I am having trouble accepting input from a text file. My program is supposed to read in a string specified by the user and the length of that string is determined at runtime. It works fine when the user is running the program (manually inputting the values) but when I run my teacher's text file, it runs into an infinite loop.
For this example, it fails when I am taking in 4 characters and his input in his file is "ABCDy". "ABCD" is what I am supposed to be reading in and 'y' is supposed to be used later to know that I should restart the game. Instead when I used scanf to read in "ABCD", it also reads in the 'y'. Is there a way to get around this using scanf, assuming I won't know how long the string should be until runtime?
Normally, you'd use something like "%4c" or "%4s" to read a maximum of 4 characters (the difference is that "%4c" reads the next 4 characters, regardless, while "%4s" skips leading whitespace and stops at a whitespace if there is one).
To specify the length at run-time, however, you have to get a bit trickier since you can't use a string literal with "4" embedded in it. One alternative is to use sprintf to create the string you'll pass to scanf:
char buffer[128];
sprintf(buffer, "%%%dc", max_length);
scanf(buffer, your_string);
I should probably add: with printf you can specify the width or precision of a field dynamically by putting an asterisk (*) in the format string, and passing a variable in the appropriate position to specify the width/precision:
int width = 10;
int precision = 7;
double value = 12.345678910;
printf("%*.*f", width, precision, value);
Given that printf and scanf format strings are quite similar, one might think the same would work with scanf. Unfortunately, this is not the case--with scanf an asterisk in the conversion specification indicates a value that should be scanned, but not converted. That is to say, something that must be present in the input, but its value won't be placed in any variable.
Try
scanf("%4s", str)
You can also use fread, where you can set a read limit:
char string[5]={0};
if( fread(string,(sizeof string)-1,1,stdin) )
printf("\nfull readed: %s",string);
else
puts("error");
You might consider simply looping over calls to getc().
Related
The whole function the question is about is about giving a two dimensional array initialized with {0} as output and making a user able to move a 1 over the field with
char wasd;
scanf("%c", &wasd);
(the function to move by changing the value of the variable wasd is not important i think)
now my question is why using
scanf("%s", &wasd);
does only work partly(sometimes the 1 keeps being at a field and appears a 2nd time at the new place though it actually should be deleted)
and
scanf("%.1s", &wasd);
leads to the field being printed out without stop until closing the execution program. I came up with using %.1s after researching the difference between %c and %s here Why does C's printf format string have both %c and %s?? If one can figure out the answer by reading through that, i am not clever or far enough with c learning to get it.
I also found this fscanf() in C - difference between %s and %c but i do not know anything about EOF which one answer says is the cause of the problem so i would prefer getting an answer without it.
Thank you for an answer
Simple as that, %s is the conversion for a (non-empty) string. A string in C always ends with a 0 byte, so any non-empty string needs at least two bytes. If you pass a pointer to a single char variable, scanf() will just overwrite whatever is in memory after that variable -- you cause undefined behavior and anything can happen.
Side note, scanf("%s", ..), even if you give it an array of char, will always overflow the buffer if something longer is entered, therefore causing undefined behavior. You have to include a field width like
char str[10];
scanf("%9s", str);
Best is not to use scanf() at all. For your single character input, you can just use getchar() (be aware it returns an int). You might also want to read my beginners' guide away from scanf.
A char variable can hold only one byte of memory to hold a single character. But a string (array of characters) is different from a char variable as it is always ended with a null character \0 or numeric 0. So in scanf you specifically mentioned whether you are reading a character or a string so that scanf can add a null character at the end of a string. So you are not suppose to use a %s to read a value for a char variable
I have this .txt file that contains only:
THN1234 54
How can I take only the number 54, to isolate it from the rest and to use it as an integer variable in my program?
