How to find max. and min. in array using minimum comparisons? - arrays

Question

This is a interview question: given an array of integers find the max. and min. using minimum comparisons.
Obviously, I can loop over the array twice and use ~2n comparisons in the worst case but I would like to do better.

Answer 1

1. Pick 2 elements(a, b), compare them. (say a > b)
2. Update min by comparing (min, b)
3. Update max by comparing (max, a)
This way you would do 3 comparisons for 2 elements, amounting to 3N/2 total comparisons for N elements.

Answer 2

Trying to improve on the answer by srbh.kmr. Say we have the sequence:
A = [a1, a2, a3, a4, a5]
Compare a1 & a2 and calculate min12, max12:
if (a1 > a2)
min12 = a2
max12 = a1
else
min12 = a1
max12 = a2
Similarly calculate min34, max34. Since a5 is alone, keep it as it is...
Now compare min12 & min34 and calculate min14, similarly calculate max14. Finally compare min14 & a5 to calculate min15. Similarly calculate max15.
Altogether it's only 6 comparisons!
This solution can be extended to an array of arbitrary length. Probably can be implemented by a similar approach to merge-sort (break the array in half and calculate min max for each half).
UPDATE: Here's the recursive code in C:
#include <stdio.h>
void minmax (int* a, int i, int j, int* min, int* max) {
int lmin, lmax, rmin, rmax, mid;
if (i == j) {
*min = a[i];
*max = a[j];
} else if (j == i + 1) {
if (a[i] > a[j]) {
*min = a[j];
*max = a[i];
} else {
*min = a[i];
*max = a[j];
}
} else {
mid = (i + j) / 2;
minmax(a, i, mid, &lmin, &lmax);
minmax(a, mid + 1, j, &rmin, &rmax);
*min = (lmin > rmin) ? rmin : lmin;
*max = (lmax > rmax) ? lmax : rmax;
}
}
void main () {
int a [] = {3, 4, 2, 6, 8, 1, 9, 12, 15, 11};
int min, max;
minmax (a, 0, 9, &min, &max);
printf ("Min : %d, Max: %d\n", min, max);
}
Now I cannot make out the exact number of comparisons in terms of N (the number of elements in the array). But it's hard to see how one can go below this many comparisons.
UPDATE: We can work out the number of comparisons like below:
At the bottom of this tree of computations, we form pairs of integers from the original array. So we have N / 2 leaf nodes. For each of these leaf nodes we do exactly 1 comparison.
By referring to the properties of a perfect-binary-tree, we have:
leaf nodes (L) = N / 2 // known
total nodes (n) = 2L - 1 = N - 1
internal nodes = n - L = N / 2 - 1
For each internal node we do 2 comparisons. Therefore, we have N - 2 comparisons. Along with the N / 2 comparisons at the leaf nodes, we have (3N / 2) - 2 total comparisons.
So, may be this is the solution srbh.kmr implied in his answer.

Answer 3

A somewhat different approach, which uses integer arithmetic instead of comparisons (which wasn't explicitly prohibited)
for(int i=0;i<N;i++) {
xmin += x[i]-xmin & x[i]-xmin>>31;
xmax += x[i]-xmax & xmax-x[i]>>31;
}

Answer 4

go for divide and conquer !
1,3,2,5
for this finding min,max will take 6 comparisons
but divide them
1,3 ---> will give min 1 and max 3 in one comparison
2,5 ---> will give min 2 and max 5 in one comparison
now we can compare two mins and maxs
min(1,2) --> will give the final min as 1 (one comparison)
max(3,5) ---> will give the final max as 5 (one comparison)
so totally four comparisons to find both min and max.

