I was practicing some programming problems and tried to code the popular "reverse words in a string" problem.
I tried to come up with my own code in C. I am able to partially get it right. That is, "hello world" becomes "world olleh". I am wondering what the bug is here. I think somewhere I am creating an off by 1 bug.
As much as possible, I wanted to do it without using library functions. I searched here for this problem & found many solutions, but I'd like to know why my solution doesn't work.
Here is the code:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
void reverse(char*, int);
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
char st[]= "hello world";
int len = strlen(st);
int i=0,j=0;
reverse(st,len-1); // Reverse the entire string. hello world => dlrow olleh
while(st[j]){ //Loop till end of the string
if ( *(st+j) == ' ' || *(st+j) == '\0' ) { //if you hit a blank space or the end of the string
reverse(st+i,j-1); // reverse the string starting at position i till position before the blank space i.e j-1
i=++j; //new i & j are 1 position to the right of old j
}
else {
j++; //if a chacacter is found, move to next position
}
}
printf("%s",st);
return 0;
}
void reverse(char *s, int n)
{
char *end = s+n; //end is a pointer to an address which is n addresses from the starting address
char tmp;
while (end>s) //perform swap
{
tmp = *end;
*end = *s;
*s = tmp;
end--;
s++;
}
}
Thank you!
UPDATE: Based on #Daniel Fischer's answer, here is the correct implementation : http://ideone.com/TYw1k
The problem is that
while(st[j]){ //Loop till end of the string
if ( *(st+j) == ' ' || *(st+j) == '\0' )
the while condition prevents the loop being entered at the end of the string, so the last word doesn't get reversed again.
You can either make it an infinite loop, and add an
if (st[j] == '\0') break;
after the reversing, or reverse the last word after the while loop was left.
You have an off by one error indeed: the call
reverse(st+i,j-1);
should be
reverse(st+i,j-i-1);
Your code passes j-1 which is the length from the beginning of the string to the position of the last space; it should be the length of the last word, so you need to subtract the index of the first character (i.e. i).
You are also not reversing the last word (see the other answer for the details on that).
I think that you want to reverse words in a string, not reverse the whole string and then rereverse single words. So, delete first reverse and then apply suggested changes above.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
void reverse(char*, int);
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
char st[]= "hello world";
int i=0, j=0;
while(st[j]){ //Loop till end of the string
if ( st[j] == ' ') { //if you hit a blank space or the end of the string
reverse(&st[i], j - i - 1); // reverse the string starting at position i till position before the blank space i.e j-1
i = ++j; //new i & j are 1 position to the right of old j
}
else {
j++; //if a chacacter is found, move to next position
}
}
reverse(&st[i], j - i - 1);
printf("%s\n",st);
return 0;
}
void reverse(char *s, int n)
{
char *end = s + n; //end is a pointer to an address which is n addresses from the starting address
char tmp;
while (end > s) //perform swap
{
tmp = *end;
*end = *s;
*s = tmp;
end--;
s++;
}
}
Take care when input string would be '\0' or something like ' Hello world'. Above code doesn't managed this kind of situations. Think about it!
#RBK: You first take a string, reverse it, then based on specific words you again reverse them.
I followed a slightly different approach of doing this. I take the string then reverse if required otherwise i copy the same word as it is.
int main(int argc, char*argv[])
{
char *p,st[]= "hello world";
char buf[12]={0};
char fstr[12]={0};
int i=0,j=0,k=0,l=0;
for(p=st;*p!='\0';p++){
//Get the Word
buf[i++] = *p;
//Parse the Word
if(*p == ' ' || *(p+1) == '\0'){
buf[i]='\0';
j=i-1;
i=0; //reset counter
if(k){ //reverse word and copy
while(j>=i){
fstr[l++]=buf[j--];
}
k=0;
}
else{ //copy same word
while(i<=j){
fstr[l++]=buf[i++];
}
i=0; //reset counter
k=1;
}
}
}
fstr[l]='\0';
printf("%s\n",fstr);
return 0;
}
Related
Im trying to write a C program that removes all occurrences of repeating chars in a string except the last occurrence.For example if I had the string
char word[]="Hihxiivaeiavigru";
output should be:
printf("%s",word);
hxeavigru
What I have so far:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main()
{
char word[]="Hihxiiveiaigru";
for (int i=0;i<strlen(word);i++){
if (word[i+1]==word[i]);
memmove(&word[i], &word[i + 1], strlen(word) - i);
}
printf("%s",word);
return 0;
}
I am not sure what I am doing wrong.