If the input is from standard input, then you could use:
int value;
if (scanf("%*s %d", &value) != 1)
…Oops - incorrectly formatted data…
…use value…
The %*s reads but discards optional leading blanks and a sequence of one or more non-blanks (THN1234); the blank skips more optional blanks; the %d reads the integer, leaving a newline behind in the input buffer. If what follows the blank is not convertible to a number, or if you get EOF, you get to detect it in the if condition and report it in the body of the if.
Hmmm…and I see that BLUEPIXY said basically the same (minus the explanation) in their comment, even down to the choice of integer variable name.
Wow. It's been a long time since I have used C. However, I think the answer is similar for C and C++ in this case. You can use strtok_r to split the string into tokens then take the second token and parse it into an int. See http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/clibrary/cstring/strtok/.
You might also want to look at this question as well.
Code I have:
int main(){
char readChars[3];
puts("Enter the value of the card please:");
scanf(readChars);
printf(readChars);
printf("done");
}
All I see is:
"done"
after I enter some value to terminal and pressing Enter, why?
Edit:
Isn't the prototype for scanf:
int scanf(const char *format, ...);
So I should be able to use it with just one argument?
The actual problem is that you are passing an uninitialized array as the format to scanf().
Also you are invoking scanf() the wrong way try this
if (scanf("%2s", readChars) == 1)
printf("%s\n", readChars);
scanf() as well as printf() use a format string and that's actually the cause for the f in their name.
And yes you are able to use it with just one argument, scanf() scans input according to the format string, the format string uses special values that are matched against the input, if you don't specify at least one then scanf() will only be useful for input validation.
The following was extracted from C11 draft
7.21.6.2 The fscanf function
The format shall be a multibyte character sequence, beginning and ending in its initial shift state. The format is composed of zero or more directives: one or more white-space characters, an ordinary multibyte character (neither % nor a white-space character), or a conversion specification. Each conversion specification is introduced by the character %. After the %, the following appear in sequence:
An optional assignment-suppressing character *.
An optional decimal integer greater than zero that specifies the maximum field width
(in characters).
An optional length modifier that specifies the size of the receiving object.
A conversion specifier character that specifies the type of conversion to be applied.
as you can read above, you need to pass at least one conversion specifier, and in that case the corresponding argument to store the converted value, if you pass the conversion specifier but you don't give an argument for it, the behavior is undefined.
Yes, it is possible to call scanf with just one parameter, and it may even be useful on occasion. But it wouldn't do what you apparently thought it would. (It would just expect the characters in the argument in the input stream and skip them.) You didn't notice because you failed to do due diligence as a programmer. I'll list what you should do:
RTFM. scanf's first parameter is a format string. Plain characters which are not part of conversion sequences and are not whitespace are expected literally in the input. They are read and discarded. If they do not appear, conversion stops there, and the position in the input stream where the unexpected character occured is the start of subsequent reads. In your case probably no character was ever successfully read from the input, but you don't know for sure, because you didn't initialize the format string (see below).
Another interesting detail is scanf's return value which indicates the number items successfully read. I'll discuss that below together with the importance to check return values.
Initialize locals. C doesn't automatically initialize local data for performance reasons (in today's light one would probably enforce user initialization like other languages do, or make auto initialization a default with an opt-out possibility for the few inner loops where it would hurt). Because you didn't initialize readchars, you don't know what's in it, so you don't know what scanf expected in the input stream. On top it probably is nominally undefined behaviour. (But on your PC it shouldn't do anything unexpected.)
Check return values. scanf probably returned 0 in your example. The manual states that scanf returns the number of items successfully read, here 0, i.e. no input conversion took place. This type of undetected failure can be fatal in long sequences of read operations because the following scanfs may read in one-off indexes from a sequence of tokens, or may stall as well (and not update their pointees at all), etc.
Please bear with me -- I do not always read the manual, check return values or (by error) initialize variables for little test programs. But if it doesn't work, it's part of my investigation. And before I ask anybody, let alone the world, I make damn sure that I have done my best to find out what I did wrong, beforehand.
