At what point does the segfault occur? - c

Question

Does the following code segfault at array[10] = 22 or array[9999] = 22?
I'm just trying to figure out if the whole code would execute before it seg faults. (in the C language).
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
int array[10];
int i;
for(i=0; i<9999; ++i){
array[i] = 22;
}
return 0;
}

Answer 1

It depends...
If the memory after array[9] is clean then nothing might happen, until ofcourse one reaches a segment of memory which is occupied.
Try out the code and add:
printf("%d\n",i);
in the loop and you will see when it crashes and burns.
I get various results, ranging from 596 to 2380.

Answer 2

Use a debugger?
$ gcc -g seg.c -o so_segfault
$ gdb so_segfault
GNU gdb 6.8-debian
Copyright (C) 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Type "show copying"
and "show warranty" for details.
This GDB was configured as "i486-linux-gnu"...
(gdb) run
Starting program: /.../so_segfault
Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault.
0x080483b1 in main () at seg.c:7
7 array[i] = 22;
(gdb) print i
$1 = 2406
(gdb)
In fact if you run this again, you will see that the segfault will not always occur for the same value of i. What is sure is that it happens when i>=10, but there is no way to determine the value for i for which it will crash, because this is not deterministic: It depends on how the memory is allocated. If the memory is free until array[222] (aka no other programs use it), it will go on until i=222, but it might as well crash for any other value of i>=10.

Answer 3

The answer is maybe. The C language says nothing about what should happen in this case. It is undefined behavior. The compiler is not required to detect the problem, do anything to handle the problem, terminate the program or anything else. And so it does nothing.
You write to memory that's not yours, and in practice one of three things may happen:
You might be lucky, and just get a segfault. This happens if you hit an address that is not allocated to your process. The OS will detect this, and throw an error at you.
You might hit memory that's genuinely unused, in which case no error will occur right away. But if the memory is allocated and used later, it will overwrite your data, and if you expect it to still be there by then, you'll get some nice delayed-action errors.
You might hit data that's actually used for something else already. You overwrite that, and sometime soon, when the original data is needed, it'll read your data instead, and unpredictable errors will ensue.
Writing out of bounds: Just don't do it. The C language won't do anything to tell you when it happens, so you have to keep an eye on it yourself.

Answer 4

When and if your code crashes is not deterministic. It'll depend on what platform you're running the code on.
array is a stack variable, so your compiler is going to reserve 10 * sizeof(int) bytes on the stack for it. Depending on how the compiler arranges other local variables and which way your stack grows, i may come right after array. If you follow Daniel's suggestion and put the printf statement in, you may notice an interesting effect. On my platform, when i = 10, array[10] = 22 clobbers i and the next assignment is to array[23].
A segmentation violation occurs when user code tries to touch a page that it does not have access to. In this case, you'll get one if your stack is small enough that 9999 iterations runs out off the stack.
If you had allocated array on the heap instead (by using malloc()), then you'll get a SIGSEGV when you run off the end of a page boundary. Even a 10 byte allocation will return a whole page. Page sizes vary by platform. Note that some malloc debuggers can try to flag an array out-of-bounds case, but you won't get the SIGSEGV unless the hardware gets involved when you run off the end of the page.

Answer 5

Where your code will segfault depends on what compiler you're using, luck, and other linking details of the program in question. You will most likely not segfault for i == 10. Even though that is outside your array, you will almost certainly still have memory allocated to your process at that location. As you keep going beyond your array bounds, however, you will eventually leave the memory allocated to your process and then take a segfault.
However, if you write beyond an array boundary, you will likely overwrite other automatic variables in your same stack frame. If any of these variables are pointers (or array indexes used later), then when you reference these now-corrupted values, you'll possibly take a segfault. (Depending on the exact value corrupted to and whether or not you're now going to reference memory that is not allocated to your process.)
This is not terribly deterministic.

Answer 6

segmentation fault happens when accessing outside of the processes dedicated memory,
this is not easily predicted. When i == 10 it's outside the array.. but might still be in the memory of the process. This depends how the processes memory got allocated, something there is no way (normally) of knowing (depending of the memory manager of the OS). So segfault might happen at any of i = 10 - 9999, or not at all.

Answer 7

I suggest using GDB to investigate such problems: http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/documentation/

Answer 8

More generally, you can figure out where the segmentation fault occurs in Linux systems by using a debugger. For example, to use gdb, compile your program with debugging symbols by using the -g flag, e.g.:
gcc -g segfault.c -o segfault
Then, invoke gdb with your program and any arguments using the --args flag, .g.:
gdb --args ./segault myarg1 myarg2 ...
Then, when the debugger starts up, type run, and your program should run until it receives SIGSEGV, and should tell you where it was in the source code when it received that signal.