If I have data in the following format
id subid text
1 1 Hello
1 2 World
1 3 !
2 1 B
2 2 B
2 3 Q
And would like it in this format:
id fold
1 HelloWorld!
2 BBQ
How could I accomplish it in T-SQL?
I would strongly suggest against that. That is the sort of thing that should be handled in your application layer.
But... if you must:
Concatenating Row Values in Transact-SQL
a temp table and a cursor leap to mind...
Dear Downvoters: a temp table and a cursor have got to be at least as efficient as the recursive-query and custom-function solutions accepted above. Get over your fear of cursors, sometimes they are the most efficient solution. Sometimes they are the only solution. Deal with it.
EDIT: cursor-based solution below. Note that it has none of the limitations of the non-cursor (and more complicated) solutions proposed elsewhere, and performance is probably about the same (hard to tell from a six-row table of course).
and please, don't abandon the main for-each construct of sql just because some blogger says "it's bad"; use your own judgement and some common sense. I avoid cursors whenever possible, but not to the point where the solution is not robust.
--initial data table
create table #tmp (
id int,
subid int,
txt varchar(256)
)
--populate with sample data from original question
insert into #tmp (id,subid,txt) values (1, 1, 'Hello')
insert into #tmp (id,subid,txt) values (1, 2, 'World')
insert into #tmp (id,subid,txt) values (1, 3, '!')
insert into #tmp (id,subid,txt) values (2, 1, 'B')
insert into #tmp (id,subid,txt) values (2, 2, 'B')
insert into #tmp (id,subid,txt) values (2, 3, 'Q')
--temp table for grouping results
create table #tmpgrp (
id int,
txt varchar(4000)
)
--cursor for looping through data
declare cur cursor local for
select id, subid, txt from #tmp order by id, subid
declare #id int
declare #subid int
declare #txt varchar(256)
declare #curid int
declare #curtxt varchar(4000)
open cur
fetch next from cur into #id, #subid, #txt
set #curid = #id
set #curtxt = ''
while ##FETCH_STATUS = 0 begin
if #curid <> #id begin
insert into #tmpgrp (id,txt) values (#curid,#curtxt)
set #curid = #id
set #curtxt = ''
end
set #curtxt = #curtxt + isnull(#txt,'')
fetch next from cur into #id, #subid, #txt
end
insert into #tmpgrp (id,txt) values (#curid,#curtxt)
close cur
deallocate cur
--show output
select * from #tmpgrp
--drop temp tables
drop table #tmp
drop table #tmpgrp
declare #tmp table (id int, subid int,txt varchar(256) )
--populate with sample data from original question
insert into #tmp (id,subid,txt) values (1, 1, 'Hello')
insert into #tmp (id,subid,txt) values (1, 2, 'World')
insert into #tmp (id,subid,txt) values (1, 3, '!')
insert into #tmp (id,subid,txt) values (2, 1, 'B')
insert into #tmp (id,subid,txt) values (2, 2, 'B')
insert into #tmp (id,subid,txt) values (2, 3, 'Q')
Solution
Select id, fold = (Select cast(txt as varchar(100)) from #tmp t2 where t1.id = t2.id for xml path(''))
from #tmp t1
group by t1.id
Wrap this in a function for a single execution...
DECLARE #returnValue varchar(4000)
SELECT #returnValue = ISNULL(#returnValue + ', ' + myTable.text, myTable.text)
FROM myTable
RETURN #returnValue
For a small number of records this will work... any more than 5 or 10 is too many for a SQL function and it needs to be moved to app layer as others have suggested.
Related
I am having six select queries with different where conditions if first select query returns null it should check the next select query and follows. what is the best approach to follow for writing it as stored procedure in SQL server.
You can use ##rowcount
DECLARE #OperatorID INT = 4, #CurrentCalendarView VARCHAR(50) = 'month';
declare #t table (operatorID int, CurrentCalendarView varchar(50));
insert into #t values (2, 'year');
select operatorID - 1, CurrentCalendarView from #t where 1 = 2
if (##ROWCOUNT = 0)
begin
select operatorID + 1, CurrentCalendarView from #t where 1 = 1
end
If I understand your question correctly then you can achieve this like below sample. You can go in this way.
if NOT EXISTS (SELECT TOP(1) 'x' FROM table WHERE id =#myId)
BEGIN
IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT TOP(1) 'x' FROM table2 WHERE id = #myId2)
BEGIN
IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT TOP(1) 'x' FROM table 3 WHERE id = #myID3)
BEGIN
END
END
END
I really want to learn and understand how to concatenate strings with the cursor approach.