Answer 5

After reading the question and answers, I decided to try a few versions (in C#).
I thought the fastest would be Anton Knyazyev's one (branch free),
it isn't (on my box).
Results:
/* comp. time(ns)
minmax0 3n/2 855
minmax1 2n 805
minmax2 2n 1315
minmax3 2n 685 */
Why are minmax1 and minmax3 faster?
Probably because the "branch predictor" does a nice job,
each iteration the chance, a new min (or max) is found, decreases,
so predictions become better.
All in all it's a simple test. I do realize my conclusions may be:
-premature.
-not valid for different platforms.
Let's say they're indicative.
Edit: Break-even point minmax0, minmax3: ~100 items,
10,000 items: minmax3 ~3.5 times faster than minmax0.
using System;
using sw = System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch;
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
int n = 1000;
int[] a = buildA(n);
sw sw = new sw();
sw.Start();
for (int i = 1000000; i > 0; i--) minMax3(a);
sw.Stop();
Console.Write(sw.ElapsedMilliseconds);
Console.Read();
}
static int[] minMax0(int[] a) // ~3j/2 comp.
{
int j = a.Length - 1;
if (j < 2) return j < 0 ? null :
j < 1 ? new int[] { a[0], a[0] } :
a[0] < a[1] ? new int[] { a[0], a[1] } :
new int[] { a[1], a[0] };
int a0 = a[0], a1 = a[1], ai = a0;
if (a1 < a0) { a0 = a1; a1 = ai; }
int i = 2;
for (int aj; i < j; i += 2)
{
if ((ai = a[i]) < (aj = a[i + 1])) // hard to predict
{ if (ai < a0) a0 = ai; if (aj > a1) a1 = aj; }
else
{ if (aj < a0) a0 = aj; if (ai > a1) a1 = ai; }
}
if (i <= j)
{ if ((ai = a[i]) < a0) a0 = ai; else if (ai > a1) a1 = ai; }
return new int[] { a0, a1 };
}
static int[] minMax1(int[] a) // ~2j comp.
{
int j = a.Length;
if (j < 3) return j < 1 ? null :
j < 2 ? new int[] { a[0], a[0] } :
a[0] < a[1] ? new int[] { a[0], a[1] } :
new int[] { a[1], a[0] };
int a0 = a[0], a1 = a0, ai = a0;
for (int i = 1; i < j; i++)
{
if ((ai = a[i]) < a0) a0 = ai;
else if (ai > a1) a1 = ai;
}
return new int[] { a0, a1 };
}
static int[] minMax2(int[] a) // ~2j comp.
{
int j = a.Length;
if (j < 2) return j == 0 ? null : new int[] { a[0], a[0] };
int a0 = a[0], a1 = a0;
for (int i = 1, ai = a[1], aj = ai; ; aj = ai = a[i])
{
ai -= a0; a0 += ai & ai >> 31;
aj -= a1; a1 += aj & -aj >> 31;
i++; if (i >= j) break;
}
return new int[] { a0, a1 };
}
static int[] minMax3(int[] a) // ~2j comp.
{
int j = a.Length - 1;
if (j < 2) return j < 0 ? null :
j < 1 ? new int[] { a[0], a[0] } :
a[0] < a[1] ? new int[] { a[0], a[1] } :
new int[] { a[1], a[0] };
int a0 = a[0], a1 = a[1], ai = a0;
if (a1 < a0) { a0 = a1; a1 = ai; }
int i = 2;
for (j -= 2; i < j; i += 3)
{
ai = a[i + 0]; if (ai < a0) a0 = ai; if (ai > a1) a1 = ai;
ai = a[i + 1]; if (ai < a0) a0 = ai; if (ai > a1) a1 = ai;
ai = a[i + 2]; if (ai < a0) a0 = ai; if (ai > a1) a1 = ai;
}
for (j += 2; i <= j; i++)
{ if ((ai = a[i]) < a0) a0 = ai; else if (ai > a1) a1 = ai; }
return new int[] { a0, a1 };
}
static int[] buildA(int n)
{
int[] a = new int[n--]; Random rand = new Random(0);
for (int j = n; n >= 0; n--) a[n] = rand.Next(-1 * j, 1 * j);
return a;
}
}