With short strings, any algorithm will do. OP's attempt is O(n*n) (as well as other working answers and #David C. Rankin that identified OP's short-comings.)
But what if the string was thousands, millions in length?
Consider the following algorithm: #paulsm4
Form a `bool` array used[CHAR_MAX - CHAR_MIN + 1] and set each false.
i,unique = n - 1;
From the end of the string (n-1 to 0) to the front:
if (character never seen yet) { // used[] look-up
array[unique] = array[i];
unique--;
}
Mark used[array[i]] as true (index from CHAR_MIN)
i--;
Shift the string "to the left" (unique - i) places
Solution is O(n)
Coding goal is too fun to just post a fully coded answer.
I would first write a function to determine if a char ch at a given position i is the last occurence of ch given a char *. Like,
bool isLast(char *word, char ch, int p) {
p++;
ch = tolower(ch);
while (word[p] != '\0') {
if (tolower(word[p]) == ch) {
return false;
}
p++;
}
return true;
}
Then you can use that to iteratively emit your desired characters like
int main() {
char *word = "Hihxiivaeiavigru";
for (int i = 0; word[i] != '\0'; i++) {
if (isLast(word, word[i], i)) {
putchar(word[i]);
}
}
putchar('\n');
}
And (for completeness) I used
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
Outputs (as requested)
hxeavigru
Additional areas where you are currently hurting yourself.
Your for loop must NOT increment the index, e.g. for (int i=0; word[i];). This is because when you memmove() by 1, you have just incremented the indexes. That also means the value to save for last is now i - 1.
there should only be one call to strlen() in the program. You can simply subtract one from length each time memmove() is called.
only increment your loop counter variable when memmove() is not called.
Additionally, avoid hardcoding strings. You shouldn't have to recompile your code just to test the results of "Hihxiivaeiaigrui" instead of "Hihxiivaeiaigru". You shouldn't have to recompile just to remove all but the last 'a' instead of the 'i'. Either pass the string and character to find as arguments to your program (that's what int argc, char **argv are for), or prompt the user for input.
Putting it altogether you could do (presuming word is 1023 characters or less):
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#define MAXC 1024
int main (int argc, char **argv) {
char word[MAXC]; /* storage for word */
strcpy (word, argc > 1 ? argv[1] : "Hihxiivaeiaigru"); /* copy to word */
int find = argc > 2 ? *argv[2] : 'i', /* character to find */
last = -1; /* last index where find found */
size_t len = strlen (word); /* only compute strlen once */
printf ("%s (removing all but last %c)\n", word, find);
for (int i=0; word[i];) { /* loop over each char -- do NOT increment */
if (word[i] == find) { /* is this my character to find? */
if (last != -1) { /* if last is set */
/* overwrite last with rest of word */
memmove (&word[last], &word[last + 1], (int)len - last);
last = i - 1; /* last now i - 1 (we just moved it) */
len = len - 1;
}
else { /* last not set */
last = i; /* set it */
i++; /* increment loop counter */
}
}
else /* all other chars */
i++; /* just increment loop counter */
}
puts (word); /* output result -- no need for printf (no coversions) */
}
Example Use/Output
$ ./bin/rm_all_but_last_occurrence
Hihxiivaeiaigru (removing all but last i)
Hhxvaeaigru
What if you want to use "Hihxiivaeiaigrui"? Just pass it as the 1st argument:
$ ./bin/rm_all_but_last_occurrence Hihxiivaeiaigrui
Hihxiivaeiaigrui (removing all but last i)
Hhxvaeagrui
What if you want to use "Hihxiivaeiaigrui" and remove duplicate 'a' characters? Just pass the string to search as the 1st argument and the character to find as the second:
$ ./bin/rm_all_but_last_occurrence Hihxiivaeiaigrui a
Hihxiivaeiaigrui (removing all but last a)
Hihxiiveiaigrui
Nothing removed if only one of the characters:
$ ./bin/rm_all_but_last_occurrence Hihxiivaeiaigrui H
Hihxiivaeiaigrui (removing all but last H)
Hihxiivaeiaigrui
Let me know if you have further questions.