Here is my table:
declare #t table (id int, city varchar(15))
insert into #t values
(1, 'Rome')
,(1, 'Dallas')
,(2, 'Berlin')
,(2, 'Rome')
,(2, 'Tokyo')
,(3, 'Miami')
,(3, 'Bergen')
I am trying to create a table that has all cities for each ID within one line sorted alphabetically.
ID City
1 Dallas, Rome
2 Berlin, Rome, Tokyo
3 Bergen, Miami
This is my code so far but it is not working and if somebody could walk me through each step I would be very happy and eager to learn it!
set nocount on
declare #tid int
declare #tcity varchar(15)
declare CityCursor CURSOR FOR
select * from #t
order by id, city
open CityCursor
fetch next from CityCursor into #tid, #tcity
while ( ##FETCH_STATUS = 0)
begin
if #tid = #tid -- my idea add all cities in one line within each id
print cast(#tid as varchar(2)) + ', '+ #tcity
else if #tid <> #tid --when it reaches a new id and we went through all cities it starts over for the next line
fetch next from CityCursor into #tid, #tcity
end
close CityCursor
deallocate CityCursor
select * from CityCursor
First, for future readers: A cursor, as Sean Lange wrote in his comment, is the wrong tool for this job. The correct way to do it is using a subquery with for xml.
However, since you wanted to know how to do it with a cursor, you where actually pretty close. Here is a working example:
set nocount on
declare #prevId int,
#tid int,
#tcity varchar(15)
declare #cursorResult table (id int, city varchar(32))
-- if you are expecting more than two cities for the same id,
-- the city column should be longer
declare CityCursor CURSOR FOR
select * from #t
order by id, city
open CityCursor
fetch next from CityCursor into #tid, #tcity
while ( ##FETCH_STATUS = 0)
begin
if #prevId is null or #prevId != #tid
insert into #cursorResult(id, city) values (#tid, #tcity)
else
update #cursorResult
set city = city +', '+ #tcity
where id = #tid
set #prevId = #tid
fetch next from CityCursor into #tid, #tcity
end
close CityCursor
deallocate CityCursor
select * from #cursorResult
results:
id city
1 Dallas, Rome
2 Berlin, Rome, Tokyo
3 Bergen, Miami
I've used another variable to keep the previous id value, and also inserted the results of the cursor into a table variable.
I have written nested cursor to sync with distinct city id. Although it has performance issue, you can try the following procedure
CREATE PROCEDURE USP_CITY
AS
BEGIN
set nocount on
declare #mastertid int
declare #detailstid int
declare #tcity varchar(MAX)
declare #finalCity varchar(MAX)
SET #finalCity = ''
declare #t table (id int, city varchar(max))
insert into #t values
(1, 'Rome')
,(1, 'Dallas')
,(2, 'Berlin')
,(2, 'Rome')
,(2, 'Tokyo')
,(3, 'Miami')
,(3, 'Bergen')
declare #finaltable table (id int, city varchar(max))
declare MasterCityCursor CURSOR FOR
select distinct id from #t
order by id
open MasterCityCursor
fetch next from MasterCityCursor into #mastertid
while ( ##FETCH_STATUS = 0)
begin
declare DetailsCityCursor CURSOR FOR
SELECT id,city from #t order by id
open DetailsCityCursor
fetch next from DetailsCityCursor into #detailstid,#tcity
while ( ##FETCH_STATUS = 0)
begin
if #mastertid = #detailstid
begin
SET #finalCity = #finalCity + CASE #finalCity WHEN '' THEN +'' ELSE ', ' END + #tcity
end
fetch next from DetailsCityCursor into #detailstid, #tcity
end
insert into #finaltable values(#mastertid,#finalCity)
SET #finalCity = ''
close DetailsCityCursor
deallocate DetailsCityCursor
fetch next from MasterCityCursor into #mastertid
end
close MasterCityCursor
deallocate MasterCityCursor
SELECT * FROM #finaltable
END
If you will face any problem, feel free to write in comment section. Thanks
Using a cursor for this is probably the slowest possible solution. If performance is important then there are three valid approaches. The first approach is FOR XML without special XML character protection.
