You can take care of '\n' left by previous scanf by writing it like this -
scanf("%d%*c", &x); //<-- example to take int input
%*c will read from stdin and then discard it, thus '\n' would be removed from stdin.
You can achieve with scanf like this (a way for your previous attempt)-
char tempString[100];
/* As suggested by chqrile it is essential to check return of scanf */
if(scanf("%99[^\n]", tempString)!=1){
// ^^ & not required
tempString[0]='\0';
}
%99[^\n] this will read 99 characters and will stop only after encountering '\n' , thus would read input with spaces.
This program essentially asks for a secret string, then asks a user to repeatedly guess single chars of that string until he guesses it all. It works however every second time the while loop is run it skips user input for the guessed char. How do I fix this?
int main(){
char guess;
char test2 [50];
char * s = test2;
char output [50];
char * t = output;
printf("Enter the secret string:\n");
fgets(test2, 50, stdin);
for (int i=0;i<49;i++){ //fills ouput with _ spaces
*(output +i)='_';
while(strcmp(s,t) != 0){
printf("Enter a guess:");
scanf("%c",&guess);
printf("You entered: %c\n", guess);
showGuess(guess,s, t ); // makes a string "output" with guesses in it
printf("%s\n",t);
}
printf("Well Done!");
}
For a quick and dirty solution try
// the space in the format string consumes optional spaces, tabs, enters
if (scanf(" %c", &guess) != 1) /* error */;
For a better solution redo your code to use fgets() and then parse the input.
As pointed out in some other answers and comments, you need to "consume" the "newline character" in the input.
The reason for that is that the input from your keyboard to the program is buffered by your shell, and so, the program won't see anything until you actually tell your shell to "pass the content of its buffer to the program". At this point, the program will be able to read the data contained in the previous buffer, e.g. your input, followed by one the character(s) used to validate your input in the shell: the newline. If you don't "consume" the newline before you do another scanf, that second scanf will read the newline character, resulting in the "skipped scanf" you've witnessed. To consume the extra character(s) from the input, the best way is to read them and discard what you read (what the code below does, notice the
while(getc(stdin) != '\n');
line after your scanf. What this line does is: "while the character read from stdin is not '\n', do nothing and loop.").
As an alternative, you could tell your shell to not buffer the input, via the termios(3) functions, or you could use either of the curses/ncurses libraries for the I/O.
So here is what you want:
int main(){
char guess;
char test2 [50];
char * s = test2; // 3. Useless
char output [50];
char * t = output; // 3. Useless
int i; // 8. i shall be declared here.
printf("Enter the secret string:\n");
fgets(test2, 50, stdin);
for (i=0;i<50;i++) if (test2[i] == '\n') test2[i] = '\0'; // 4. Remove the newline char and terminate the string where the newline char is.
for (int i=0;i<49;i++){ // 5. You should use memset here; 8. You should not declare 'i' here.
*(output +i)='_';
} // 1. Either you close the block here, or you don't open one for just one line.
output[49] = '\0'; // 6. You need to terminate your output string.
while(strcmp(s,t) != 0){ // 7. That will never work in the current state.
printf("Enter a guess:");
scanf("%c",&guess);
while(getc(stdin) != '\n');
printf("You entered: %c\n", guess);
showGuess(guess,s, t );
printf("%s\n",t);
}
printf("Well Done!");
return 0; // 2. int main requires that.
}
Other comments on your code:
You opened a block after your for loop and never closed it. That might be causing problems.
You declared your main as a function returning an integer... So you should at least return 0; at the end.
You seem to have understood that char * t = output; copies output's value and uses t as a name for the new copy. This is wrong. You are indeed copying something, but you only copy the address (a.k.a reference) of output in t. As a result, output and t refer to the same data, and if you modify output, t will get modified; and vice versa. Otherwise said, those t and s variables are useless in the current state.
You also need to remove the newline character from your input in the test2 buffer. I have added a line after the fgets for that.
Instead of setting all the bytes of an array "by hand", please consider using the memset function instead.
