Ray tracing a Hemisphere - c
I am currently working on a basic raytracing program using C, and i have managed to so some simple shapes ex, sphere/box/plane/cone/..., and i also did some shading to them using phong illumination.
But my question is that i can get a hang of how i can ray trace a Hemisphere , like is there a set equation that define the Hemisphere if so enlighten me on it because i couldn't find any , or is there a set method to do it that i couldn't figure out.
I have also tried to tried to cut the sphere with a plane and only show the only the top half but it didn't work (I am still new to all this so my understanding may be wrong).
Edit: Ok, I am sorry because i am really new to all this but here is what i have tryied.
#include "raytacing.h"
t_env *init_sphere(t_env *e)
{
//sphere position and radius
e->sph.posi.x = 0;
e->sph.posi.y = 0;
e->sph.posi.z = -1;
e->sph.rad = 0;
e->sph.color = (t_color){255, 255, 128);
return (e);
}
t_env *init_plane(t_env *e)
{
//plane position
e->plane.posi.x = 0;
e->olane.posi.y = -0.5;
e->plane.posi.z = 0;
//plane normal
e->plane.norm.x = 0;
e->olane.norm.y = 1;
e->plane.norm.z = 0;
e->plane.color = (t_color){0, 255, 0);
return (e);
}
double inter_plane(t_env *e, double *t) //calculating plane intersection
{
t_vect dist;
double norm;
norm = dot(e->plane.normal, e->r.direction);
if (fabs(norm) > 1e-6)
{
dist = vect_sub(e->plane.posi, e->r.start);
e->t0 = dot(dist, e->plane.normal) / norm;
if (e->t0 < *t && e->t0 > 1e-6)
{
*t = e->t0;
return (1);
}
else
return (0);
}
return (0);
}
double inter_sph(t_env *e, double *t) //calculating sphere intersection
{
double delta;
double sqrtd;
t_vect dist;
e->a = dot(e->r.direction, e->r.direction);
dist = vect_sub(e->r.start, e->sph.posi);
e->b = 2 * dot(dist, e->r.direction);
e->c = dot(dist, dist) - e->sph.rad * e->sph.rad;
delta = e->b * e->b - 4 * e->a * e->c;
if (delta < 0)
return (0);
sqrtd = sqrt(delta);
e->t0 = (-e->b + sqrtd) / (2 * e->a);
e->t1 = (-e->b - sqrtd) / (2 * e->a);
if (e->t0 > e->t1)
e->t0 = e->t1;
if ((e->t0 > 1e-6) && (e->t0 < *t))
{
*t = e->t0;
return (1);
}
else
return (0);
}
double inter_hemisphere(t_env *e) //calculating hemisphere intersection
{
t_vect hit_normal;
if (inter_sph(e, &e->t) == 1)
{
hit_normal = vect_add(e->r.start, vect_scalaire(e->t, e->r.direction));
hit_normal = vect_normalize(hit_normal);
if (inter_plane(e, &(e->t)) == 1)
{
if (dot(e->plane.normal, hit_normal) < 0)
return (1);
return (0);
}
}
return (0);
}
the e->t is . supposed to be the closest distance to the camera so that i get an exact display of close and far objects
And here i tried to apply what Spektre said and got some thing displayed and look like something like this:
And when i try to rotate it i get this:
Edit2 : After using Spektre Method I got a functional Intersection of a Hemisphere and the intersection look something like this.
double inter_hemisphere(t_env *e, double *t)
{
double delta;
double sqrtd;
t_vect dist;
e->a = dot(e->r.direction, e->r.direction);
dist = vect_sub(e->r.start, e->sph.posi);
e->b = 2 * dot(dist, e->r.direction);
e->c = dot(dist, dist) - e->sph.rad * e->sph.rad;
delta = e->b * e->b - 4 * e->a * e->c;
if (delta < 0)
return (0);
sqrtd = sqrt(delta);
e->t0 = (-e->b + sqrtd) / (2 * e->a);
e->t1 = (-e->b - sqrtd) / (2 * e->a);
t_vect v2;
v2 = vect_add(e->r.start, vect_sub(vect_scalaire(e->t0, e->r.direction), e->sph.posi));
if (dot(e->plane.normal, v2) > 0.0)
e->t0 =-1.0;
v2 = vect_add(e->r.start, vect_sub(vect_scalaire(e->t1, e->r.direction), e->sph.posi));
if (dot(e->plane.normal, v2) > 0.0)
e->t1 =-1.0;
if (e->t0 < 0.0)
e->t0 = e->t1;
if (e->t1 < 0.0)
e->t1 = e->t0;
double tt;
tt = fmin(e->t0, e->t1);
if (tt <= 0.0)
tt = fmax(e->t0, e->t1);
if (tt > 1e-6 && tt < e->t)
{
*t = tt;
return (1);
}
return (0);
}
And here is the Result:
The simplest way is to cut your sphere by a plane.
If you have plane normal than any direction (point on sphere - sphere center) with the same direction to normal is cut off. Simply by this condition:
dot(point on sphere - sphere center , plane normal ) > 0.0
But do not forget to test both intersections of ray and sphere as the closest one can be on the other side of plane ...
I tried to implement this into mine GLSL Ray tracer:
Reflection and refraction impossible without recursive ray tracing?