Im trying to write a C program that removes all occurrences of repeating chars in a string except the last occurrence.
Process the string (or word) from last character and move towards the first character of string (or word). Now, think of it as a problem where you have to remove all occurrence of a character from string and except the first occurrence. Since, we are processing the string from last character to first character, so, we have to move the characters, which are remain after removing duplicates, to the start of string once you have processed whole string and, if, there were duplicate characters found in the string. The complexity of this algorithm is O(n).
Implementation:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#define INDX(x) (tolower(x) - 'a')
void remove_dups_except_last (char str[]) {
int map[26] = {0}; /* to keep track of a character processed */
size_t len = strlen (str);
char *p = str + len; /* pointer pointing to null character of input string */
size_t i = 0;
for (i = len; i != 0; --i) {
if (map[INDX(str[i - 1])] == 0) {
map[INDX(str[i - 1])] = 1;
*--p = str[i - 1];
}
}
/* if there were duplicates characters then only copy
*/
if (p != str) {
for (i = 0; *p; ++i) {
str[i] = *p++;
}
str[i] = '\0';
}
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
if (argc != 2) {
printf ("Invalid number of arguments\n");
return -1;
}
char str[1024] = {0};
/* Assumption: the input string/word will contain characters A-Z and a-z
* only and size of input will not be more than 1023.
*
* Leaving it up to you to check the valid characters in input string/word
*/
strcpy (str, argv[1]);
printf ("Original string : %s\n", str);
remove_dups_except_last (str);
printf ("Removed duplicated characters except the last one, modified string : %s\n", str);
return 0;
}
Testcases output:
# ./a.out Hihxiivaeiavigru
Original string : Hihxiivaeiavigru
Removed duplicated characters except the last one, modified string : hxeavigru
# ./a.out aa
Original string : aa
Removed duplicated characters except the last one, modified string : a
# ./a.out a
Original string : a
Removed duplicated characters except the last one, modified string : a
# ./a.out TtYyuU
Original string : TtYyuU
Removed duplicated characters except the last one, modified string : tyU
You can re-iterate to get each characters of your string, then if it is not "i" and not the last occurrence of the i, copy to a new string.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main() {
char word[]="Hihxiiveiaigru";
char newword[10000];
char* ptr = strrchr(word, 'i');
int index=0;
int index2=0;
while (index < strlen(word)) {
if (word[index]!='i' || index ==(ptr - word)) {
newword[index2]=word[index];
index2++;
}
index++;
}
printf("%s",newword);
return 0;
}
I have a string line with an array. Ex:- char array[]="I'm new to programing";
I want to rewrite code that variable remove spaces array[]="I'mnewtoprograming"
I already tried to build this
scanf("%[^\n]s",&line);
int len=strlen(line);
//remove space in lenth
for(int i=0;i<len;i++)
(line[i]==' ')?:newlen++;
if (line[i]==' ')
{
line[i]=line[i+1];
}
give me the reason that I mistake
You need to keep track of the current position in the string and the "tail" where next char is compared to the space.
char *removechar(char *str, int ch)
{
char *cpos = str, *tail = str;
while(*tail)
{
if(*tail != ch)
{
*cpos++ = *tail++;
}
else
{
tail++;
}
}
*cpos = 0;
return str;
}
Make For loop for array[] and count ' ' spaces .
line[i]=line[i+1]; this line is wrong .