You're not using scanf correctly:
scanf(formatstring, address_of_destination,...)
is the right way to do it.
EDIT:
Isn't the prototype for scanf:
int scanf(const char *format, ...);
So I should be able to use it with just one argument?
No, you should not. Please read documentation on scanf; format is a string specifying what scanf should read, and the ... are the things that scanf should read into.
The first argument to scanf is the format string. What you need is:
scanf("%2s", readChars);
It Should provided Format specifiers in scanf function
char readChars[3];
puts("Enter the value of the card please:");
scanf("%s",readChars);
printf("%s",readChars);
printf("done");
http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/cstdio/scanf/ more info...
I have the following problem:
sscanf is not returning the way I want it to.
This is the sscanf:
sscanf(naru,
"%s[^;]%s[^;]%s[^;]%s[^;]%f[^';']%f[^';']%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]"
"%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]"
"%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]",
&jokeri, &paiva1, &keskilampo1, &minlampo1, &maxlampo1,
&paiva2, &keskilampo2, &minlampo2, &maxlampo2, &paiva3,
&keskilampo3, &minlampo3, &maxlampo3, &paiva4, &keskilampo4,
&minlampo4, &maxlampo4, &paiva5, &keskilampo5, &minlampo5,
&maxlampo5, &paiva6, &keskilampo6, &minlampo6, &maxlampo6,
&paiva7, &keskilampo7, &minlampo7, &maxlampo7);
The string it's scanning:
const char *str = "city;"
"2014-04-14;7.61;4.76;7.61;"
"2014-04-15;5.7;5.26;6.63;"
"2014-04-16;4.84;2.49;5.26;"
"2014-04-17;2.13;1.22;3.45;"
"2014-04-18;3;2.15;3.01;"
"2014-04-19;7.28;3.82;7.28;"
"2014-04-20;10.62;5.5;10.62;";
All of the variables are stored as char paiva1[22] etc; however, the sscanf isn't storing anything except the city correctly. I've been trying to stop each variable at ;.
Any help how to get it to store the dates etc correctly would be appreciated.
Or if there's a smarter way to do this, I'm open to suggestions.
There are multiple problems, but BLUEPIXY hit the first one — the scan-set notation doesn't follow %s.
Your first line of the format is:
"%s[^;]%s[^;]%s[^;]%s[^;]%f[^';']%f[^';']%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]"
As it stands, it looks for a space separated word, followed by a [, a ^, a ;, and a ] (which is self-contradictory; the character after the string is a space or end of string).
The first fixup would be to use scan-sets properly:
"%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]%f[^';']%f[^';']%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]"
Now you have a problem that the first %[^;] scans everything up to the end of string or first semicolon, leaving nothing for the second %[;] to match.
"%[^;]; %[^;]; %[^;]; %[^;]; %f[^';']%f[^';']%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]"
This looks for a string up to a semicolon, then for the semicolon, then optional white space, then repeats for three items. Apart from adding a length to limit the size of string, preventing overflow, these are fine. The %f is OK. The following material looks for an odd sequence of characters again.
However, when the data is looked at, it seems to consist of a city, and then seven sets of 'a date plus three numbers'.
You'd do better with an array of structures (if you've worked with those yet), or a set of 4 parallel arrays, and a loop:
char jokeri[30];
char paiva[7][30];
float keskilampo[7];
float minlampo[7];
float maxlampo[7];
int eoc; // End of conversion
int offset = 0;
char sep;
if (fscanf(str + offset, "%29[^;]%c%n", jokeri, &sep, &eoc) != 2 || sep != ';')
...report error...
offset += eoc;
for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++)
{
if (fscanf(str + offset, "%29[^;];%f;%f;%f%c%n", paiva[i],
&keskilampo[i], &minlampo[i], &maxlampo[i], &sep, &eoc) != 5 ||
sep != ';')
...report error...
offset += eoc;
}
See also How to use sscanf() in loops.
