Reallocating memory for a struct array in C - c

Question

I am having trouble with a struct array. I need to read in a text file line by line, and compare the values side by side. For example "Mama" would return 2 ma , 1 am because you have ma- am- ma. I have a struct:
typedef struct{
char first, second;
int count;
} pair;
I need to create an array of structs for the entire string, and then compare those structs. We also were introduced to memory allocation so we have to do it for any size file. That is where my trouble is really coming in. How do I reallocate the memory properly for an array of structs? This is my main as of now (doesn't compile, has errors obviously having trouble with this).
int main(int argc, char *argv[]){
//allocate memory for struct
pair *p = (pair*) malloc(sizeof(pair));
//if memory allocated
if(p != NULL){
//Attempt to open io files
for(int i = 1; i<= argc; i++){
FILE * fileIn = fopen(argv[i],"r");
if(fileIn != NULL){
//Read in file to string
char lineString[137];
while(fgets(lineString,137,fileIn) != NULL){
//Need to reallocate here, sizeof returning error on following line
//having trouble seeing how much memory I need
pair *realloc(pair *p, sizeof(pair)+strlen(linestring));
int structPos = 0;
for(i = 0; i<strlen(lineString)-1; i++){
for(int j = 1; j<strlen(lineSTring);j++){
p[structPos]->first = lineString[i];
p[structPos]->last = lineString[j];
structPos++;
}
}
}
}
}
}
else{
printf("pair pointer length is null\n");
}
}
I am happy to change things around obviously if there is a better method for this. I HAVE to use the above struct, have to have an array of structs, and have to work with memory allocation. Those are the only restrictions.

Answer 1

Allocating memory for an array of struct is as simple as allocating for one struct:
pair *array = malloc(sizeof(pair) * count);
Then you can access each item by subscribing "array":
array[0] => first item
array[1] => second item
etc
Regarding the realloc part, instead of:
pair *realloc(pair *p, sizeof(pair)+strlen(linestring));
(which is not syntactically valid, looks like a mix of realloc function prototype and its invocation at the same time), you should use:
p=realloc(p,[new size]);
In fact, you should use a different variable to store the result of realloc, since in case of memory allocation failure, it would return NULL while still leaving the already allocated memory (and then you would have lost its position in memory). But on most Unix systems, when doing casual processing (not some heavy duty task), reaching the point where malloc/realloc returns NULL is somehow a rare case (you must have exhausted all virtual free memory). Still it's better to write:
pair*newp=realloc(p,[new size]);
if(newp != NULL) p=newp;
else { ... last resort error handling, screaming for help ... }

Answer 2

So if I get this right you're counting how many times pairs of characters occur? Why all the mucking about with nested loops and using that pair struct when you can just keep a frequency table in a 64KB array, which is much simpler and orders of magnitude faster.
Here's roughly what I would do (SPOILER ALERT: especially if this is homework, please don't just copy/paste):
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
void count_frequencies(size_t* freq_tbl, FILE* pFile)
{
int first, second;
first = fgetc(pFile);
while( (second = fgetc(pFile)) != EOF)
{
/* Only consider printable characters */
if(isprint(first) && isprint(second))
++freq_tbl[(first << 8) | second];
/* Proceed to next character */
first = second;
}
}
int main(int argc, char*argv[])
{
size_t* freq_tbl = calloc(1 << 16, sizeof(size_t));;
FILE* pFile;
size_t i;
/* Handle some I/O errors */
if(argc < 2)
{
perror ("No file given");
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
if(! (pFile = fopen(argv[1],"r")))
{
perror ("Error opening file");
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
if(feof(pFile))
{
perror ("Empty file");
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
count_frequencies(freq_tbl, pFile);
/* Print frequencies */
for(i = 0; i <= 0xffff; ++i)
if(freq_tbl[i] > 0)
printf("%c%c : %d\n", (char) (i >> 8), (char) (i & 0xff), freq_tbl[i]);
free(freq_tbl);
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
Sorry for the bit operations and hex notation. I just happen to like them in such a context of char tables, but they can be replaced with multiplications and additions, etc for clarity.