You need to actually terminate the output string after you "fill" it, so you should allocate a '\0' in last position.
You will never be able to compare the test2 string with the output one, since the output one is filled with underscores, when your test2 is NULL terminated after its meaningful content.
While variables at the loop scope are valid according to C99 and C11, they are not standard in ANSI C; and it is usually better to not declare any variable in a loop.
Also, "_ spaces" are called "underscores" ;)
Here is a code that does what you want:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#define LEN 50
int main()
{
char phrase[LEN];
char guessed[LEN];
char guess;
int i, tries = 0;
puts("Please enter the secret string:");
if(fgets(phrase, LEN, stdin) == NULL)
return 1;
for(i = 0; i < LEN && phrase[i] != '\n'; i++); // Detect the end of input data.
for(; i < LEN; i++) // For the rest of the input data,
phrase[i] = '_'; // fill with underscores (so it can be compared with 'guessed' in the while loop).
phrase[LEN - 1] = '\0'; // NULL terminate 'phrase'
memset(guessed, '_', LEN); // Fill 'guessed' with underscores.
guessed[LEN - 1] = '\0'; // NULL terminate 'guessed'
while(strcmp(phrase, guessed) != 0) // While 'phrase' and 'guessed' differ
{
puts("Enter a guess (one character only):");
if(scanf("%c", &guess) != 1)
{
puts("Error while parsing stdin.");
continue;
}
if(guess == '\n')
{
puts("Invalid input.");
continue;
}
while(getc(stdin) != '\n'); // "Eat" the extra remaining characters in the input.
printf("You entered: %c\n", guess);
for(i = 0; i < LEN; i++) // For the total size,
if(phrase[i] == guess) // if guess is found in 'phrase'
guessed[i] = guess; // set the same letters in 'guessed'
printf("Guessed so far: %s\n", guessed);
tries++;
}
printf("Well played! (%d tries)\n", tries);
return 0;
}
Feel free to ask questions in the comments, if you are not getting something. :)
Newline character entered in the previous iteration is being read by scanf. You can take in the '\n' by using the getc() as follows:
scanf("%c",&guess);
getc(stdin);
..
This changed worked for me. Though the right explanation and c leaner code is the one given by #7heo.tk
Change
scanf("%c",&guess);
with
scanf(" %c",&guess);
It should ignore '\n'.
I want to delete a Newline '\n' within a string.
char *string ="hallo\n";
int i=0;
int length = sizeof(string);
while(i<length)
{
if(string[i+1] == '\n')
{
string[i+1] = '\0';
break;
}
i++;
}
printf("%s",string);
printf("world");
I know that I could just spawn a new array and it works like this
char *string ="hallo\n";
int i=0;
int length = sizeof(string);
int lengthNew = length -1;
char newStr[lengthNew];
while(i<length)
{
printf("Char ist %c:",string[i]);
newStr[i] = string[i];
if(string[i+1] == '\n')
break;
i++;
}
But why using stack if I just could substitude one character in the old array?
Based on your comment, I offer a completely different, yet better solution: strftime:
time_t clock = time(NULL);
char buf[1024];
strftime(buf, sizeof buf, "%c", localtime(&clock);
printf("The date is: %s\n", buf);
The %c format is the same as is used by ctime, but strftime is more flexible.
If the newline is always the last character of the string, you could code it like you have described.
Otherwise you'd have to create a second character buffer and copy the characters to the second buffer. The reason for this is that in C the \0 character marks the end of the string.
If you have a string like this: "this \n is \n a \n test", then after your replacement the memory would look like this: "this \0 is \0 a \0 test". Most C programs will simply interpret this as the string "this " and ignore everything after the first null.
EDIT
As other have pointed out, there are also other problems with your code. sizeof() will return the size of the character pointer, not the length of the string. It is also not possible to modify a readonly string literal.
char *string = ctime(&myTimeT);
char *c = strrchr(string, '\n');
if (c != NULL)
*(c) = '\0';