declare #t table (id int, city varchar(15))
insert into #t values (1, 'Rome'),(1, 'Dallas'),(2, 'Berlin'),(2, 'Rome'),(2, 'Tokyo'),
(3, 'Miami'),(3, 'Bergen');
SELECT
t.id,
city = STUFF((
SELECT ',' + t2.city
FROM #t t2
WHERE t.id = t2.id
FOR XML PATH('')),1,1,'')
FROM #t as t
GROUP BY t.id;
The drawback to this approach is when you add a reserved XML character such as &, <, or >, you will get an XML entity back (e.g. "&" for "&"). To handle that you have to modify your query to look like this:
Sample data
IF OBJECT_ID('tempdb..#t') IS NOT NULL DROP TABLE #t;
CREATE TABLE #t (id int, words varchar(20))
INSERT #t VALUES (1, 'blah blah'),(1, 'yada yada'),(2, 'PB&J'),(2,' is good');
SELECT
t.id,
city = STUFF((
SELECT ',' + t2.words
FROM #t t2
WHERE t.id = t2.id
FOR XML PATH(''), TYPE).value('.','varchar(1000)'),1,1,'')
FROM #t as t
GROUP BY t.id;
The downside to this approach is that it will be slower. The good news (and another reason this approach is 100 times better than a cursor) is that both of these queries benefit greatly when the optimizer chooses a parallel execution plan.
The best approach is a new fabulous function available in SQL Server 2017, STRING_AGG. STRING_AGG does not have the problem with special XML characters and is, by far the cleanest approach:
SELECT t.id, STRING_AGG(t.words,',') WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY t.id)
FROM #t as t
GROUP BY t.id;
I have a table called #Tbl1, Each GROUP is 1 row and I have to extract the number of rows for each to #Tbl_Insert type.
Declare #Tbl1 Table (TableName NVARCHAR(250),ColumnName NVARCHAR(250),DataType NVARCHAR(250),DataValue NVARCHAR(250),InGroup NVARCHAR(250))
Declare #Tbl_Insert Table (ID INT, Name NVARCHAR(250), Age INT)
-- Sample Data
Insert Into #Tbl1 values ('#Tbl_Insert','ID','INT','1','Group1'),('#Tbl_Insert','Name','NVARCHAR(250)','John.Adam','Group1'),('#Tbl_Insert','Age','INT','10','Group1')
Insert Into #Tbl1 values ('#Tbl_Insert','ID','INT','2','Group2'),('#Tbl_Insert','Name','NVARCHAR(250)','Andy.Law','Group2'),('#Tbl_Insert','Age','INT','18','Group2')
I can convert #tbl1 to row by row into #Table_TEMP
Declare #Table_TEMP (Data nvarchar(max))
Insert Into #Table_TEMP
SELECT LEFT([DataValues] , LEN([DataValues] )-1)
FROM #Tbl1 AS extern
CROSS APPLY
(
SELECT Concat('''', Replace( ISNULL([DataValue],''), '''','' ) + ''',')
FROM #Tbl1 AS intern
WHERE extern.InGroup = intern.InGroup
Order By InGroup, ColumnName
FOR XML PATH('')
) pre_trimmed ( [DataValues])
GROUP BY InGroup, [DataValues]
I have to extract the number of rows in #Tbl1 ( Or #Table_TEMP) to #Tbl_Insert.
I don't want to use cursor to loop Insert row by row in #Table_TEMP, because, when you met with big data (example > 10000 rows). It's run to slow.
Please help.
I found sample in stackorverflow
Declare #tbl_Temp Table (Data NVARCHAR(MAX))
Declare #tbl2 Table (A NVARCHAR(MAX),B NVARCHAR(MAX),C NVARCHAR(MAX))
Insert Into #tbl_Temp values ('a1*b1*c1')
INSERT INTO #tbl2 (A,B,C)
SELECT PARSENAME(REPLACE(Data,'*','.'),3)
,PARSENAME(REPLACE(Data,'*','.'),2)
,PARSENAME(REPLACE(Data,'*','.'),1)
FROM #tbl_Temp
select * from #tbl2
It's nearly the same, but,
My data have "DOT", can not use PARSENAME
I must know numbers of DOT to Build Dynamics SQL??
