I need to include file_1.c into main.c. In file_1.c, I currently have multiple functions. If I want to call these functions in main.c, what do I need to do? I have #include"file_1.c" in my main program.
Use standard approach by making header file
#include"file_1.h"
you will have to compile this "file_1.c" together with main.c and make one executable
because function calls are need in run time.
Try this :
create a header file file_1.h
#ifndef _FILE_H
#define _FILE_H
void foo(int );
#endif
give all the declaraion of function and struct definitions (if any) or any global variables
then in file_1.c will contain actual defintion of function
//file_1.c
#include "file_1.h"
#include <stdio.h>
void foo(int x)
{
printf("%d\t",x);
}
//main.c
#include "file_1.h"
int main()
{
int x=10;
foo(x);
return 0;
}
include header file file_1.h in both (main.c and file_1.c) the c files
In gcc
gcc -Wall main.c file_1.c -o myexe.out
Why do you think you need to do this?
Normally you would add the declaration of functions in file_1.c into file_1.h and include that in main.c.
When you link the program, you just need to include both main.c and file_1.c (which then includes the definitions of the functions) on the command line.
Related
#include "stdio.h"
#include "file_created_by_me.h"
In the first include there is a library file, in the second include there is a header file, or both can be called as libraries or headers because library and header are synonymous?
Both are header files.
The first header file provides declarations of some of the functions provided by the C standard library. Therefore, one could say that it is part of the C standard library.
The second header file probably provides declarations of functions that are defined in other parts of your program. Therefore, it is not part of a library.
A library generally provides header files so that you can #include them in your program, so that the compiler has the necessary function declarations in order to call the functions in the library. However, the main part of the library, which consists of the actual function definitions, is not imported by the compiler, but rather by the linker.
The difference is that header files contains (as said above) some function declarations, library files contains execution code of this functions.
Simple example:
myfunc.h - header file
#ifndef MYFUNC_H
#define MY_FUNC_H 1
extern void myfunc(void);
#endif /* MYFUNC_H */
myfunc.c - definition of function
#include <stdio.h>
#include "myfunc.h"
void myfunc(void) {
printf("Hello world!\n");
}
This compiles by example with gcc by this way:
gcc -Wall -c myfunc.c
and produced file is myfunc.o - this is oure library
And main program:
#include "myfunc.h"
int main(void) {
myfunc();
return 0;
}
Compile it:
gcc -Wall main.c myfunc.o
and run:
a.exe
in Windows or
./a.out
in *NIX systems...
I'm a beginner learning c. I know that use of word "static" makes a c function and variable local to the source file it's declared in. But consider the following...
test.h
static int n = 2;
static void f(){
printf("%d", n);
}
main.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include "test.h"
int main()
{
printf("%d", n);
f();
return 0;
}
My expected result was that an error message will throw up, since the function f and variable n is local to test.h only? Thanks.
But instead, the output was
2
2
EDIT:
If it only works for a compilation unit, what does that mean? And how do I use static the way I intended to?
static makes your function/variable local to the compilation unit, ie the whole set of source code that is read when you compile a single .c file.
#includeing a .h file is a bit like copy/paste-ing the content of this header file in your .c file. Thus, n and f in your example are considered local to your main.c compilation unit.
Example
module.h
#ifndef MODULE_H
#define MODULE_H
int fnct(void);
#endif /* MODULE_H */
module.c
#include "module.h"
static
int
detail(void)
{
return 2;
}
int
fnct(void)
{
return 3+detail();
}
main.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include "module.h"
int
main(void)
{
printf("fnct() gives %d\n", fnct());
/* printf("detail() gives %d\n", detail()); */
/* detail cannot be called because:
. it was not declared
(rejected at compilation, or at least a warning)
. even if it were, it is static to the module.c compilation unit
(rejected at link)
*/
return 0;
}
build (compile each .c then link)
gcc -c module.c
gcc -c main.c
gcc -o prog module.o main.o
You have included test.h in main.c.
Therefore static int n and static void f() will be visible inside main.c also.
When a variable or function is declared at file scope (not inside any other { } brace pair), and they are declared static, they are local to the translation unit they reside in.
Translation unit is a formal term in C and it's slightly different from a file. A translation unit is a single c file and all the h files it includes.
So in your case, the static variable is local to the translation unit consisting of test.h and main.c. You will be able to access it in main.c, but not in foo.c.
Meaning that if you have another .c file including test.h, you'll get two instances of the same variable, with the same name. That in turn can lead to all manner of crazy bugs.
This is one of many reasons why we never define variables inside header files.
(To avoid spaghetti program design, we should not declare variables in headers either, unless they are const qualified.)
In C I get the linker error multiple definition of `main'. Yes, that is true but:
Why does the linker try to include the second (ext.c) main function although I have just included the header ext.h? I'd expect, the linker only links the functions whose prototypes have been found or which are needed by the initial main?
How can I solve this that
a) test compiles and gets linked without issues (just use the func() from ext.c) and
b) also ext.c can be compiled and linked as separate application?