Answer 6

Brute-force is FASTER!
I would love someone to show me the error of my ways, here, but, …
I compared the actual run times of the brute-force method vs. the (more beautiful) recursive divide and conquer. Typical results (in 10,000,000 calls to each function):
Brute force :
0.657 seconds 10 values => 16 comparisons. Min # 8, Max # 10
0.604 seconds 1000000 values => 1999985 comparisons. Min # 983277, Max # 794659
Recursive :
1.879 seconds 10 values => 13 comparisons. Min # 8, Max # 10
2.041 seconds 1000000 values => 1499998 comparisons. Min # 983277, Max # 794659
Surprisingly, the brute-force method was about 2.9 times faster for an array of 10 items, and 3.4 times faster for an array of 1,000,000 items.
Evidently, the number of comparisons is not the problem, but possibly the number of re-assignments, and the overhead of calling a recursive function (I have no idea why 1,000,000 values ran faster than 10 values, but it did!).
Caveats : I did this in VBA, not C, and I was comparing double-precision numbers and returning the index into the array of the Min and Max values.
Here is the code I used (class cPerformanceCounter is not included here but uses QueryPerformanceCounter for high-resolution timing) :
Option Explicit
'2021-02-17
Private Const MIN_LONG As Long = -2147483648#
Private m_l_NumberOfComparisons As Long
Sub Time_MinMax()
Const LBOUND_VALUES As Long = 1
Dim l_pcOverall As cPerformanceCounter
Dim l_d_Values() As Double
Dim i As Long, _
k As Long, _
l_l_UBoundValues As Long, _
l_l_NumberOfIterations As Long, _
l_l_IndexOfMin As Long, _
l_l_IndexOfMax As Long
Set l_pcOverall = New cPerformanceCounter
For k = 1 To 2
l_l_UBoundValues = IIf(k = 1, 10, 1000000)
ReDim l_d_Values(LBOUND_VALUES To l_l_UBoundValues)
'Assign random values
Randomize '1 '1 => the same random values to be used each time
For i = LBOUND_VALUES To l_l_UBoundValues
l_d_Values(i) = Rnd
Next i
For i = LBOUND_VALUES To l_l_UBoundValues
l_d_Values(i) = Rnd
Next i
'This keeps the total run time in the one-second neighborhood
l_l_NumberOfIterations = 10000000 / l_l_UBoundValues
'——————— Time Brute Force Method —————————————————————————————————————————
l_pcOverall.RestartTimer
For i = 1 To l_l_NumberOfIterations
m_l_NumberOfComparisons = 0
IndexOfMinAndMaxDoubleBruteForce _
l_d_Values, _
LBOUND_VALUES, _
l_l_UBoundValues, _
l_l_IndexOfMin, _
l_l_IndexOfMax
Next
l_pcOverall.ElapsedSecondsDebugPrint _
3.3, , _
" seconds Brute-Force " & l_l_UBoundValues & " values => " _
& m_l_NumberOfComparisons & " comparisons. " _
& " Min # " & l_l_IndexOfMin _
& ", Max # " & l_l_IndexOfMax, _
True
'——————— End Time Brute Force Method —————————————————————————————————————
'——————— Time Brute Force Using Individual Calls —————————————————————————
l_pcOverall.RestartTimer
For i = 1 To l_l_NumberOfIterations
m_l_NumberOfComparisons = 0
l_l_IndexOfMin = IndexOfMinDouble(l_d_Values)
l_l_IndexOfMax = IndexOfMaxDouble(l_d_Values)
Next
l_pcOverall.ElapsedSecondsDebugPrint _
3.3, , _
" seconds Individual " & l_l_UBoundValues & " values => " _
& m_l_NumberOfComparisons & " comparisons. " _
& " Min # " & l_l_IndexOfMin _
& ", Max # " & l_l_IndexOfMax, _
True
'——————— End Time Brute Force Using Individual Calls —————————————————————
'——————— Time Recursive Divide and Conquer Method ————————————————————————
l_pcOverall.RestartTimer
For i = 1 To l_l_NumberOfIterations
m_l_NumberOfComparisons = 0
IndexOfMinAndMaxDoubleRecursiveDivideAndConquer _
l_d_Values, _
LBOUND_VALUES, _
l_l_UBoundValues, _
l_l_IndexOfMin, l_l_IndexOfMax
Next