PARSENAME only support 3 "DOT", It's null when More Dot.
EXAMPLE:
Declare #ObjectName nVarChar(1000)
Set #ObjectName = 'HeadOfficeSQL1.Northwind.dbo.Authors'
SELECT
PARSENAME(#ObjectName, 5) as Server4,
PARSENAME(#ObjectName, 4) as Server,
PARSENAME(#ObjectName, 3) as DB,
PARSENAME(#ObjectName, 2) as Owner,
PARSENAME(#ObjectName, 1) as Object
If, i understand correctly you will need to use apply in order to fetch the records & insert the data into other table
insert into #Tbl_Insert (ID, Name, Age)
select max(a.id) [id], max(a.Name) [Name], max(a.Age) [Age] from #Tbl1 t
cross apply
(values
(case when t.ColumnName = 'ID' then t.DataValue end,
case when t.ColumnName = 'Name' then t.DataValue end,
case when t.ColumnName = 'Age' then t.DataValue end, t.InGroup)
) as a(id, Name, Age, [Group])
group by a.[Group]
select * from #Tbl_Insert
I do both #Tbl_Insert & create 1 store to do like PARSENAME. It's improved performance.
create function dbo.fnGetCsvPart(#csv varchar(8000),#index tinyint, #last bit = 0)
returns varchar(4000)
as
/* function to retrieve 0 based "column" from csv string */
begin
declare #i int; set #i = 0
while 1 = 1
begin
if #index = 0
begin
if #last = 1 or charindex(',',#csv,#i+1) = 0
return substring(#csv,#i+1,len(#csv)-#i+1)
else
return substring(#csv,#i+1,charindex(',',#csv,#i+1)-#i-1)
end
select #index = #index-1, #i = charindex(',',#csv,#i+1)
if #i = 0 break
end
return null
end
GO
I would like to replace the numbers in #CommentsTable column "Comments" with the equivalent text from #ModTable table, without using UDF in a single SELECT. May with a CTE. Tried STUFF with REPLACE, but no luck.
Any suggestions would be a great help!
Sample:
DECLARE #ModTable TABLE
(
ID INT,
ModName VARCHAR(10),
ModPos VARCHAR(10)
)
DECLARE #CommentsTable TABLE
(
ID INT,
Comments VARCHAR(100)
)
INSERT INTO #CommentsTable
VALUES (1, 'MyFirst 5 Comments with 6'),
(2, 'MySecond comments'),
(3, 'MyThird comments 5')
INSERT INTO #ModTABLE
VALUES (1, '[FIVE]', '5'),
(1, '[SIX]', '6'),
(1, '[ONE]', '1'),
(1, '[TWO]', '2')
SELECT T1.ID, <<REPLACED COMMENTS>>
FROM #CommentsTable T1
GROUP BY T1.ID, T1.Comments
**Expected Result:**
ID Comments
1 MyFirst [FIVE] Comments with [SIX]
2 MySecond comments
3 MyThird comments [FIVE]
Create a cursor, span over the #ModTable and do each replacement a time
DECLARE replcursor FOR SELECT ModPos, ModName FROM #ModTable;
OPEN replcursor;
DECLARE modpos varchar(100) DEFAULT "";
DECLARE modname varchar(100) DEFAULT "";
get_loop: LOOP
FETCH replcursor INTO #modpos, #modname
SELECT T1.ID, REPLACE(T1.Comments, #modpos, #modname)
FROM #CommentsTable T1
GROUP BY T1.ID, T1.Comments
END LOOP get_loop;
Of course, you can store the results in a temp table and get the results altogether in the end of loop.
You can use a while loop to iterate over the records and the mods. I slightly modified your #ModTable to have unique values for ID. If this is not your data structure, then you can use a window function like ROW_NUMBER() to get a unique value over which you can iterate.