(line[i]==' ')?:newlen++; this line is correct , i saw some comments that line was wrong .its same as if condition .
I am writing my own trim() in C. There is a structure which contains all string values, the structure is getting populated from the data coming from a file which contains spaces before and after the beginning of a word.
char *trim(char *string)
{
int stPos,endPos;
int len=strlen(string);
for(stPos=0;stPos<len && string[stPos]==' ';++stPos);
for(endPos=len-1;endPos>=0 && string[endPos]==' ';--endPos);
char *trimmedStr = (char*)malloc(len*sizeof(char));
strncpy(trimmedStr,string+stPos,endPos+1);
return trimmedStr;
}
int main()
{
char string1[]=" a sdf ie ";
char *string =trim(string1);
printf("%s",string);
return 0;
}
Above code is working fine, but i don't want to declare new variable that stores the trimmed word. As the structure contains around 100 variables.
Is there any way to do somthing like below where I dont need any second variable to print the trimmed string.
printf("%s",trim(string1));
I believe above print can create dangling pointer situation.
Also, is there any way where I don't have to charge original string as well, like if I print trim(string) it will print trimmed string and when i print only string, it will print original string
elcuco was faster. but it's done so here we go:
char *trim(char *string)
{
char *ptr = NULL;
while (*string == ' ') string++; // chomp away space at the start
ptr = string + strlen(string) - 1; // jump to the last char (-1 because '\0')
while (*ptr == ' '){ *ptr = '\0' ; ptr--; } ; // overwrite with end of string
return string; // return pointer to the modified start
}
If you don't want to alter the original string I'd write a special print instead:
void trim_print(char *string)
{
char *ptr = NULL;
while (*string == ' ') string++; // chomp away space at the start
ptr = string + strlen(string) - 1; // jump to the last char (-1 because '\0')
while (*ptr == ' '){ ptr--; } ; // find end of string
while (string <= ptr) { putchar(*string++); } // you get the picture
}
something like that.
You could the original string in order to do this. For trimming the prefix I just advance the pointer, and for the suffix, I actually add \0. If you want to keep the original starting as is, you will have to move memory (which makes this an O(n^2) time complexity solution, from an O(n) I provided).
#include <stdio.h>
char *trim(char *string)
{
// trim prefix
while ((*string) == ' ' ) {
string ++;
}
// find end of original string
char *c = string;
while (*c) {
c ++;
}
c--;
// trim suffix
while ((*c) == ' ' ) {
*c = '\0';
c--;
}
return string;
}
int main()
{
char string1[] = " abcdefg abcdf ";
char *string = trim(string1);
printf("String is [%s]\n",string);
return 0;
}
(re-thinking... is it really O(n^2)? Or is it O(2n) which is a higher O(n)...? I guess depending on implementation)
You can modify the function by giving the output in the same input string
void trim(char *string)
{
int i;
int stPos,endPos;
int len=strlen(string);
for(stPos=0;stPos<len && string[stPos]==' ';++stPos);
for(endPos=len-1;endPos>=0 && string[endPos]==' ';--endPos);
for (i=0; i<=(endPos-stPos); i++)
{
string[i] = string[i+stPos];
}
string[i] = '\0'; // terminate the string and discard the remaining spaces.
}
...is there any way where i don't have to charge original string as well, like if i do trim(string) it will print trimmed string and when i print only string, it will print original string – avinashse 8 mins ago
Yes, though it gets silly.
You could modify the original string.
trim(string);
printf("trimmed: %s\n", string);
The advantage is you have the option of duplicating the string if you want to retain the original.
char *original = strdup(string);
trim(string);
printf("trimmed: %s\n", string);
If you don't want to modify the original string, that means you need to allocate memory for the modified string. That memory then must be freed. That means a new variable to hold the pointer so you can free it.
char *trimmed = trim(original);
printf("trimmed: %s\n", trimmed);
free(trimmed);
You can get around this by passing a function pointer into trim and having trim manage all the memory for you.
