I'm following this tutorial and at some point I'm supposed to link multiple objects with ld but when I try to link them with this command:
ld -T link.ld -o kernel.bin start.o main.o scrn.o -melf_i386
...I get a Segmentation fault (core dumped).
And when I use:
ld -T link.ld -o kernel.bin start.o main.o -melf_i386
...ld successfully links the objects.
This is what I'm using to compile the files:
nasm -f elf -o start.o start.asm
gcc -m32 -Wall -O -fstrength-reduce -fno-pie -fomit-frame-pointer -finline-functions -nostdinc -fno-builtin -c -o main.o main.c
gcc -m32 -Wall -O -fstrength-reduce -fno-pie -fomit-frame-pointer -finline-functions -nostdinc -fno-builtin -c -o scrn.o scrn.c
As for the files, here are the links for main.c, start.asm, link.ld and system.h. The scrn.c file is completely empty.
Related
So this is a snippet from my makefile to build my target:
#include header files directory
vpath %.h = include
vpath %.o = obj
#create a list of *.c from the source directory
SRC = $(wildcard src/*.c)
OBJ = $(SRC:src/%.c=%.o)
main.elf: $(OBJ)
$(CC) $(LDFLAGX) $(addprefix obj/,$(OBJ)) -o $#
%.o : %.c
$(CC) $(CPPFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) -c $^ -o obj/$#
my project directory is as follows:
srcdir
+---include
+---obj
\---src
Here's the output I'm getting:
arm-none-eabi-gcc -Iinclude -mcpu=cortex-m3 -mthumb -std=gnu11 -O0 -g -Wall -c src/RCC.c -o obj/RCC.o
arm-none-eabi-gcc -Iinclude -mcpu=cortex-m3 -mthumb -std=gnu11 -O0 -g -Wall -c src/SPI.c -o obj/SPI.o
arm-none-eabi-gcc -Iinclude -mcpu=cortex-m3 -mthumb -std=gnu11 -O0 -g -Wall -c src/main.c -o obj/main.o
arm-none-eabi-gcc -Iinclude -mcpu=cortex-m3 -mthumb -std=gnu11 -O0 -g -Wall -c src/startup.c -o obj/startup.o
arm-none-eabi-gcc -Iinclude -mcpu=cortex-m3 -mthumb -std=gnu11 -O0 -g -Wall -c src/timer.c -o obj/timer.o
arm-none-eabi-gcc -Iinclude -mcpu=cortex-m3 -mthumb -std=gnu11 -O0 -g -Wall -c src/usart.c -o obj/usart.o
arm-none-eabi-gcc -Xlinker -T -Xlinker lscript.ld -Xlinker -nostdlib -Xlinker -Map=main.map obj/RCC.o obj/SPI.o obj/main.o obj/startup.o obj/timer.o obj/usart.o -o main.elf
c:/program files (x86)/gnu arm embedded toolchain/9 2020-q2-update/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/9.3.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld.exe: cannot find startup.o
collect2.exe: error: ld returned 1 exit status
make.exe": *** [main.elf] Error 1
So the startup.o exists in obj/ folder and the path has also been specified in the recipe so What is going wrong here?
I have been struggling to create my own makefile due to tons of such errors and even after trying out numerous tutorials and examples which may solve a problem, another new one pops up every now and then, is there any more convenient way to build such projects that does not cause me so much trouble?
