I'm in the middle of a project teaching the basics of OpenGL. I've got most of the requirements working fine in terms of camera rotation, translation etc. However I'm struggling a lot with the lighting.
This picture is a comparison of my current program (left) vs the sample solution (right).
In case you can't tell, I'm getting very monochrome colours on the truck. The shadows are very sharp and dark, the high points are singly coloured instead of specular.
The project calls for the use of textures; the one I've shown here is a basic texture of plain grey pixels but i could use any texture (including the beach sand one being used for the ground).
I'm drawing the object from a mesh:
GLfloat ambient[] = {0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 1};
GLfloat diffuse[] = {0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 1};
GLfloat specular[] = {1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0};
GLfloat shine = 100.0;
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_AMBIENT, ambient);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_DIFFUSE, diffuse);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SPECULAR, specular);
glMaterialf(GL_FRONT, GL_SHININESS, shine);
glEable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureNumber);
glBegin(GL_TRIANGLES);
for (int i = 0; i < meshes[n]->nTriangles; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
glNormal3fv(mesh -> normals[mesh->triangles[i][j]]);
glTexCoord2fv(mesh->texCoords[mesh->triangles[i][j]]);
glVertex3fv(mesh -> vertices[mesh->triangles[i][j]]);
}
}
glEnd();
There is one light in the scene:
glEnable(GL_LIGHTING);
glEnable(GL_LIGHT0);
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST)
GLfloat diffuse0[]={1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0};
GLfloat ambient0[]={1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0};
GLfloat specular0[]={1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0};
GLfloat light0_pos[]={1.0, 1.0, 1,0, 1.0};
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_POSITION, light0_pos);
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_AMBIENT, ambient0);
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_DIFFUSE, diffuse0);
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_SPECULAR, specular0);
glLightf(GL_LIGHT0, GL_CONSTANT_ATTENUATION, 2.0);
glLightf(GL_LIGHT0, GL_LINEAR_ATTENUATION, 1.0);
glLightf(GL_LIGHT0, GL_QUADRATIC_ATTENUATION, 2.0);
Is there something major that I'm missing that could be causing this severe difference? Particular values I should play with? Or a glEnable call I've missed?
Any help, advice or pointers to elsewhere much appreciated.
To eliminate the sharp drop-off, amp up the ambient light. There's no global illumination model in OpenGL so that parameter has absolutely no effect beyond being the colour the face will be if no other light falls upon it.
Since you're using glVertex-type calls, I'll go out on a limb and guess you're using the fixed functionality pipeline? If so then lighting is calculated at vertices, then interpolated across polygon surfaces. That means that specular highlights don't work very well on 'large' polygons — roughly speaking, the highlight can't appear in the middle of a polygon. GPUs with programmable pipelines (which includes the ones in mobile phones nowadays) can calculate lighting per pixel instead of per vertex but OpenGL doesn't do this for you, so you'd need to delve into shader programming yourself. Or just ensure that your model is made up of small enough polygons.
Your shininess exponent is also quite high - have you tried dialling that down a few notches?
when looking at the background, it looks like a spotlight on the right just bathing the Scene into warm light, and a Flakscheinwerfer on the left basking everything in extreme lightning, eliminating every shadow
Related
In previous projects, I enabled depth testing used gluPerspective called once on startup to set up a 3D space. Currently, I am rendering a square between -0.5 and 0.5 with 0.0 as its origin after the 3D world has initialised with code below will cause a square to cover the entire screen:
glBegin(GL_QUADS);
{
glVertex3f(-0.5, -0.5, 0);
glVertex3f(-0.5, 0.5, 0);
glVertex3f(0.5, 0.5, 0);
glVertex3f(0.5, -0.5, 0);
}
glEnd();
What I am looking is a way to set the perspective so that shapes are rendered in world space. For example, the snippet below should cause a square of 200x200 to be rendered:
glBegin(GL_QUADS);
{
glVertex3f(-100, -100, 0);
glVertex3f(-100, 100, 0);
glVertex3f(100, 100, 0);
glVertex3f(100, -100, 0);
}
glEnd();
The code below is what I am currently using to initialise a 3D world.
// WINDOW_WIDTH = 1600, WINDOW_HEIGHT = 900
glViewport(0, 0, WINDOW_WIDTH, WINDOW_HEIGHT);
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity();
gluPerspective(47, WINDOW_WIDTH / WINDOW_HEIGHT, 0.01, 1000);
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
glLoadIdentity();
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
Have I missed any steps in setting up a 3D space and if gluPerspective is used to do this any suggestions why it is not working?
I am able to achieve this in 2D using ortho, it is important that the world is 3D.
Everything is being written in C using OpenGL and GLU up to 1.3 with my GLFW set up identical to this. Due to technical restraints, I am unable to use the modern pipeline.
First of all, the result of WINDOW_WIDTH / WINDOW_HEIGHT is 1, because WINDOW_WIDTH and WINDOW_HEIGHT are integral values. You have to perform a floating point division ((float)WINDOW_WIDTH / WINDOW_HEIGHT) to compute the correct aspect ratio.
At Perspective Projection the projection matrix describes the mapping from 3D points in the world as they are seen from of a pinhole camera, to 2D points of the viewport.
