I'm having a peculiar issue with a simple function I created. This function generates a random number between 0-14, it then creates an array using that randomly generated number as the size and fills it with the char 'x'.
The problem I'm having is that when I call the function it will randomly display symbols or numbers after the x's.
I had originally declared the array as size 15, but figured it was the remaining slots that were causing this display issue. However, it still persists after changing the function.
Here's the current function I'm using:
void application()
{
int randSize, i;
srand((unsigned)time(NULL));
randSize = (rand() % 15);
char array[randSize];
char *bar = array;
for(i=0; i< randSize; i++)
array[i] = 'x';
printf("%s | ", bar);
}
Don't you need to end your strings with \0 in C? ) For example:
char array[randSize + 1];
for (i=0; i < randSize; i++)
array[i] = 'x';
array[i] = '\0';
(updated this because you indeed probably wanted to get a useful part of string of randSize length).
printf("%s | ", bar);
The %s conversion requires a pointer to a 0-terminated character array, but your array is not 0-terminated. Thus the behaviour is undefined, but what usually happens is that printf continues reading and printing characters until it finds a 0 byte or reaches forbidden memory, causing a segmentation fault, whichever happens first.
You're using printf to print a C string. C strings must be null-terminated.
If you want to use array as a string, you'll need to allocate an additional character, and append a \0 to the end:
char array[randSize + 1];
// loop to fill the array
array[i] = '\0';
Since printf expects a null-terminated string, without that it will continue to print past the bounds of your array, reading memory that isn't part of your array.
%s expects a pointer to a null-terminated string. You're not providing that, so you have undefined behaviour and your program is ill-formed.
Read the formatted manual for printf to see how it works and what it expects. In fact, do this for every library function that you are using in your code. No point doing stuff you're not supposed to do and then wondering why it doesn't work; all good libraries will provide specific descriptions of their requirements.
How is this compiling with a variable unless it is declared const? This is an old feature of C99 which is not considered standard. Was not allowed in C prior to that and does not work in C++ either
char array[randSize];
The proper way is
char *array = malloc(randSize);
Am i missing some thing here?
Related
How to print array of string by taking of user input? I am confused between str+i and str[i].
In my program, strings are not printed. It takes 5 strings as input, after that program terminates
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
char *str[5];
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
scanf("%s", &str[i]);
}
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
printf("%s\n", str[i]);
}
}
So firstly, go and read the answers, then come here for complete code. By span of 2 days, I arrived at two solutions to my problem with the help of below answers.
//1.
#include <stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int main()
{
char* str[5];
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
str[i] = (char *)malloc(40 * sizeof(char));
scanf("%s", str[i]);
}
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
printf("%s\n", str[i]);
}
}
//2
#include <stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int main()
{
char str[5][40];
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
scanf("%s", &str[i]);
}
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
printf("%s\n", str[i]);
}
}
Strings are a painful learning experience in c. Its quite unlike higher level languages.
First off, to answer your explicit question, str[i] is the value of the i-th element in an array. If str points to the array of characters"Hello", then str[1] is the value "e". str + i, on the other hand, is a pointer to the i-th element in an array. In the same situation, where str points to the array of characters "Hello", str + 1 is a pointer to the "e" in that array. str[i] and *(str + i) are identical in every way. In fact, the spec defines a[b] to be (*(a + b)), with all of the behaviors that come with it! (As an aside, C still supports a very ancient notation i[str] which is exactly the same as str[i] because addition of pointers and integers is commutative. You should never use the backwards form, but its worth noting that when I say they are defined to be the same, I mean it!)
Note that I have been very careful to avoid the word "string," and focused on "character arrays" instead. C doesn't technically have a string type. This is important here because you can't do easy things like std::string str[5] (which is a valid C++ notation to create an array of 5 strings) to get a variable length string. You have to make sure you have memory for it. char *str[5] creates an array of 5 char*, but doesn't create any arrays of characters to write to. This is why your code is failing. What is actually happening is each element of str is a pointer to an unspecified address (garbage memory from whatever was there before the variable was created), and scanf is trying to assign into that (nonexistent) array. Bad things happen when you write to somewhere random in memory!