l_pcOverall.ElapsedSecondsDebugPrint _
3.3, , _
" seconds Recursive " & l_l_UBoundValues & " values => " _
& m_l_NumberOfComparisons & " comparisons. " _
& " Min # " & l_l_IndexOfMin _
& ", Max # " & l_l_IndexOfMax, _
True
'——————— End Time Recursive Divide and Conquer Method ————————————————————
Next k
End Sub
'Recursive divide and conquer
Sub IndexOfMinAndMaxDoubleRecursiveDivideAndConquer( _
i_dArray() As Double, _
i_l_LBound As Long, _
i_l_UBound As Long, _
o_l_IndexOfMin As Long, _
o_l_IndexOfMax As Long)
Dim l_l_IndexOfLeftMin As Long, _
l_l_IndexOfLeftMax As Long, _
l_l_IndexOfRightMin As Long, _
l_l_IndexOfRightMax As Long, _
l_l_IndexOfMidPoint As Long
If (i_l_LBound = i_l_UBound) Then 'Only one element
o_l_IndexOfMin = i_l_LBound
o_l_IndexOfMax = i_l_LBound
ElseIf (i_l_UBound = (i_l_LBound + 1)) Then 'Only two elements
If (i_dArray(i_l_LBound) > i_dArray(i_l_UBound)) Then
o_l_IndexOfMin = i_l_UBound
o_l_IndexOfMax = i_l_LBound
Else
o_l_IndexOfMin = i_l_LBound
o_l_IndexOfMax = i_l_UBound
End If
m_l_NumberOfComparisons = m_l_NumberOfComparisons + 1
Else 'More than two elements => recurse
l_l_IndexOfMidPoint = (i_l_LBound + i_l_UBound) / 2
'Find the min of the elements in the left half
IndexOfMinAndMaxDoubleRecursiveDivideAndConquer _
i_dArray, _
i_l_LBound, _
l_l_IndexOfMidPoint, _
l_l_IndexOfLeftMin, _
l_l_IndexOfLeftMax
'Find the min of the elements in the right half
IndexOfMinAndMaxDoubleRecursiveDivideAndConquer i_dArray, _
l_l_IndexOfMidPoint + 1, _
i_l_UBound, _
l_l_IndexOfRightMin, _
l_l_IndexOfRightMax
'Return the index of the lower of the two values returned
If (i_dArray(l_l_IndexOfLeftMin) > i_dArray(l_l_IndexOfRightMin)) Then
o_l_IndexOfMin = l_l_IndexOfRightMin
Else
o_l_IndexOfMin = l_l_IndexOfLeftMin
End If
m_l_NumberOfComparisons = m_l_NumberOfComparisons + 1
'Return the index of the lower of the two values returned
If (i_dArray(l_l_IndexOfLeftMax) > i_dArray(l_l_IndexOfRightMax)) Then
o_l_IndexOfMax = l_l_IndexOfLeftMax
Else
o_l_IndexOfMax = l_l_IndexOfRightMax
End If
m_l_NumberOfComparisons = m_l_NumberOfComparisons + 1
End If
End Sub
Sub IndexOfMinAndMaxDoubleBruteForce( _
i_dArray() As Double, _
i_l_LBound As Long, _
i_l_UBound As Long, _
o_l_IndexOfMin As Long, _
o_l_IndexOfMax As Long)
Dim i As Long
o_l_IndexOfMin = i_l_LBound
o_l_IndexOfMax = o_l_IndexOfMin
For i = i_l_LBound + 1 To i_l_UBound
'Usually we will do two comparisons
m_l_NumberOfComparisons = m_l_NumberOfComparisons + 2
If (i_dArray(i) < i_dArray(o_l_IndexOfMin)) Then
o_l_IndexOfMin = i
'We don't need to do the ElseIf comparison
m_l_NumberOfComparisons = m_l_NumberOfComparisons - 1
ElseIf (i_dArray(i) > i_dArray(o_l_IndexOfMax)) Then
o_l_IndexOfMax = i
End If
Next i
End Sub
Function IndexOfMinDouble( _
i_dArray() As Double _
) As Long
Dim i As Long
On Error GoTo EWE
IndexOfMinDouble = LBound(i_dArray)
For i = IndexOfMinDouble + 1 To UBound(i_dArray)
If (i_dArray(i) < i_dArray(IndexOfMinDouble)) Then
IndexOfMinDouble = i
End If
m_l_NumberOfComparisons = m_l_NumberOfComparisons + 1
Next i
On Error GoTo 0
Exit Function
EWE:
On Error GoTo 0
IndexOfMinDouble = MIN_LONG
End Function
Function IndexOfMaxDouble( _
i_dArray() As Double _
) As Long
Dim i As Long
On Error GoTo EWE
IndexOfMaxDouble = LBound(i_dArray)
For i = IndexOfMaxDouble + 1 To UBound(i_dArray)
If (i_dArray(i) > i_dArray(IndexOfMaxDouble)) Then
IndexOfMaxDouble = i
End If
m_l_NumberOfComparisons = m_l_NumberOfComparisons + 1
Next i
On Error GoTo 0
Exit Function
EWE:
On Error GoTo 0
IndexOfMaxDouble = MIN_LONG
End Function