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
void trim(char *string, void(*func)(char *) )
{
// Advance the pointer to the first non-space char
while( *string == ' ' ) {
string++;
}
// Shrink the length to the last non-space char.
size_t len = strlen(string);
while(string[len-1]==' ') {
len--;
}
// Copy the string to stack memory
char trimmedStr[len + 1];
strncpy(trimmedStr,string, len);
// strncpy does not add a null byte, add it ourselves.
trimmedStr[len] = '\0';
// pass the trimmed string into the user function.
func(trimmedStr);
}
void print_string(char *str) {
printf("'%s'\n", str);
}
int main()
{
char string[]=" a sdf ie ";
trim(string, print_string);
printf("original: '%s'\n", string);
return 0;
}
Ta da! One variable, the original is left unmodified, no memory leaks.
While function pointers have their uses, this is a bit silly.
It's C. Get used to managing memory. ¯\_(ツ)_/¯
Also, is there any way where I don't have to charge original string as
well, like if I print trim(string) it will print trimmed string and
when i print only string, it will print original string
Yes you can, but you cannot allocate new memory in the trim function as you will not be holding the return memory.
You can have a static char buffer in the trim function and operate on it.
Updated version of #elcuco answer.
#include <stdio.h>
char *trim(char *string)
{
static char buff[some max length];
// trim prefix
while ((*string) == ' ' ) {
string++;
}
// find end of original string
int i = 0;
while (*string) {
buff[i++] = *string;
string++;
}
// trim suffix
while ((buff[i]) == ' ' ) {
buff[i] = '\0';
i--;
}
return buff;
}
int main()
{
char string1[] = " abcdefg abcdf ";
char *string = trim(string1);
printf("String is [%s]\n",string);
return 0;
}
With this you don't need to worry about holding reference to trim function return.
Note: Previous values of buff will be overwritten with new call to trim function.
If you don't want to change the original, then you will need to make a copy, or pass a second array of sufficient size as a parameter to your function for filling. Otherwise a simple in-place trmming is fine -- so long as the original string is mutable.
An easy way to approach trimming on leading and trailing whitespace is to determine the number of leading whitespace characters to remove. Then simply use memmove to move from the first non-whitespace character back to the beginning of the string (don't forget to move the nul-character with the right portion of the string).
That leaves only removing trailing whitespace. An easy approach there is to loop from the end of the string toward the beginning, overwriting each character of trailing whitespace with a nul-character until your first non-whitespace character denoting the new end of string is found.
A simple implementation for that could be:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#define DELIM " \t\n" /* whitespace constant delimiters for strspn */
/** trim leading and trailing whitespace from s, (s must be mutable) */
char *trim (char *s)
{
size_t beg = strspn (s, DELIM), /* no of chars of leading whitespace */
len = strlen (s); /* length of s */
if (beg == len) { /* string is all whitespace */
*s = 0; /* make s the empty-string */
return s;
}
memmove (s, s + beg, len - beg + 1); /* shift string to beginning */
for (int i = (int)(len - beg - 1); i >= 0; i--) { /* loop from end */
if (isspace(s[i])) /* checking if char is whitespace */
s[i] = 0; /* overwrite with nul-character */
else
break; /* otherwise - done */
}
return s; /* Return s */
}
int main (void) {
char string1[] = " a sdf ie ";
printf ("original: '%s'\n", string1);
printf ("trimmed : '%s'\n", trim(string1));
}
(note: additional intervening whitespace was added to your initial string to show that multiple intervening whitespace is left unchanged, the output is single-quoted to show the remaining text boundaries)
Example Use/Output
$ ./bin/strtrim
original: ' a sdf ie '
trimmed : 'a sdf ie'
Look things over and let me know if you have further questions.
Actually I have been searching for more than 1 week to find a solution for finding a reversed words in a given string using C. My question is, I have been given a string like this "bakelovekac". Here I have a reversed word of "ake" as "eka" in a string. Now I need to find out this reversed word in a given string and print it. How can it be done? Thanks in advance!