There are two solutions to this. One is to use Serve Lauijssen's approach using malloc. Just please please please please please remember to use free() to deallocate that memory. In nearly any real program, you will not want to leak memory, and using free is a very important habit to get into early on. You should also make sure malloc did not return null. That's another one of those habits. It virtually never returns null on a desktop, but it can. On embedded platforms, it can easily happen. Just check it! (And, from the fact that I have to be reminded of this in the comments suggests I failed to get in the habit early!)
The other approach is to create a multidimensional array of characters. You can use the syntax char str[5][80] to create a 5x80 array of characters.
The exact behavior is a bit of a doozie, but you will find it just happens to behave the way you think it should in your case. You can just use the syntax above, and keep moving. However, you should eventually circle back to understand how this works and what is going on underneath.
C handles the access to these multidimensional arrays in a left to right manner, and it "flattens" the array. In the case of char str[5][80], this will create an array of 400 characters in memory. str[0] will be a char [80] (an 80 character array) which is the first 80 characters in that swath of memory. str[1] will be the next swath of 80 characters, and so on. C will decay an array into a pointer implicitly, so when scanf expects a char*, it will automatically convert the char [80] that is the value of str[i] into a char* that points at the first character of the array. phew
Now, all that explicit "here's what's actually going on" stuff aside, you'll find this does what you want. char str[5][80] will allocate 400 characters of memory, laid out in 5 groups of 80. str[i] will (almost) always turn into a char* pointing at the start of the i-th group of characters. Then scanf has a valid pointer to an array of characters to fill in. Because C "strings" are null-terminated, meaning they end at the first null (character 0 aka '\0') rather than at the end of the memory allocated for it, the extra unused space in the character array simply wont matter.
Again, sorry its so long. This is a source of confusion for basically every C programmer that ever graced the surface of this earth. I am yet to meet a C programmer who was not initially confused by pointers, much less how C handles arrays.
Three other details:
I recommend changing the name from str to strs. It doesn't affect how the code runs, but if you are treating an object as an array, it tends to be more readable if you use plurals. If I was reading code, strs[i] looks like the i-th string in strs, while str[i] looks like the i-th character in a string.
As Bodo points out in comments, using things like scanf("%79s", str[i]) to make sure you don't read too many characters is highly highly highly desirable. Later on, you will be plagued by memory corruptions if you don't ingrain this habit early. The vast majority of exploits you read about in major systems are "buffer overruns" which are where an attacker gets to write too many characters into a buffer, and does something malicious with the extra data as it spills over into whatever happens to be next in the memory space. I'm quite sure you aren't worried about an attacker using your code maliciously at this point in your C career, but it will be a big deal later.
Eventually you will write code where you really do need a char**, that is a pointer to a pointer to a character. The multidimensional array approach won't actually work on that day. When I come across this, I have to create two arrays. The first is char buffer[400] which is my "backing" buffer that holds the characters, and the second is char* strs[5], which holds my strings. Then I have to do strs[0] = buffer + (0 * 80); strs[1] = buffer + (1 * 80); and so on. You don't need this here, but I have needed it in more advanced code.
If you do this, you can also follow the suggestion in the comments to make a static char backing[400]. This creates a block of 400 bytes at compile time which can be used by the function. In general I'd recommend avoiding this, but I include it for completeness. There are some embedded software situations where you will want to use this due to platform limitations. However, this is terribly broken in multithreading situations, which is why many of the standard C functions that relied on static allocated memory now have a variant ending in _r which is re-entrant and threadsafe.
There is also alloca.
Since you have defined char *str[5], so str should be of type char **. So when scanf() expects char *, it is given &str[i] which is of type char **, and so it is not right. That is why your printf("%s\n", str[i]) might not work.
The (str+i) (which is of type char ** and not the same as str[i]) method might work with printf() in the above case because you are reading string values to &str[i]. This could be fine when you have input strings which are short. But then, reading values to &str[i] is not what you intend here, because str[i] is already of type char *. Try giving a very very long string as input (like aaaaaaa...) in the above code, and it will probably give you a Segmentation fault. So technically the method is broken, and you really need to allocate memory to each char * elements in your str array before reading in strings. For example, you can do
for (int i=0; i<5; ++i)
str[i] = (char *) malloc(length_you_wish);
Since each str[i] is of type char * and scanf() expects argument of type char *, use scanf( "%s", str[i] ), omitting & before str[i].