Answer 7

A simple pseudo code for the recursive algorithm:
Function MAXMIN (A, low, high)
if (high − low + 1 = 2) then
if (A[low] < A[high]) then
max = A[high]; min = A[low].
return((max, min)).
else
max = A[low]; min = A[high].
return((max, min)).
end if
else
mid = low+high/2
(max_l , min_l ) = MAXMIN(A, low, mid).
(max_r , min_r ) =MAXMIN(A, mid + 1, high).
end if
Set max to the larger of max_l and max_r ;
likewise, set min to the smaller of min_l and min_r .
return((max, min)).

Answer 8

import java.util.*;
class Maxmin
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int[] arr = new int[10];
Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
int i, min=0, max=0;
for(i=0; i<=9; i++)
{
System.out.print("Enter any number: ");
arr[i] = in.nextInt();
}
min = arr[0];
for(i=0; i<=9; i++)
{
if(arr[i] > max)
{
max = arr[i];
}
if(arr[i] < min)
{
min = arr[i];
}
}
System.out.println("Maximum is: " + max);
System.out.println("Minimum is: " + min);
}
}

Answer 9

My divide & conquer approach with java so far:
public class code {
static int[] A = {444,9,8,6,199,3,0,5,3,200};
static int min = A[0], max = A[1];
static int count = 0;
public void minMax(int[] A, int i, int j) {
if(i==j) {
count = count + 2;
min = Math.min(min, A[i]);
max = Math.max(max, A[i]);
}
else if(j == i+1) {
if(A[i] > A[j]) {
count = count + 3;
min = Math.min(min, A[j]);
max = Math.max(max, A[i]);
}
else {
count = count + 3;
min = Math.min(min, A[i]);
max = Math.max(max, A[j]);
}
}
else {
minMax(A,i,(i+j)/2);
minMax(A,(i+j)/2+1,j);
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
code c = new code();
if(Math.min(A[0], A[1]) == A[0]) {
count++;
min = A[0];
max = A[1];
}
else {
count++;
min = A[1];
max = A[0];
}
c.minMax(A,2,A.length-1);
System.out.println("Min: "+min+" Max: "+max);
System.out.println("Total comparisons: " + count);
}
}