A basic approach would be to iterate over all the characters of the string and for each character check if it is being repeated, if yes then check for the presence of a possible reverse string.
A crude code for above approach would look something like this:
#include <stdio.h>
void checkForRevWord(char *str, char *rev){
int length = 0;
while(1){
if(str >= rev)
break;
if(*str != *rev)
break;
length++;
str++;
rev--;
}
if(length > 1){
while(length--)
printf("%c", *(rev+length+1));
printf("\n");
}
return;
}
int main()
{
char *inputStr = "bakelovekac";
char *cur = inputStr;
char *tmp;
while(*cur != '\0'){
tmp = cur+1;
/* find if current char gets repeated in the input string*/
while(*tmp != '\0'){
if(*tmp == *cur){
checkForRevWord(cur, tmp);
}
tmp++;
}
cur++;
}
}
Go through this program
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main()
{
char text[50]; //this character array to store string
int len,i;
printf("Enter a text\n");
scanf("%[^\n]s",text);//getting the user input with spaces until the end of the line
len=strlen(text);//getting the length of the array and assigning it the len variable
for(i=len-1;i>=0;i--)
{
printf("%c",text[i]); //printing the text from backwards
}
return 0;
}
thank you.
This question already has answers here:
Reverse the ordering of words in a string
(48 answers)
Closed 8 years ago.
I need a program to reverse the words in a string.
Input: My car is fast
Output: fast is car My
int printRword(char * line) {
for(; *line; line++) {
if(*line == ' ') {
printRword(line + 1);
printf("%s", line);
return 0; // after you find the space set it to null
}
}
}
int main(void) {
char *line = "this is a long line that we are working with\n";
printf("%s", line);
printRword(line);
return 0;
}
I know I need to set space to null after I find it, and I've tried printRword(line + 1) = '\0';
and that doesn't work
any suggestions?
You could reverse the whole string, and then reverse each individual word, having the effect of reversing the order of the words but leaving the letters in each word in the correct order. Not the most efficient, perhaps, but conceptually clean -- and not language dependent!
Find the modified working code:
int printRword(char * line)
{
char tempbuf[100]; //Here length i have hardcoded to 100
char *ptr;
strcpy(tempbuf,line); //copied to tempbuf to keep the original string unmodified
//Replace the \n with the null character
ptr = strrchr(tempbuf,'\n');
if(ptr != NULL)
{
*ptr = '\0';
}
while(*tempbuf != '\0')
{
ptr = strrchr(tempbuf,' ');
if(NULL != ptr)
{
*ptr = '\0';
ptr++;
printf("%s ",ptr);
}
else
{
printf("%s\n",tempbuf);
*tempbuf ='\0';
}
}
}
test result:
atharv#atharv-Inspiron-5423:~/Programming$ ./a.out
this is a long line that we are working with
with working are we that line long a is this
atharv#atharv-Inspiron-5423:~/Programming$
You could go through the string character-by-character, replacing the spaces by ASCII NUL characters (C's string terminators), and recording the next position in each case (by pushing onto a stack), thus recording the beginning of each word. When you get to the end of the string, you can then go backwards through the list of “start-of-word” positions (perhaps by popping off the stack), printing out the word each time followed by a space.
This is the basic idea. If you have to handle multiple spaces between words or newlines, it gets a little bit more complicated, but not much.
I modified your code using the same recursive approach to get the desired output, just added a function that would print only till next space.. there must be a function for this already but i am not aware of it.
#include <stdio.h>
void printTillNextSpace(char *s){
while(*s != ' ' && *s != '\0' && *s != '\n')
printf("%c",*s++);
printf("%c",' ');
}
int printRword(char * line){
char* start = line;
for(;*line; line++){
if(*line == ' '){
printRword(line + 1);
printTillNextSpace(start);
start = line + 1;
return 0; // after you find the space set it to null
}
}
printTillNextSpace(start);
}
int main(){
char * line = "this is a long line that we are working with\n";
printf("%s", line);
printRword(line);
return 0;
}