Now, you can printf() with
printf( "%s\n", str[i] ) or printf( "%s\n", *(str+i) ), where str[i] or *(str+i) is of type char *.
Lastly, you need to do
for (int i=0; i<5; ++i)
free(str[i])
Moral: str[i] is a pointer to a specific char array (it holds the address of the first char element of the array), but (str+i) points to str[i] (it refers to the address of str[i], so (str+i) and &str[i] should have same value).
While working on a CS50 problem set (substitution), I encountered a segmentation fault when running the code. After some searching I found out that assigning memory (malloc) to string "output" fixes the issue. However I wanted to understand why assigning memory is necessary here?
Any explanation would be appreciated.
code extract: -please note i am using the cs50.h library
string cipher(string input, string key) {
string output=malloc(strlen(input)+1);
for (int i=0, len = strlen(input); i<len; i++) {
if(isalpha(input[i]) != 0) {
output[i] = substitute(input[i], key);
}
else {
output[i] = input[i];
}
}
return output;
free(output);
}
As much as I could know about CS50.h string, I came to know that
string output
is just declaring a character pointer named output. So what actually happens in your code is that until you explicitly declare the "strlen(input)+1" contiguous memory locations beloging to output only, they are essentially free locations for the program. Hence, your output pointer will contain only the character at the 0th index. The function returns what "output" actually is, a pointer. Some process within the program meanwhile may make use of all the other memory locations other than output[0], since they never belonged to output string. output only pointed to the first character of some string.
Bound checking in C, C++ is essentially done by the programmer. output[i] for any arbitrary i will never give an error because it's a simple pointer arithmetic for the programmer, i.e. output[i] = *(output+i).
:)
For starters this statement
free(output);
never gets the control because it is placed after the return statement
return output;
and moreover it does not make a sense. It is the caller of the function that is responsible to free the allocated memory.
You need to dynamically allocated memory because otherwise if you will declare a variable length array like
char output[strlen(input)+1];
then after exiting the function it will not be alive and an attempt to access the array outside the function results in undefined behavior.
That is if you will just write
string output;
that is equivalent to
char *output;
then the pointer output has indeterminate value because it was not initialized and neither memory was allocated where the source string will be copied.
You could change the source string input in place without creating one more array.
In this case it would be enough to write
if(isalpha(input[i]) != 0) {
input[i] = substitute(input[i], key);
}
and then you could place the statement
return input;
Pay attention to that using the alias string for the type char * is a bad idea.
The function declaration if to rewrite it like
char * cipher(char *input, char *key);
is confusing. It is unclear whether the strings input and key are being changed within the function or not.
If you want that the function returns a new string build from the source string then the function declaration should look like
char * cipher(const char *input, const char *key);
Thus answering your question
However I wanted to understand why assigning memory is necessary here?
if you want to create a new string from the source string pointed to by the pointer input then it is evident that you need to allocate a new character array where elements of the source string will be copied.
Otherwise if you want to change the source string in place then there is no need to create one more array.
I am trying to test something and I made a small test file to do so. The code is:
void main(){
int i = 0;
char array1 [3];
array1[0] = 'a';
array1[1] = 'b';
array1[2] = 'c';
printf("%s", array1[i+1]);
printf("%d", i);
}
I receive a segmentation error when I compile and try to run. Please let me know what my issue is.
Please let me know what my issue is. ? firstly char array1[3]; is not null terminated as there is no enough space to put '\0' at the end of array1. To avoid this undefined behavior increase the size of array1.
Secondly, array1[i+1] is a single char not string, so use %c instead of %s as
printf("%c", array1[i+1]);
I suggest you get yourself a good book/video series on C. It's not a language that's fun to pick up out of the blue.
Regardless, your problem here is that you haven't formed a correct string. In C, a string is a pointer to the start of a contiguous region of memory that happens to be filled with characters. There is no data whatsoever stored about it's size or any other characteristics. Only where it starts and what it is. Therefore you must provide information as to when the string ends explicitly. This is done by having the very last character in a string be set to the so called null character (in C represented by the escape sequence '\0'.
