I am working with a multi-thread program.
First I redirect my stdout to a certain file. No problem there (I used dup2(fd, 1) where fd is the file descriptor for the file).
Afterwards, I need to redirect my stdout to the terminal again.
My first approach:
/*Declaration*/
fpost_t stream_sdout;
/*code*/
if ( fgetpos( stdout, &stream_sdout) == -1 )
perror(Error:);
It says illegal seek.
No idea why this is happening.
But if I get this to work, then I only need to use fsetpos(stdout, &stream_stdout) and it should work.
My second idea, was to to copy the stdout using dup2(stdout, 4) to the file descriptor table, at position 4. But that ain't working either.
How can I switch the standard output back to its original destination (terminal, pipe, file, whatever)?
#include <unistd.h>
...
int saved_stdout;
...
/* Save current stdout for use later */
saved_stdout = dup(1);
dup2(my_temporary_stdout_fd, 1);
... do some work on your new stdout ...
/* Restore stdout */
dup2(saved_stdout, 1);
close(saved_stdout);
Before you do the dup2(fd, STDOUT_FILENO), you should save the current open file descriptor for standard output by doing int saved_stdout = dup(STDOUT_FILENO); (letting dup() choose an available file descriptor number for you). Then, after you've finished with the output redirected to a file, you can do dup2(saved_stdout, STDOUT_FILENO) to restore standard output to where it was before you started all this (and you should close saved_stdout too).
You do need to worry about flushing standard I/O streams (fflush(stdout)) at appropriate times as you mess around with this. That means 'before you switch stdout over'.
If the program runs on a Linux environment, you can freopen ("/dev/stdout", "a", stdout).
But if you know that stdout was the terminal, freopen ("/dev/tty", "a", stdout) or the equivalent for other OSs—even Windows.
Related
I have the following code (found it on internet)
FILE *fp;
fp=fopen("text.txt","w");
int fd=open("text.txt",O_WRONLY,S_IWUSR);
dup2(fd,1);
This code redirect the pipe from screen to a file named text.txt.
Now i need to do the opposite. I want to change the pipe writing from this file to the screen.
Does anyone have an idea? Thank you
That code only works because something is pushing data into the pipe. That would not be the case if you simply reversed the wiring of guzintas and comzoutas. You'll need to open the text file for reading and then read the file into memory and write it to the screen. There's lots of examples of source code out there for clones of cat.exe, go look on GitHub for the code.
Here's a very simple example:
#include <stdio.h>
void spewfile(FILE *fp)
{
char buf[BUFSIZ];
while(fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), fp))
fputs(buf, stdout);
}
On Linux, you can write to /dev/tty, but this is not equivalent to restoring writing to stdout, since you probably won't be able to redirect output from the calling program (Not sure - to be tested), and by the way, I'm not sure this is portable to other Unix based systems.
int fd=open("/dev/tty",O_WRONLY);
dup2(fd,1);
Otherwise, you should dup your file descriptor 1 to another one before the first redirection, so that you would be able to restore it later.
/* save fd 1 */
int sav=dup(1);
/* redirect to file */
int fd=open("text.txt",O_WRONLY,S_IWUSR);
dup2(fd,1);
/* done anything you wanted here (redirected to text.txt) */
/* ... */
/* revert redirection */
dup2(sav,1);
/* do anything you want here (having reverted the redirection back to stdout) */
/* ... */
By the way, one should probably avoid using both buffered (fopen) and unbuffered (open) I/O at the same time. This will cause problems since the buffered I/O are not informed of what you do at the same time with the unbuffered I/O.
Here is a code snippet.
int saved_stdout = dup(1);
int fd = open("file.txt", O_WRONLY | O_CREAT, 0640);
close(1);
dup(fd);
close(fd);
printf("This text should go into the file\n");
//restore stdout
dup2(saved_stdout, 1);
printf("stdout restore");
I am trying to learn about dup and dup2. So I initially connected my file.txt to stdout. So whenever I use printf, I should be writing to file.txt instead of stdout. But I want to restore it back as well once I am done with this usage, so I use dup2 at the end as well.
The problem is that the text "This text should go into the file\n" never actually goes into the file, but gets printed on stdout. Why so? I straced for it, only to find that dup2 call occurs before that printf("This text..."); statement, why so?
The problem may be due to output buffering. stdout is fully buffered if it's not writing to a terminal, so when you redirect it to the file with dup() it will be buffered. Try flushing the output after the printf().
printf("This text should go into the file\n");
fflush(stdout);
I removed my prior answer as it's wrong.... But when you use printf() you're using the FILE * for stdout, inside of which there's a descriptor or something pointing to the terminal. Changing fd 1 is apparently not changing that.
I'm getting inconsistent results with testing, so giving up here. I just want to add that putting this line just after the open() makes it work for me, which highlights the obscure behaviour:
printf("fileno is %i\n", fileno(stdout));
Don't mix FILE * operations such as printf() with file descriptor manipulation. You should use write() with the descriptor.
I am using code like the following to redirect stdout before calling a noisy function from an external library written in Fortran:
// copy standard output
out = dup(STDOUT_FILENO);
// close standard output
close(STDOUT_FILENO);
// use log file as standard output
log = open(log_file, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR);
if(log != STDOUT_FILENO)
fprintf(stderr, "could not create log file %s", log_file);
// call the library function that uses a lot of printf
func();
// restore original standard output
dup2(out, STDOUT_FILENO);
// close copy of standard output
close(out);
To summarise my intention of the above code snippet: copy stdout, close stdout (frees file descriptor 0), open file (uses lowest file descriptor = 0 = stdout), run code with redirected stdout, and reset stdout.