The (example) code:
//file: test.c
#include "/home/stefanm/test/test.h"
void main (int argc, char * argv[])
{
uint8_t var = 123;
printf ("main(): var= %i\n", var);
func (var);
}
//file: test.h
#ifndef TEST_H
#define TEST_H
#include <the rest>
#include "/home/stefanm/test/ext.h"
#endif
...and the external module:
//file: ext.c
#include "/home/stefanm/test/ext.h"
uint8_t func (uint8_t i){
printf ("func(): Variable i is %i", i);
return 0;
}
void main () {
printf ("ext main func");
}
//file: ext.h
#ifndef EXT_H
#define EXT_H
#include "all needed headers"
uint8_t func (uint8_t);
#endif
I call the compiler with gcc test.c ext.c -o test
Your external module should not have main() because it's a module and not an application. You should just move main() from your module to a separate file:
//file: app.c
#include "/home/stefanm/test/ext.h" // <-- BTW, using absolute paths is not a good idea
void main () {
//use function from ext here
printf ("app main func");
}
And then compile your application like this:
gcc app.c ext.c
and your test like this:
gcc test.c ext.c
In C, you can only have one definition of a function in all of the files you link into your executable. There's no good way to tell the compiler "I want to use this main() and not all the others". (There's a bad way, using macros, but it would be messy).
If you want to use a function with two different main() functions, put it in a separate file.
I suppose your compile/link call goes like
gcc test.c ext.c
In this case, test.c and ext.c (resp., to be exact, the .o files created out of them) are peers, i. e. on the same level. How should the linker know which version of the symbol main to take and which to discard? The linker doesn't know about the include files used.
In the case of a main function, the correct way to go is to have exactly one of them in your project.
For any other function where you have this requirement, there are several ways to go:
Either, you could declare one of them as "weak". It will be discarded when there is a "strong one".
Or you put your function into a library, e. g. libext.a. If you link that with -ext, only the object files which define symbols which are undeined are taken out of it. But then again, name clashes can occur if another name defined by that object file is defined already. So it is the best to only define as few symbols per object file as possible.
I am having trouble calling an external function I wrote in the Pico editor in linux. The program should call an external function and they are both written in C.
#include????
void calcTax()
float calcfed()
float calcssi()
// stub program
#include"FILE2"???or do I use"./FILE2"// not sure which to use here or what extension the file should have. .c or .h and if it is .h do I simply change the file name to file.h?
#include<stdio.h>
#define ADDR(var) &var
extern void calctaxes()
int main()
{
}
I am using gcc to compile but it will not compile. both files are in the same directory and have the .c extension
I am a new student so bear with me.
Normally, when you want a function in one compilation unit to call a function in another compilation unit, you should create a header file containing the function prototypes. The header file can be included in both compilation units to make sure that both sides agree on the interface.
calctax.h
#ifndef calctax_h_included
#define calctax_h_included
void calctaxes(void);
/* any other related prototypes we want to include in this header */
#endif
Note that extern is not required on functions, only global data. Also, since the function takes no arguments, you should put void in the argument list, and you also need a semi-colon at the end of the prototype.
Next, we can include this header file in the .c file that implements the function:
calctax.c
#include "calctax.h"
void calctaxes(void)
{
/* implementation */
}
Finally, we include the same header file in our main .c file that calls the function:
main.c
#include "calctax.h"
int main(int argc, char **argc)
{
calctax();
return 0;
}
You can compile and link these together with
% gcc -o main main.c calctax.c
Normally you don't want to include .c implementation files. The normal thing to do is have two source files that you build into objects:
cc -o file1.o file1.c
cc -o file2.o file2.c
And then link them into an executable at the end:
cc -o example file1.o file2.o
To allow calling functions between the two .c files, you create a header (.h) file that has function declarations for everything you're interested in sharing. For you, that might be something like header.h, containing:
void calcTax(void);
float calcfed(void);
float calcssi(void);
Then, just #include "header.h" from the implementation files where you need to know about those functions.
// File foo1.c :
#include <stdio.h> // once
void foo1(void);
void foo1(void){
puts("foo1");
}
// File foo2.c :
#include <stdio.h> // again
void foo2(void);
void foo2(void){
puts("foo2");
}
// File foomain.c :
#include <stdio.h> // yet again
void foo1(void); // again
void foo2(void); // again
int main(void){
foo1();
foo2();
puts("foomain");
return 0;
}
// create object files
gcc -fPIC foo1.c -o foo1.o // 1 stdio.h
gcc -fPIC foo2.c -o foo2.o // 1 stdio.h
// create shared library
gcc -fPIC -shared foo1.o foo2.o -o foo.so // foo.so contains stdio.h 2 times ?
// build entire program
gcc foo.so foomain.c -o foomain // foomain contains 1 stdio.h plus the 2 from foo.so ?
Why does the entire program contain 3 stdio.h ? Seems redundant, why not just 1 ? Shouldn't the compiler need only 1 ?
It makes sense for the object files to contain a prototype but why do they have to be specified again in foomain.c ? Shouldn't the compiler know they are already specified in foo.so ?
That's because each file is compiled separately, so each time the compiler should know the signatures of all functions used to perform compile-time checks. So, each file has to contain all declarations used, which are included by the preprocessor before the file is compiled.
If you look at the top of most header files they have an include guard to stop double inclusion.
#ifndef FOO
#define FOO
#endif
See Include Guard for more information.
The #include lines are not actually a part of the compiler, but the C preprocessor.
What the preprocessor does with #include lines is to actually include the file into the source, and creates a new temporary file containing the contents of your file with the #include line replaced by the contents of the file being included.
You don't actually need the include file at all, if all you are doing is calling functions. You might get warnings about the functions not being declared, but those can be adding the prototypes for those functions yourself. For example, in your main source file you only use puts, instead of including <stdio.h> you can add a prototype like this:
int puts(const char *s);
However, <stdio.h> also defines some structures (like the FILE structure) and declares some variables (like stdout) and if you use any of those you need the header file as well.
You can use include guards as #Jeff suggested or just put #pragma once at the top of each header.