This implies that any string must be one character longer than the content you want it to hold. You should also never be setting up a string manually like this. Use a library function like strlcpy to do it. It will automatically add in a null character, even if your array is too small (by truncating the string). Alternatively you can statically create a literal string like this:
char array[] = "abc";
It will automatically be null terminated and be of size 4.
Strings need to have a NUL terminator, and you don't have one, nor is there room for one.
The solution is to add one more character:
char array1[4];
// ...
array1[3] = 0;
Also you're asking to print a string but supplying a character instead. You need to supply the whole buffer:
printf("%s", array1);
Then you're fine.
Spend the time to learn about how C strings work, in particular about the requirement for the terminator, as buffer overflow bugs are no joke.
When printf sees a "%s" specifier in the formatting string, it expects a char* as the corresponding argument, but you passed a char value of the array1[i+1] expression. That char got promoted to int but that is still incompatible with char *, And even if it was it has no chance to be a valid pointer to any meaningful character string...
Printing the initials (first character) of the string held in the variable 'fn' and the variable 'ln'
#include <stdio.h>
#include <cs50.h>
int main(void)
{
string fn, ln, initials;
fn = get_string("\nFirst Name: ");
ln = get_string("Last Name: ");
initials = 'fn[0]', 'ln[0]';
printf("%s", initials)
}
Read more about C. In particular, read some good C programming book, and some C reference site and read the C11 standard n1570. Notice that cs50.h is not a standard C header (and I never encountered it).
The string type does not exist. So your example don't compile and is not valid C code.
An important (and difficult) notion in C is : undefined behavior (UB). I won't explain what is it here, but see this, read much more about UB, and be really afraid of UB.
Even if you (wrongly) add something like
typedef char* string;
(and your cs50.h might do that) you need to understand that:
not every pointer is valid, and some pointers may contain an invalid address (such as NULL, or most random addresses; in particular an uninitialized pointer variable often has an invalid pointer). Be aware that in your virtual address space most addresses are invalid. Dereferencing an invalid pointer is UB (often, but not always, giving a segmentation fault).
even when a pointer to char is valid, it could point to something which is not a string (e.g. some sequence of bytes which is not NUL terminated). Passing such a pointer (to a non-string data) to string related functions -e.g. strlen or printf with %s is UB.
A string is a sequence of bytes, with additional conventions: at the very least it should be NUL terminated and you generally want it to be a valid string for your system. For example, my Linux is using UTF-8 (in 2017 UTF-8 is used everywhere) so in practice only valid UTF-8 strings can be correctly displayed in my terminals.
Arrays are decayed into pointers (read more to understand what that means, it is tricky). So in several occasions you might declare an array variable (a buffer)
char buf[50];
then fill it, perhaps using strcpy like
strcpy(buf, "abc");
or using snprintf like
int xx = something();
snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "x%d", xx);
and latter you can use as a "string", e.g.
printf("buf is: %s\n", buf);
In some cases (but not always!), you might even do some array accesses like
char c=buf[4];
printf("c is %c\n", c);
or pointer arithmetic like
printf("buf+8 is %s\n", buf+8);
BTW, since stdio is buffered, I recommend ending your printf control format strings with \n or using fflush.
Beware and be very careful about buffer overflows. It is another common cause of UB.
You might want to declare
char initials[8];
and fill that memory zone to become a proper string:
initials[0] = fn[0];
initials[1] = ln[0];
initials[2] = (char)0;
the last assignment (to initials[2]) is putting the NUL terminating byte and makes that initials buffer a proper string. Then you could output it using printf or fputs
fputs(initials, stdout);
and you'll better output a newline with
putchar('\n');
(or you might just do puts(initials); ....)
Please compile with all warnings and debug info, so gcc -Wall -Wextra -g with GCC. Improve your code to get no warnings. Learn how to use your compiler and your debugger gdb. Use gdb to run your program step by step and query its state. Take time to read the documentation of every standard function that you are using (e.g. strcpy, printf, scanf, fgets) even if at first you don't understand all of it.
char initials[]={ fn[0], ln[0], '\0'};
This will form the char array and you can print it with
printf("%s", initials) //This is a string - null terminated character array.