When I compile my code on the command line, there are no problems:
$ gcc -Wall -O2 -o mess main.c getmatrix.c toktoint.c prtmatrix.c getdist.c
But when I compile via make, it fails:
$ make clean
$ make
/usr/bin/gcc -O2 -Wall -c toktoint.c -o toktoint.o
/usr/bin/gcc -O2 -Wall -c getmatrix.c -o getmatrix.o
/usr/bin/gcc -O2 -Wall -c prtmatrix.c -o prtmatrix.o
/usr/bin/gcc -O2 -Wall -c getdist.c -o getdist.o
/usr/bin/gcc -O2 -Wall -c -o main.o main.c
/usr/bin/gcc -O2 -Wall -o mess toktoint.o
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-cygwin/10/../../../../x86_64-pc-cygwin/bin/ld: /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-cygwin/10/../../../../lib/libcygwin.a(libcmain.o): in function `main':
/usr/src/debug/cygwin-3.1.7-1/winsup/cygwin/lib/libcmain.c:37: undefined reference to `WinMain'
/usr/src/debug/cygwin-3.1.7-1/winsup/cygwin/lib/libcmain.c:37:(.text.startup+0x82): relocation truncated to fit: R_X86_64_PC32 against undefined symbol `WinMain'
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
make: *** [Makefile:44: mess] Error 1
Here is my Makefile:
CC=/usr/bin/gcc
OPTIMIZATION=2
CFLAGS=-O$(OPTIMIZATION) -Wall
LFLAGS=
TARGET=mess
OBJECTS=toktoint.o \
getmatrix.o \
prtmatrix.o \
getdist.o \
main.o
SOURCES=toktoint.c \
getmatrix.c \
prtmatrix.c \
getdist.c \
main.c
HEADERS=getmatrix.h \
toktoint.h \
prtmatrix.h \
getdist.h
all: $(TARGET)
mess: $(OBJECTS)
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $# $<
%.o: %.c %.h
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $#
clean:
#rm -f $(OBJECTS) $(TARGET)
I tried changing various flags, such as "-m64". And other suggestions which I found on stackoverflow, but no success.
If I compile each module on the command line, it also works:
$ make clean
$ gcc -O2 -Wall -c toktoint.c -o toktoint.o
$ gcc -O2 -Wall -c getmatrix.c -o getmatrix.o
$ gcc -O2 -Wall -c prtmatrix.c -o prtmatrix.o
$ gcc -O2 -Wall -c getdist.c -o getdist.o
$ gcc -O2 -Wall -c main.c -o main.o
$ gcc -Wall -O2 -o mess main.o getdist.o getmatrix.o prtmatrix.o toktoint.o
So it appears the problem is with make or Makefile.
Look at the output from make again, especially the linker line:
/usr/bin/gcc -O2 -Wall -o mess toktoint.o
It does not build with all the object files. Most notably, it misses main.o which I assume contains your main function.
The variable $< is only
The name of the first prerequisite
(from this make manual, emphasis mine).
To get all prerequisites (all object files) use $^:
mess: $(OBJECTS)
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $# $^
I'm trying to compile a simple project with .c and .s files using my Mac.
When I run 'make' it goes threw on the compilation, and I think it failed when its trying to link (not sure).
Here is the error it shows:
gcc -m32 -g -Wall -c -o main.o main.c
gcc -m32 -g -Wall -c -o numbers.o numbers.c
nasm -g -f macho -w+all -o add.o add.s
gcc -m32 -g -Wall -o run main.o numbers.o add.o
ld: malformed file
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX10.14.sdk/usr/lib/libSystem.tbd:4:18: error: unknown enumerated scalar
platform: zippered
^~~~~~~~
file '/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX10.14.sdk/usr/lib/libSystem.tbd'
clang: error: linker command failed with exit code 1 (use -v to see invocation)
make: *** [run] Error 1
and I'll add the makefile as well:
run: main.o numbers.o add.o
gcc -m32 -g -Wall -o run main.o numbers.o add.o
main.o: main.c
gcc -m32 -g -Wall -c -o main.o main.c
numbers.o: numbers.c
gcc -m32 -g -Wall -c -o numbers.o numbers.c
add.o: add.s
nasm -g -f macho -w+all -o add.o add.s
.PHONY: clean
clean:
rm -f *.o run
I decided to learn how to make own OS by tutorial, I wrote boot on NASM and kernel on C also linker.ld and makefile. When I try linking all together I have this kind of error:
ld: library not found for -lgcc
clang: error: linker command failed with exit code 1 (use -v to see invocation)
Also, I have installed binutils using homebrew but it doesn't help me. I have Mac OS 10.14
And this is my makefile:
CC = gcc
main: kernel.c linker.ld boot.asm
nasm -felf32 boot.asm -o boot.o
$(CC) -c kernel.c -o kernel.o -std=gnu99 -ffreestanding -Wall -Wextra
$(CC) -T linker.ld -o basilica.bin -ffreestanding -nostdlib boot.o kernel.o -lgcc
cp basilica.bin isodir/boot/basilica.bin
grub-mkrescue -o basilica.iso isodir
clean:
rm ./*.o ./*.bin ./*.iso ./isodir/boot/*.bin
What am I doing wrong? How can I fix this error: ld: library not found for -lgcc? Please help me.