Revised script example:
DECLARE #ModTable TABLE
(
ID INT,
ModName VARCHAR(10),
ModPos VARCHAR(10)
)
DECLARE #CommentsTable TABLE
(
ID INT,
Comments VARCHAR(100)
)
INSERT INTO #CommentsTable
VALUES (1, 'MyFirst 5 Comments with 6'),
(2, 'MySecond comments'),
(3, 'MyThird comments 5')
INSERT INTO #ModTABLE
VALUES (1, '[FIVE]', '5'),
(2, '[SIX]', '6'),
(3, '[ONE]', '1'),
(4, '[TWO]', '2')
declare #revisedTable table (id int, comments varchar(100))
declare #modcount int = (select count(*) from #ModTable)
declare #commentcount int = (select count(*) from #CommentsTable)
declare #currentcomment varchar(100) = ''
while #commentcount > 0
begin
set #modcount = (select count(*) from #ModTable)
set #currentcomment = (select Comments from #CommentsTable where ID = #commentcount)
while #modcount > 0
begin
set #currentcomment = REPLACE( #currentcomment,
(SELECT TOP 1 ModPos FROM #ModTable WHERE ID = #modcount),
(SELECT TOP 1 ModName FROM #ModTable WHERE ID = #modcount))
set #modcount = #modcount - 1
end
INSERT INTO #revisedTable (id, comments)
SELECT #commentcount, #currentcomment
set #commentcount = #commentcount - 1
end
SELECT *
FROM #revisedTable
order by id
I think the will work even though I generally avoid recursive queries. It assumes that you have consecutive ids though:
with Comments as
(
select ID, Comments, 0 as ConnectID
from #CommentsTable
union all
select ID, replace(c.Comments, m.ModPos, m.ModName), m.ConnectID
from Comments c inner join #ModTable m on m.ConnectID = c.ConnectID + 1
)
select * from Comments
where ConnectID = (select max(ID) from #ModTable)
=> CLR Function()
As I have lot of records in "CommentsTable" and the "ModTable" would have multiple ModName for each comments, finally decided to go with CLR Function. Thanks all of you for the suggestions and pointers.
I have a table as follows
cat_id Cat_Name Main_Cat_Id
1 veg null
2 main course 1
3 starter 1
4 Indian 2
5 mexican 2
6 tahi 3
7 chinese 3
8 nonveg null
9 main course 8
10 indian 9
11 starter 8
12 tahi 11
13 chinese 11
(Main_Cat_Id is cat_id of previously added category in which it belongs)
This table is used for the categories the product where veg category has the two sub category main course and starter which is identify by main_cat_id
and those subcategories again has sub category as indian and mexican
And this categorization is dependent on the user; he can add more sub categories to indian, mexican also so that he can have any level of categorization
now I have to select all the subcategories of any node like if I take veg i have to select
(1)veg > (2)main course(1) > (4)indian(2)
> (5)mexican(2)
> (3)starter(1) > (6)thai(3)
> (7)chinese(3)
to form the string as 1,2,4,5,3,6,7
to do this i wrote a sql function as
CREATE FUNCTION [dbo].[GetSubCategory_TEST]
( #MainCategory int, #Category varchar(max))
RETURNS varchar(max)
AS
BEGIN
IF EXISTS (SELECT Cat_Id FROM Category WHERE Main_Cat_Id=#MainCategory)
BEGIN
DECLARE #TEMP TABLE
(
CAT_ID INT
)
INSERT INTO #TEMP(CAT_ID) SELECT Cat_Id FROM Category WHERE Main_Cat_Id=#MainCategory
DECLARE #TEMP_CAT_ID INT
DECLARE CUR_CAT_ID CURSOR FOR SELECT CAT_ID FROM #TEMP
OPEN CUR_CAT_ID
WHILE 1 =1
BEGIN
FETCH NEXT FROM CUR_CAT_ID
INTO #TEMP_CAT_ID;
IF ##FETCH_STATUS <> 0
SET #Category=#Category+','+ CONVERT(VARCHAR(50), #TEMP_CAT_ID)
SET #Category = [dbo].[GetSubCategory](#TEMP_CAT_ID,#Category)
END
CLOSE CUR_CAT_ID
DEALLOCATE CUR_CAT_ID
END
return #Category
END
but this function keep on executing and not gives the desired output i don't understands what wrong is going on plz help me to get this
You dont need a recursive function to build this, you can use a Recursive CTE for that.
