I decided to learn how to make own OS by tutorial, I wrote boot on NASM and kernel on C also linker.ld and makefile. When I try linking all together I have this kind of error:
ld: library not found for -lgcc
clang: error: linker command failed with exit code 1 (use -v to see invocation)
Also, I have installed binutils using homebrew but it doesn't help me. I have Mac OS 10.14
And this is my makefile:
CC = gcc
main: kernel.c linker.ld boot.asm
nasm -felf32 boot.asm -o boot.o
$(CC) -c kernel.c -o kernel.o -std=gnu99 -ffreestanding -Wall -Wextra
$(CC) -T linker.ld -o basilica.bin -ffreestanding -nostdlib boot.o kernel.o -lgcc
cp basilica.bin isodir/boot/basilica.bin
grub-mkrescue -o basilica.iso isodir
clean:
rm ./*.o ./*.bin ./*.iso ./isodir/boot/*.bin
What am I doing wrong? How can I fix this error: ld: library not found for -lgcc? Please help me.
Related
To link gcc statically into a shared library, based on the answer in this question, the remaining problem is how to let the linker use the PIC version of libc.a instead of the non-PIC version. The problem is the same as that answer:
g++ -fPIC -Wall -O0 -fexceptions -g -c main.cpp -o main.o
ld -shared -static -o test.so main.o -lc
ld: //usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.a(malloc.o): relocation R_X86_64_TPOFF32 against `tcache' can not be used when making a shared object; recompile with -fPIC
This is what I'v tried:
sudo apt-get install libc-pic //then libc6-pic get installed successfully
ld -shared -static -o test.so main.o -lc //same as above, same error
ld -shared -static -o test.so main.o -lc-pic //not working: cannot find -lc-pic
ld -shared -static -o test.so main.o -lc6-pic //not working: cannot find -lc6-pic
Looking at the list of files in the package there is a libc_pic.a so the correct option seems to be -lc_pic.
I'm trying to compile a simple project with .c and .s files using my Mac.
When I run 'make' it goes threw on the compilation, and I think it failed when its trying to link (not sure).
Here is the error it shows:
gcc -m32 -g -Wall -c -o main.o main.c
gcc -m32 -g -Wall -c -o numbers.o numbers.c
nasm -g -f macho -w+all -o add.o add.s
gcc -m32 -g -Wall -o run main.o numbers.o add.o
ld: malformed file
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX10.14.sdk/usr/lib/libSystem.tbd:4:18: error: unknown enumerated scalar
platform: zippered
^~~~~~~~
file '/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX10.14.sdk/usr/lib/libSystem.tbd'
clang: error: linker command failed with exit code 1 (use -v to see invocation)
make: *** [run] Error 1
and I'll add the makefile as well:
run: main.o numbers.o add.o
gcc -m32 -g -Wall -o run main.o numbers.o add.o
main.o: main.c
gcc -m32 -g -Wall -c -o main.o main.c
numbers.o: numbers.c
gcc -m32 -g -Wall -c -o numbers.o numbers.c
add.o: add.s
nasm -g -f macho -w+all -o add.o add.s
.PHONY: clean
clean:
rm -f *.o run
I'm following this tutorial and at some point I'm supposed to link multiple objects with ld but when I try to link them with this command:
ld -T link.ld -o kernel.bin start.o main.o scrn.o -melf_i386
...I get a Segmentation fault (core dumped).
And when I use:
ld -T link.ld -o kernel.bin start.o main.o -melf_i386
...ld successfully links the objects.
This is what I'm using to compile the files:
nasm -f elf -o start.o start.asm
gcc -m32 -Wall -O -fstrength-reduce -fno-pie -fomit-frame-pointer -finline-functions -nostdinc -fno-builtin -c -o main.o main.c
gcc -m32 -Wall -O -fstrength-reduce -fno-pie -fomit-frame-pointer -finline-functions -nostdinc -fno-builtin -c -o scrn.o scrn.c
As for the files, here are the links for main.c, start.asm, link.ld and system.h. The scrn.c file is completely empty.