When I try and #include "json/json.h" in a .cu file, then run make, I get the following error:
nvcc -o sound main.o process.o -L /usr/lib -lopencv_core -lopencv_imgproc -lopencv_highgui -O3 -arch=sm_20 -Xcompiler -Wall -Xcompiler -Wextra -m64
/usr/local/cuda/bin/crt/link.stub:90:13: warning: ‘void __cudaRegisterLinkedBinary(const __fatBinC_Wrapper_t*, void (*)(void**), void*)’ defined but not used [-Wunused-function]
process.o: In function `count_tracks()':
tmpxft_00006061_00000000-3_process.cudafe1.cpp:(.text+0x75): undefined reference to `Json::Value::Value(Json::ValueType)'
tmpxft_00006061_00000000-3_process.cudafe1.cpp:(.text+0x7d): undefined reference to `Json::Value::~Value()'
collect2: ld returned 1 exit status
make: *** [student] Error 1
in reference to when I try and create a Json::Value. I've tried moving around where I link JsonCpp library, and I wasn't having this problem #including jsoncpp and creating a Json::Value in the main.cpp of the project. It just doesn't seem to be working correctly when in a .cu file.
Here is the pertinent stuff from my Makefile, which I got from Udacity's CUDA course and modified to fit my needs:
NVCC=nvcc
CXX = g++
LDFLAGS = -L ~/parallelcomputing/soundcloud/jsoncpp/build/debug/lib -ljsoncpp
INC = -I ~/parallelcomputing/soundcloud/jsoncpp/include
OPENCV_LIBPATH=/usr/lib
OPENCV_INCLUDEPATH=/usr/include
OPENCV_LIBS=-lopencv_core -lopencv_imgproc -lopencv_highgui
CUDA_INCLUDEPATH=/usr/local/cuda/include
NVCC_OPTS=-O3 -arch=sm_20 -Xcompiler -Wall -Xcompiler -Wextra -m64
GCC_OPTS=-O3 -Wall -Wextra -m64
student: main.o process.o Makefile
$(NVCC) -o sound main.o process.o -L $(OPENCV_LIBPATH) $(OPENCV_LIBS) $(NVCC_OPTS)
main.o: main.cpp
g++ -c main.cpp $(GCC_OPTS) $(LDFLAGS) $(INC) -I $(CUDA_INCLUDEPATH) -I $(OPENCV_INCLUDEPATH)
process.o: process.cu
nvcc -c process.cu $(NVCC_OPTS) $(LDFLAGS) $(INC)
clean:
rm -f *.o *.png hw
You've got LDFLAGS defined in your makefile, but you're not using it in the link phase that I can see.
As a result, -ljsoncpp doesn't show up in the link command you posted, that is showing the error.
Add LDFLAGS to your link phase:
student: main.o process.o Makefile
$(NVCC) -o sound main.o process.o $(LDFLAGS) -L $(OPENCV_LIBPATH) $(OPENCV_LIBS) $(NVCC_OPTS)
(And while we're cleaning up your makefile, LDFLAGS contains link specification, and is not relevant in, and can be safely deleted from, the subsequent compile targets.)
EDIT:
Since that is not working, but you say the link is successful with a .cpp file, try linking the executable with g++ instead of nvcc:
LDFLAGS2=-L/usr/local/cuda/lib64 -lcudart
student: main.o process.o Makefile
$(CXX) -o sound main.o process.o $(LDFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS2) -L $(OPENCV_LIBPATH) $(OPENCV_LIBS)