Answer 10

public static int[] minMax(int[] array){
int [] empty = {-1,-1};
if(array==null || array.length==0){
return empty;
}
int lo =0, hi = array.length-1;
return minMax(array,lo, hi);
}
private static int[] minMax(int []array, int lo, int hi){
if(lo==hi){
int [] result = {array[lo], array[hi]};
return result;
}else if(lo+1==hi){
int [] result = new int[2];
result[0] = Math.min(array[lo], array[hi]);
result[1] = Math.max(array[lo], array[hi]);
return result;
}else{
int mid = lo+(hi-lo)/2;
int [] left = minMax(array, lo, mid);
int [] right = minMax(array, mid+1, hi);
int []result = new int[2];
result[0] = Math.min(left[0], right[0]);
result[1] = Math.max(left[1], right[1]);
return result;
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
int []array = {1,2,3,4,100};
System.out.println("min and max values are "+Arrays.toString(minMax(array)));
}

Answer 11

#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int n;
cin>>n;
set<int> t;
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{
int x;
cin>>x;
t.insert(x);
}
set<int>::iterator s,b;
s=t.begin();
b=--t.end();
cout<< *s<<" "<<*b<<endl;
enter code here
return 0;
}
// this can be done in log(n) complexity!!!

Answer 12

if (numbers.Length <= 0)
{
Console.WriteLine("There are no elements");
return;
}
if (numbers.Length == 1)
{
Console.WriteLine($"There is only one element. So min and max of this
array is: {numbers[0]}");
return;
}
if (numbers.Length == 2)
{
if (numbers[0] > numbers[1])
{
Console.WriteLine($"min = {numbers[1]}, max = {numbers[0]}");
return;
}
Console.WriteLine($"min = {numbers[0]}, max = {numbers[1]}");
return;
}
int i = 0;
int j = numbers.Length - 1;
int min = numbers[i];
int max = numbers[j];
i++;
j--;
while (i <= j)
{
if(numbers[i] > numbers[j])
{
if (numbers[j] < min) min = numbers[j];
if (numbers[i] > max) max = numbers[i];
}
else
{
if (numbers[i] < min) min = numbers[i];
if (numbers[j] > max) max = numbers[j];
}
i++;
j--;
}
It's a solution written in C#. I find this method of burning the candle at both ends to be a good contender as a solution.

Answer 13

Compare in Pairs will work best for minimum comparisons
# Initialization #
- if len(arr) is even, min = min(arr[0], arr[1]), max = max(arr[0], arr[1])
- if len(arr) is odd, min = min = arr[0], max = arr[0]
# Loop over pairs #
- Compare bigger of the element with the max, and smaller with min,
- if smaller element less than min, update min, similarly with max.
Total Number of comparisons -
For size = odd, 3(n - 1) / 2 where n is size of array
For size = even, 1 + 3*(n - 2)/2 = 3n/2 - 2
Below is the python code for the above pseudo-code
class Solution(object):
def min_max(self, arr):
size = len(arr)
if size == 1:
return arr[0], arr[0]
if size == 2:
return arr[0], arr[1]
min_n = None
max_n = None
index = None
if size % 2 == 0: # One comparison
min_n = min(arr[0], arr[1])
max_n = max(arr[0], arr[1])
st_index = 2
else:
min_n = arr[0]
max_n = arr[0]
st_index = 1
for index in range(st_index, size, 2):
if arr[index] < arr[index + 1]:
min_n = min(arr[index], min_n)
max_n = max(arr[index + 1], max_n)
else:
min_n = min(arr[index + 1], min_n)
max_n = max(arr[index], max_n)
return min_n, max_n

Answer 14

Just loop over the array once, keeping track of the max and min so far.