The projected size of an object on the viewport depends on its distance to the camera. The different size at different distances (depths) causes the perspective effect. The perspective projection matrix defines a Viewing frustum
The ratio of projected size and the distance to the camera depends on the field of view angle:
maxDim / cameraZ = tan(FOV / 2) * 2
So there is exactly 1 distance where an object with a length of 200 covers 200 pixel. For instance, If you have a filed of view angle of 90° then an object with a z distance of half the window height (height /2) and a vertical size of 200 covers 200 pixel (vertical) because tan(90° / 2) * 2 = 2.
When you use gluPerspective, then you define the field of view angle along the y axis. The field of view along the x axis depends on the aspect ratio. If the aspect ratio is set correctly, then the projection of a square which is parallel to the xy plane of the view is still a square.
Note, if you would use orthographic projection, then the size of the object is independent on the distance.
I have an OpenGL Graphics assignment and well for some reason I'm trying to create a flat square on the X,Z plane (Y is just 1.0 for every vertices). I've tried making the problem smaller by just trying to create 2 flat vertices instead of four, and for some reason 2 of the vertices always seem to go wayyy into the negative y direction.
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_DIFFUSE, drone_mat_diffuseBUILDING);
glEnableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY);
float buildingsize = 8 * floors + 4;
GLfloat quadV[300];
quadV[0] = -6.5;
printf("%.5f", quadV[0]);
quadV[1] = 1.0;
printf("%.5f", quadV[1]);
quadV[2] = 8.5;
printf("%.5f", quadV[2]);
quadV[3] = -6.5;
printf("%.5f", quadV[3]);
quadV[4] = 1.0;
printf("%.5f", quadV[4]);
quadV[5] = -7.5;
printf("%.5f", quadV[5]);
glVertexPointer(3, GL_FLOAT, 0, quadV);
glDrawArrays(GL_POLYGON, 0, buildingsize);
glDisableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY);here
Here's what it looks like when ran:
The red line should be a flat line on the X Z plane.
For further simplicty, I'm trying to convert this code:
glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
glVertex3f(firstCubeXPOS - firstCubeXSCALE/2.0, 1.0, firstCubeZPOS + firstCubeZSCALE/2.0);
glVertex3f(firstCubeXPOS - firstCubeXSCALE / 2.0, 1.0, firstCubeZPOS - firstCubeZSCALE / 2.0);
glVertex3f(firstCubeXPOS + firstCubeXSCALE / 2.0, 1.0, firstCubeZPOS - firstCubeZSCALE / 2.0);
glVertex3f(firstCubeXPOS + firstCubeXSCALE / 2.0, 1.0, firstCubeZPOS + firstCubeZSCALE / 2.0);
glEnd();
glFlush();
Into a vertex array so I can add new elements / modify elements by each vertex. Because as of right now the code right above me shows what I need to see (2d square laying on the XZ plane).
If I wanted to draw a plane in OpenGL, I would do something like the below:
glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
glColor3f(1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
glVertex3f(0.5, -0.5, 0.5);
glVertex3f(0.5, 0.5, 0.5);
glVertex3f(-0.5, 0.5, 0.5);
glVertex3f(-0.5, -0.5, 0.5);
glEnd();
This draws a white plane that covers 50% of the canvas (from -0.5 to 0.5 on two axes). I want to use numbers instead, however. I don't want to use -1 to 1, but instead something like 0 to n, where n is the dimension of my canvas. For the above example, something like 250 to 750 on two axes on a 1000 pixel canvas rather than -0.5 to 0.5.
That's what the transformation matrices are for. In your case you'd set a ortho projection matrix with the limits as you desire. In your example case
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity();
glOrtho(0, 1000, 0, 1000, -1, 1);
would set up a viewing volume so that the boundaries are at 0,0 for the lower left corner and 1000,1000 for the upper right.
Note that this (and the code you've given) use the old, deprecated fixed function pipeline. You should drop that in favour of a shader based approach.
I am drawing a circle using OpenGL, with the set of calls being:
float delta_theta = 0.001;
glBegin(GL_POLYGON); // OR GL_LINE_LOOP
glEnable( GL_LINE_SMOOTH );
glHint( GL_LINE_SMOOTH_HINT, GL_NICEST );
glEnable(GL_BLEND);
glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
for (angle = 0; angle < 2*3.1415; angle += delta_theta)
glVertex3f( radius*cos(angle), radius*sin(angle), 0 );
glEnd();
The problem is that the circle is not smooth. I am moving (translating) the circle along axes; at some points it becomes smooth, but mostly, it's like a blot, please see the attached screenshot.
Any suggestions as to what I could do to smoothen the circle?
I would suggest you not try to implement this with lines or a filled polygon for one thing.
Use a single GL_POINT and enable GL_POINT_SMOOTH. That will rasterize the point as a filled circle instead of the normal square. It will be much more efficient, provided you use a point size your implementation supports for anti-aliased points (often up to ~ 63.5 on NV implementations, more on others).
I have been experimenting with the arguments to glusphere(). The problem is that the sphere is not smooth, and looks more like a blot. Right now, my call looks like this:
glPushMatrix();
glTranslatef(0.1, 0.1, 0.0);
GLUquadricObj *quadric;
quadric = gluNewQuadric();
gluSphere(quadric, .02 , 32 , 16);
glPopMatrix();
Any suggestions as to what looks not right with this code snippet will be appreciated. My understanding is that the higher the value of 3rd and 4th argument, slices and stacks, respectively, the smoother the edges of the sphere will be.
EDIT:
Changing the translation coordinates to (0.08, 0.08, 0) results in a much smoother sphere.