Something like
DECLARE #TABLE TABLE(
cat_id INT,
Cat_Name VARCHAR(50),
Main_Cat_Id INT
)
INSERT INTO #TABLE SELECT 1,'veg',null
INSERT INTO #TABLE SELECT 2,'main course',1
INSERT INTO #TABLE SELECT 3,'starter',1
INSERT INTO #TABLE SELECT 4,'Indian',2
INSERT INTO #TABLE SELECT 5,'mexican',2
INSERT INTO #TABLE SELECT 6,'tahi',3
INSERT INTO #TABLE SELECT 7,'chinese',3
INSERT INTO #TABLE SELECT 8,'nonveg',null
INSERT INTO #TABLE SELECT 9,'main course',8
INSERT INTO #TABLE SELECT 10,'indian',9
INSERT INTO #TABLE SELECT 11,'starter',8
INSERT INTO #TABLE SELECT 12,'tahi',11
INSERT INTO #TABLE SELECT 13,'chinese',11
;WITH Recursives AS (
SELECT *,
CAST(cat_id AS VARCHAR(MAX)) + '\' ID_Path
FROM #TABLE
WHERE Main_Cat_Id IS NULL
UNION ALL
SELECT t.*,
r.ID_Path + CAST(t.cat_id AS VARCHAR(MAX)) + '\'
FROM #TABLE t INNER JOIN
Recursives r ON t.Main_Cat_Id = r.cat_id
)
SELECT *
FROM Recursives
I am ashamed, but I used #astander scipt to give string result.
First I created data you gave.
Second I collect rows which I need
And then using XML I put everything in one row (function STUFF removes first comma)
DECLARE #TABLE TABLE(
cat_id INT,
Cat_Name VARCHAR(50),
Main_Cat_Id INT
)
DECLARE #Collected TABLE(
cat_id INT
)
INSERT INTO #TABLE SELECT 1,'veg',null
INSERT INTO #TABLE SELECT 2,'main course',1
INSERT INTO #TABLE SELECT 3,'starter',1
INSERT INTO #TABLE SELECT 4,'Indian',2
INSERT INTO #TABLE SELECT 5,'mexican',2
INSERT INTO #TABLE SELECT 6,'tahi',3
INSERT INTO #TABLE SELECT 7,'chinese',3
INSERT INTO #TABLE SELECT 8,'nonveg',null
INSERT INTO #TABLE SELECT 9,'main course',8
INSERT INTO #TABLE SELECT 10,'indian',9
INSERT INTO #TABLE SELECT 11,'starter',8
INSERT INTO #TABLE SELECT 12,'tahi',11
INSERT INTO #TABLE SELECT 13,'chinese',11
INSERT INTO #TABLE SELECT 14,'chinese',6
DECLARE #nodeID INT = 1;
DECLARE #result VARCHAR(MAX);
;WITH Recursives AS (
SELECT cat_id, main_cat_id
FROM #TABLE
WHERE Cat_Id = #nodeID
UNION ALL
SELECT T.cat_id, T.main_cat_id
FROM #TABLE AS T
INNER JOIN Recursives AS R
ON t.Main_Cat_Id = r.cat_id
)
INSERT INTO #Collected
SELECT cat_id
FROM Recursives
SELECT #result = STUFF(
(SELECT ',' + CAST( cat_id AS VARCHAR)
FROM #Collected
ORDER BY cat_id
FOR XML PATH('')
), 1,1,'')
SELECT #result
Your cursor is looping infinitely because you asked it to keep going until 1 no longer equals 1:
WHILE 1 =1
1=1 is always true so the loop never ends, and you don't explicitly break out of it anywhere.
You would do well to study some examples of cursors, for example this one in the Microsoft T-SQL documentation. They are quite formulaic and the main syntax rarely needs to vary much.
The standard approach after opening the cursor is to do an initial fetch next to get the first result, then open a while loop conditional on ##FETCH_STATUS = 0 (0 meaning successful).
Because you're looking only for unsuccessful cursor fetch states inside your cursor:
IF ##FETCH_STATUS <> 0
The setting of #Category will only happen once the cursor has gone past the last row in the set. I suspect this is exactly what you don't want.
I'm also not sure about the scoping of the #Category variable, since it's an input parameter to the function; I generally create new variables inside a function to work with, but off the top of my head I'm not sure this will actually create a problem or not.
More generally, although I don't totally understand what you're trying to achieve here, a recursive function involving a cursor is probably not the right way to do it, as Adriaan Stander's answer suggests.