When I try and #include "json/json.h" in a .cu file, then run make, I get the following error:
nvcc -o sound main.o process.o -L /usr/lib -lopencv_core -lopencv_imgproc -lopencv_highgui -O3 -arch=sm_20 -Xcompiler -Wall -Xcompiler -Wextra -m64
/usr/local/cuda/bin/crt/link.stub:90:13: warning: ‘void __cudaRegisterLinkedBinary(const __fatBinC_Wrapper_t*, void (*)(void**), void*)’ defined but not used [-Wunused-function]
process.o: In function `count_tracks()':
tmpxft_00006061_00000000-3_process.cudafe1.cpp:(.text+0x75): undefined reference to `Json::Value::Value(Json::ValueType)'
tmpxft_00006061_00000000-3_process.cudafe1.cpp:(.text+0x7d): undefined reference to `Json::Value::~Value()'
collect2: ld returned 1 exit status
make: *** [student] Error 1
in reference to when I try and create a Json::Value. I've tried moving around where I link JsonCpp library, and I wasn't having this problem #including jsoncpp and creating a Json::Value in the main.cpp of the project. It just doesn't seem to be working correctly when in a .cu file.
Here is the pertinent stuff from my Makefile, which I got from Udacity's CUDA course and modified to fit my needs:
NVCC=nvcc
CXX = g++
LDFLAGS = -L ~/parallelcomputing/soundcloud/jsoncpp/build/debug/lib -ljsoncpp
INC = -I ~/parallelcomputing/soundcloud/jsoncpp/include
OPENCV_LIBPATH=/usr/lib
OPENCV_INCLUDEPATH=/usr/include
OPENCV_LIBS=-lopencv_core -lopencv_imgproc -lopencv_highgui
CUDA_INCLUDEPATH=/usr/local/cuda/include
NVCC_OPTS=-O3 -arch=sm_20 -Xcompiler -Wall -Xcompiler -Wextra -m64
GCC_OPTS=-O3 -Wall -Wextra -m64
student: main.o process.o Makefile
$(NVCC) -o sound main.o process.o -L $(OPENCV_LIBPATH) $(OPENCV_LIBS) $(NVCC_OPTS)
main.o: main.cpp
g++ -c main.cpp $(GCC_OPTS) $(LDFLAGS) $(INC) -I $(CUDA_INCLUDEPATH) -I $(OPENCV_INCLUDEPATH)
process.o: process.cu
nvcc -c process.cu $(NVCC_OPTS) $(LDFLAGS) $(INC)
clean:
rm -f *.o *.png hw
You've got LDFLAGS defined in your makefile, but you're not using it in the link phase that I can see.
As a result, -ljsoncpp doesn't show up in the link command you posted, that is showing the error.
Add LDFLAGS to your link phase:
student: main.o process.o Makefile
$(NVCC) -o sound main.o process.o $(LDFLAGS) -L $(OPENCV_LIBPATH) $(OPENCV_LIBS) $(NVCC_OPTS)
(And while we're cleaning up your makefile, LDFLAGS contains link specification, and is not relevant in, and can be safely deleted from, the subsequent compile targets.)
EDIT:
Since that is not working, but you say the link is successful with a .cpp file, try linking the executable with g++ instead of nvcc:
LDFLAGS2=-L/usr/local/cuda/lib64 -lcudart
student: main.o process.o Makefile
$(CXX) -o sound main.o process.o $(LDFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS2) -L $(OPENCV_LIBPATH) $(OPENCV_LIBS)
I was really struggled with this error when I try to build a shared library. My code utilize the Lapacke library and also CUDA. when I compile them, there are no errors(I compile them as)
gcc -m64 -Wall -fPIC -c xxx.c -o xxx.o $(INC)
where INC includes all directories
INC=-I. -I${JAVA_HOME}/include/ -I${JAVA_HOME}/include/linux/ I$/home/sniu/lapack-3.5.0/lapacke/include/ -I${CUDA_INSTALL_PATH}/include/ -I/home/sniu/CBLAS/include/
for cuda part, I wrote it as:
nvcc -m64 -arch=sm_20 -Xcompiler -fPIC $(INC) -c xxx.cu -o xxx.o
but I got the error message at the link stage:
gcc -m64 -D_REENTRANT -Wall -fPIC -g -shared -o libjniWrapper.so jniWrapper.o cholesky_inv.o wls_acc.o utils.o -L/home/sniu/lapack-3.5.0 -L/opt/cuda-toolkit/5.5.22/lib64 -lm -llapacke -llapack -lblas -lgfortran -lrt -lcudart -lcublas -ldl
/usr/bin/ld: /home/sniu/lapack-3.5.0/liblapacke.a(lapacke_dpotrf.o): relocation R_X86_64_32 against `.rodata.str1.1' can not be used when making a shared object; recompile with -fPIC
/home/sniu/lapack-3.5.0/liblapacke.a: could not read symbols: Bad value
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
I am very sure libraries are there, I really confused why I got this error.
Any suggestions are appreciated, Thank you so much!