This works perfectly well when I run my code using the terminal as stdout. However, when I set stdout to a file (using $ mycode > myfile.txt) the redirection fails, and I end up with the output of func() in myfile.txt instead of the log file. How is this possible?
You need to do fflush(stdout) before you restore the original stdout with dup2.
The reason it works with a terminal is because stdout is line buffered for a terminal. So your output gets flushed immediately to the redirected file. But when you start your program with stdout to a file, stdout becomes fully buffered, so your func output will be in a buffer waiting to be flushed. When you restore the original stdout without flushing, the output gets written to the original stdout when the program exits.
I know that dup, dup2, dup3 "create a copy of the file descriptor oldfd"(from man pages). However I can't digest it.
As I know file descriptors are just numbers to keep track of file locations and their direction(input/output). Wouldn't it be easier to just
fd=fd2;
Whenever we want to duplicate a file descriptor?
And something else..
dup() uses the lowest-numbered unused descriptor for the new descriptor.
Does that mean that it can also take as value stdin, stdout or stderr if we assume that we have close()-ed one of those?
Just wanted to respond to myself on the second question after experimenting a bit.
The answer is YES. A file descriptor that you make can take a value 0, 1, 2 if stdin, stdout or stderr are closed.
Example:
close(1); //closing stdout
newfd=dup(1); //newfd takes value of least available fd number
Where this happens to file descriptors:
0 stdin .--------------. 0 stdin .--------------. 0 stdin
1 stdout =| close(1) :=> 2 stderr =| newfd=dup(1) :=> 1 newfd
2 stderr '--------------' '--------------' 2 stderr
A file descriptor is a bit more than a number. It also carries various semi-hidden state with it (whether it's open or not, to which file description it refers, and also some flags). dup duplicates this information, so you can e.g. close the two descriptors independently. fd=fd2 does not.
Let's say you're writing a shell program and you want to redirect stdin and stdout in a program you want to run. It could look something like this:
fdin = open(infile, O_RDONLY);
fdout = open(outfile, O_WRONLY);
// Check for errors, send messages to stdout.
...
int pid = fork(0);
if(pid == 0) {
close(0);
dup(fdin);
close(fdin);
close(1);
dup(fdout);
close(fdout);
execvp(program, argv);
}
// Parent process cleans up, maybe waits for child.
...
dup2() is a little more convenient way to do it the close() dup() can be replaced by:
dup2(fdin, 0);
dup2(fdout, 1);
The reason why you want to do this is that you want to report errors to stdout (or stderr) so you can't just close them and open a new file in the child process. Secondly, it would be a waste to do the fork if either open() call returned an error.
The single most important thing about dup() is it returns the smallest integer available for a new file descriptor. That's the basis of redirection:
int fd_redirect_to = open("file", O_CREAT);
close(1); /* stdout */
int fd_to_redirect = dup(fd_redirect_to); /* magically returns 1: stdout */
close(fd_redirect_to); /* we don't need this */
After this anything written to file descriptor 1 (stdout), magically goes into "file".
Example:
close(1); //closing stdout
newfd=dup(1); //newfd takes value of least available fd number
Where this happens to file descriptors:
0 stdin .--------------. 0 stdin .--------------. 0 stdin
1 stdout =| close(1) :=> 2 stderr =| newfd=dup(1) :=> 1 newfd
2 stderr '--------------' '--------------' 2 stderr
A question arose again: How can I dup() a file descriptor that I already closed?
I doubt that you conducted the above experiment with the shown result, because that would not be standard-conforming - cf. dup:
The dup() function shall fail if:
[EBADF]
The fildes argument is not a valid open file descriptor.
So, after the shown code sequence, newfd must be not 1, but rather -1, and errno EBADF.
see this page, stdout can be aliased as dup(1)...
Just a tip about "duplicating standard output".
On some Unix Systems (but not GNU/Linux)
fd = open("/dev/fd/1", O_WRONLY);
it is equivalent to:
fd = dup(1);
dup() and dup2() system call
•The dup() system call duplicates an open file descriptor and returns the new file
descriptor.
•The new file descriptor has the following properties in common with
the original
file descriptor:
1. refers to the same open file or pipe.
2. has the same file pointer -- that is, both file descriptors share one file pointer.
3. has the same access mode, whether read, write, or read and write.
• dup() is guaranteed to return a file descriptor with the lowest integer value available.It is because of this feature of returning the lowest unused file descriptor available that processes accomplish I/O redirection.
int dup(file_descriptor)
int dup2(file_descriptor1, file_descriptor2)
Within my C program, I’d like to temporarly redirect stdout to /dev/null (for example). Then,
after writing to /dev/null, I’d like to restore stdout. How do I manage this?
On POSIX systems, you can do it as follows:
int bak, new;
fflush(stdout);
bak = dup(1);
new = open("/dev/null", O_WRONLY);
dup2(new, 1);
close(new);
/* your code here ... */
fflush(stdout);
dup2(bak, 1);
close(bak);
What you want is not possible in further generality.
Any solution using freopen is wrong, as it does not allow you to restore the original stdout. Any solution by assignment to stdout is wrong, as stdout is not an lvalue (it's a macro that expands to an expression of type FILE *).