Now you have data that can be managed. The set of 29 separately named variables is a ghastly thought; the code using them will be horrid.
Note that the scan-set conversion specifications limit the string to a maximum length one shorter than the size of jokeri and the paiva array elements.
You might legitimately be wondering about why the code uses %c%n and &sep before &eoc. There is a reason, but it is subtle. Suppose that the sscanf() format string is:
"%29[^;];%f;%f;%f;%n"
Further, suppose there's a problem in the data that the semicolon after the third number is missing. The call to sscanf() will report that it made 4 successful conversions, but it doesn't count the %n as an assignment, so you can't tell that sscanf() didn't find a semicolon and therefore did not set &eoc at all; the value is left over from a previous call to sscanf(), or simply uninitialized. By using the %c to scan a value into sep, we get 5 returned on success, and we can be sure the %n was successful too. The code checks that the value in sep is in fact a semicolon and not something else.
You might want to consider a space before the semi-colons, and before the %c. They'll allow some other data strings to be converted that would not be matched otherwise. Spaces in a format string (outside a scan-set) indicate where optional white space may appear.
I would use strtok function to break your string into pieces using ; as a delimiter. Such a long format string may be a source of problems in future.
I am beginner for programming.I referred books of C programming,but i am confused.
1.) What's the difference betweent printf and gets?
I believe gets is simpler and doesn't have any formats?
printf
The printf function writes a formatted string to the standard output. A formatted string is the result of replacing placeholders with their values. This sounds a little complicated but it will become very clear with an example:
printf("Hello, my name is %s and I am %d years old.", "Andreas", 22);
Here %s and %d are the placeholders, that are substituted with the first and second argument. You should read on the man page (linked above) the list of placeholders and their options, but the ones you'll run into most often are %d (a number) and %s (a string).
Making sure that the placeholder arguments match their type is extremely important. For example, the following code will result in undefined behavior (meaning that anything can happen: the program may crash, it may work, it may corrupt data, etc):
printf("Hello, I'm %s years old.", 22);
Unfortunately in C there is no way to avoid these relatively common mistakes.
gets
The gets function is used for a completely different purpose: it reads a string from the standard input.
For example:
char name[512];
printf("What's your name? ");
gets(name);
This simple program will ask the user for a name and save what he or she types into name.
However, gets() should NEVER be used. It will open your application and the system it runs on to security vulnerabilities.
Quoting from the man page:
Never use gets(). Because it is
impossible to tell without knowing the
data in advance how many characters
gets() will read, and because gets()
will continue to store characters past
the end of the buffer, it is extremely
dangerous to use. It has been used to
break computer security. Use fgets()
instead.
Explained in a more simple way the problem is that if the variable you give gets (name in this case) is not big enough to hold what the user types a buffer overflow will occur, which is, gets will write past the end of the variable. This is undefined behavior and on some systems it will allow execution of arbitrary code by the attacker.
Since the variable must have a finite, static size and you can't set a limit of the amount of characters the user can type as the input, gets() is never secure and should never be used. It exists only for historical reasons.
As the manual suggested, you should use fgets instead. It has the same purpose as gets but has a size argument that specifies the size of the variable:
char *fgets(char *s, int size, FILE *stream);
So, the program above would become:
char name[512];
printf("What's your name? ");
fgets(name, sizeof(name) /* 512 */, stdin /* The standard input */);
They fundamentally perform different tasks.
printf: prints out text to a console.
gets: reads in input from the keyboard.
printf: allowing you to format a string from components (ie. taking results from variables), and when output to stdout, it does not append new line character. You have to do this by inserting '\n' in the format string.
puts: only output a string to stdout, but does append new line afterward.
scanf: scan the input fields, one character at a time, and convert them according to the given format.
gets: simply read a string from stdin, with no format consideration, the return character is replaced by string terminator '\0'.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gets