There is no concept of string datatype in c . We simulate it using null terminated character array.
If you don't put the \0 in the end, it won't be a null terminated char array and if you want to print it you will have to use indexing in the array to determine the individual characters. (You can't use printf or other standard functions).
int s[]={'h','i'} // not null terminated
//But you can work with this, iterating over the elements.
for(size_t i=0; i< sizeof s; i++)
printf("%c",s[i]);
To explain further there is no string datatype in C. So what you can do is you simulate it using char [] and that is sufficient for that work.
For example you have to do this to get a string
char fn[MAXLEN}, ln[MAXLEN];
Reading an input can be like :
if(!fgets(fn, MAXLEN,stdin) ){
fprintf(stderr,"Error in input");
}
Do similarly for the second char array.
And then you do form the initializationg of array initials.
char initials[]={fn[0],ln[0],'\0'}
The benefit of the null terminated char array is that you can pass it to the fucntions which works over char* and get a correct result. Like strcmp() or strcpy().
Also there are lots of ways to get input from stdin and it is better always to check the return type of the standard functions that you use.
Standard don't restrict us that all the char arrays must be null terminated. But if we dont do that way then it's hardly useful in common cases. Like my example above. That array i shown earlier (without the null terminator) can't be passed to strlen() or strcpy() etc.
Also knowingly or unknowingly you have used somnething interesting The comma operator
Suppose you write a statememnt like this
char initialChar = fn[0] , ln[0]; //This is error
char initialChar = (fn[0] , ln[0]); // This is correct and the result will be `ln[0]`
, operator works that first it tries to evaluate the first expression fn[0] and then moves to the second ln[0] and that value is returned as a value of the whole expression that is assigned to initialChar.
You can check these helpful links to get you started
Beginner's Guide Away from scanf()
How to debug small programs
I'm beginner with C and I'm trying to create an array of strings saved like this:
[1][firststring]
[2][secondstring]
[2][thirdstring]
.
.
.
My implementation looks like:
int counter = 0;
char for_pole[50][50];
strcpy(for_pole[counter][50],"hello");
counter++;
//then i want to print it:
printf("my string: %s", for_pole[0][50]); //prints out first string
printf("my string: %s", for_pole[1][50]); //...and second one
but returns segmentation fault.
Should i use some dynamic allocation of memory?
As I've told I'm novice, so sorry for bad question.
I do not see where in your code there is the second string. I see only one string `"hello".
You can write for example the following way
int counter = 0;
char for_pole[50][50];
strcpy(for_pole[counter],"hello");
counter++;
strcpy(for_pole[counter],"world");
//then i want to print it:
printf("my string: %s\n", for_pole[0]); //prints out first string
printf("my string: %s\n", for_pole[1]); //...and second one
As for this expression
for_pole[counter][50]
then 1) index 50 is outside the array because the valid range of indices is 0 - 49 and 2) it has type char instead of to be an array or a pointer to char that is required by function strcpy or by the format specifier %s. of function printf.
When you write
strcpy(for_pole[counter][50],"hello");
You're writing the string "hello" to a char. Moreover, it is on the position 50 of an array that goes from 0 to 49.
you should change it to
strcpy(for_pole[counter],"hello");
because "for_pole[i]" is the i-th string and "for_pole[i][j]" is the j-th character of that string.
Similarly that printf should be
printf("my string: %s", for_pole[0]);
I would add a '\n' to get things a little bit more organized
Finally, the code would be like this
int counter = 0;
char for_pole[50][50];
strcpy(for_pole[counter],"hello");
counter++;
printf("my string: %s\n", for_pole[0]); //prints out first string
printf("my string: %s\n", for_pole[1]); //prints out second string
initialize for_pole variable with zero.
char for_pole[50][50] = {0,};
Jon.e, there are some reasons for SEGFAULT.
Even when there is no bug at all, but rather there are a lack of memory.
Some guys tell you, to pay attention to compiler message and warning, yes, but that's just a part of story.
Related to SEGFAULT there are the following most notable kinds of SEGFAULTS, that I can tell you by my own experience:
1. You are trying to access to indices which do not exist.
Array has the size, exactly same size which you have specified while declaring an array.
Review this code:
/* "Array out of bounds" error
valid indices for array foo
are 0, 1, ... 999 */
int foo[1000];
for (int i = 0; i <= 1000 ; i++)
foo[i] = i;
Here we have one illegal access to an index which does not exist.
2. You are trying to access to the value which does not exist.
In this case memory exists but the value...
/* Illegal memory access if value of n is
not in the range 0, 1, ... 999 */
int n;
int foo[1000];
for (int i = 0; i < n ; i++)
foo[i] = i;
This is also one of the most common pitfalls.
This pitfall is so fundamental, even experienced developers sometime make such mistake. The problem is in uninitialized memory for variable n.
Initialization is process of putting value of the variable its first value, If you want, we can say that it's process of losing virginity of the variable.
There are very chaotic rule of when variable is initialized and when - not. To complex for remembering. Just always initialize variables.
3. You are trying to access to the memory via pointers.
And that pointer does not point anywhere. You are trying to read something from NOWHERE? It does not make sense, does it?
/* Illegal memory access because no memory
is allocated for foo2 */
float *foo, *foo2;
foo = (float*)malloc(1000);
foo2[0] = 1.0;
What happens, if you forget to initialize variable( 2-nd ) or pointer (3-rd case). The answer is broad: from nothing to catastrophe.
Why so? Because memory is the something which has been used by a lot of applications, and it's shared between hundreds of thousands applications running on a computer. So when you create a variable it creates the segment in the memory for that variables, but does not clean that memory (to be precise, in some cases it has been nulled, in others - not) Just assume that is never cleared. So in such situations, no matter the problem caused by variable or by pointer (which is actually is a variable too, but that's another story), we say that, variable stores 'garbage'.
Note, it's not obvious, to find those kind of SEGFAULTS, sometimes it's almost impossible, so you must be ready for such situations, and should use debugger for example gdb, to eliminate the bug.
Also avoid such dummy errors, like. The practice with my students show that it's very very common error.
int n = 100;
int foo[n];
use instead
int foo[100]
or
const int n = 100;
int foo[n];
or
enum N { N = 100 };
int is[N];
Additional references:
Can a const variable be used to declare the size of an array in C?
https://kb.iu.edu/d/aqsj
You misunderstand...
...how strings and array indexing work together. A string is an array of characters. For example this is a string:
char some_string[20] = "Hello";
And this is how you print it:
printf("%s\n", some_string);
And this is how you use strcpy() with it:
strcpy(some_string, "Goodbye");
And this is how you access the i-th character in the string:
/* Not compilable by itself; just an example. */
some_string[i]
Notice how the only time you used [...] was in declaring it and accessing a specific character in the array of characters. However, that is for a single string.
For an array of strings, you declare it as a 2-dimensional array of characters, just as you've done with for_pole:
/* An array of 50 strings, all of which can store a maximum of 49
* characters, plus a null termination character for each string.
*/
char for_pole[50][50];
To use strcpy() with the counter-th string:
strcpy(for_pole[counter], "hello");
And to print the first (0-th) string:
printf("my string: %s", for_pole[0]);
And to print the i-th character of the first string:
printf("string[%d]: %c", i, for_pole[0][i]);
Again, notice how I didn't use [50] every time here. If you have a string, you access it using its name and each character using string[i]. If you have an array of strings, you access the array using its name and each string using array[i] notation. To access the j-th character of the i-th string in the array:
/* Not compilable by itself; just an example. */
array[i][j]
Why your version segfaults
You don't need to use [50] in every expression the way you do. Notice the last expression array[i][j] to access a single character. Since a character is represented by an integer value, the compiler will then convert that integer to a pointer where necessary.
This means that doing something like strcpy(for_pole[counter][50],"hello"); will try to copy the string "hello" to whatever memory address the compiler thinks the character for_pole[counter][50] holds. For example, if the character is the letter A, represented by the integer 65 on my system, then the program would try to copy all 6 bytes of the string "hello" to memory address 65. My program doesn't have permission to write to that memory address, so it segfaults. And that's the problem you are experiencing.