And come up with this updated fragment shaders:
Vertex (no change):
//------------------------------------------------------------------
#version 420 core
//------------------------------------------------------------------
uniform float aspect;
uniform float focal_length;
uniform mat4x4 tm_eye;
layout(location=0) in vec2 pos;
out smooth vec2 txt_pos; // frag position on screen <-1,+1> for debug prints
out smooth vec3 ray_pos; // ray start position
out smooth vec3 ray_dir; // ray start direction
//------------------------------------------------------------------
void main(void)
{
vec4 p;
txt_pos=pos;
// perspective projection
p=tm_eye*vec4(pos.x/aspect,pos.y,0.0,1.0);
ray_pos=p.xyz;
p-=tm_eye*vec4(0.0,0.0,-focal_length,1.0);
ray_dir=normalize(p.xyz);
gl_Position=vec4(pos,0.0,1.0);
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------
Fragment (added hemispheres):
//------------------------------------------------------------------
#version 420 core
//------------------------------------------------------------------
// Ray tracer ver: 1.000
//------------------------------------------------------------------
in smooth vec3 ray_pos; // ray start position
in smooth vec3 ray_dir; // ray start direction
uniform float n0; // refractive index of camera origin
uniform int fac_siz; // square texture x,y resolution size
uniform int fac_num; // number of valid floats in texture
uniform sampler2D fac_txr; // scene mesh data texture
out layout(location=0) vec4 frag_col;
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
#define _reflect
#define _refract
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
void main(void)
{
const vec3 light_dir=normalize(vec3(0.1,0.1,1.0));
const float light_iamb=0.1; // dot offset
const float light_idir=0.5; // directional light amplitude
const vec3 back_col=vec3(0.2,0.2,0.2); // background color
const float _zero=1e-6; // to avoid intrsection with start point of ray
const int _fac_triangles =0; // r,g,b,a, n, triangle count, { x0,y0,z0,x1,y1,z1,x2,y2,z2 }
const int _fac_spheres =1; // r,g,b,a, n, sphere count, { x,y,z,r }
const int _fac_hemispheres=2; // r,g,b,a, n, hemisphere count,{ x,y,z,r,nx,ny,nz }
// ray scene intersection
struct _ray
{
dvec3 pos,dir,nor;
vec3 col;
float refl,refr;// reflection,refraction intensity coeficients
float n0,n1; // refaction index (start,end)
double l; // ray length
int lvl,i0,i1; // recursion level, reflect, refract
};
const int _lvls=4;
const int _rays=(1<<_lvls)-1;
_ray ray[_rays]; int rays;
dvec3 v0,v1,v2,pos;
vec3 c;
float refr,refl,n1;
double tt,t,a;
int i0,ii,num,id;
// fac texture access
vec2 st; int i,j; float ds=1.0/float(fac_siz-1);
#define fac_get texture(fac_txr,st).r; st.s+=ds; i++; j++; if (j==fac_siz) { j=0; st.s=0.0; st.t+=ds; }
// enque start ray
ray[0].pos=ray_pos;
ray[0].dir=normalize(ray_dir);
ray[0].nor=vec3(0.0,0.0,0.0);
ray[0].refl=0.0;
ray[0].refr=0.0;
ray[0].n0=n0;
ray[0].n1=1.0;
ray[0].l =0.0;
ray[0].lvl=0;
ray[0].i0=-1;
ray[0].i1=-1;
rays=1;
// loop all enqued rays
for (i0=0;i0<rays;i0++)
{
// loop through all objects
// find closest forward intersection between them and ray[i0]
// strore it to ray[i0].(nor,col)
// strore it to pos,n1
t=tt=-1.0; ii=1; ray[i0].l=0.0;
ray[i0].col=back_col;
pos=ray[i0].pos; n1=n0;
for (st=vec2(0.0,0.0),i=j=0;i<fac_num;)
{
c.r=fac_get; // RGBA
c.g=fac_get;
c.b=fac_get;
refl=fac_get;
refr=fac_get;
n1=fac_get; // refraction index
a=fac_get; id=int(a); // object type
a=fac_get; num=int(a); // face count
if (id==_fac_triangles)
for (;num>0;num--)
{
v0.x=fac_get; v0.y=fac_get; v0.z=fac_get;
v1.x=fac_get; v1.y=fac_get; v1.z=fac_get;
v2.x=fac_get; v2.y=fac_get; v2.z=fac_get;
dvec3 e1,e2,n,p,q,r;
double t,u,v,det,idet;
//compute ray triangle intersection
e1=v1-v0;
e2=v2-v0;
// Calculate planes normal vector
p=cross(ray[i0].dir,e2);
det=dot(e1,p);
// Ray is parallel to plane
if (abs(det)<1e-8) continue;
idet=1.0/det;
r=ray[i0].pos-v0;
u=dot(r,p)*idet;
if ((u<0.0)||(u>1.0)) continue;
q=cross(r,e1);
v=dot(ray[i0].dir,q)*idet;
if ((v<0.0)||(u+v>1.0)) continue;
t=dot(e2,q)*idet;
if ((t>_zero)&&((t<=tt)||(ii!=0)))
{
ii=0; tt=t;
// store color,n ...
ray[i0].col=c;
ray[i0].refl=refl;
ray[i0].refr=refr;
// barycentric interpolate position
t=1.0-u-v;
pos=(v0*t)+(v1*u)+(v2*v);
// compute normal (store as dir for now)
e1=v1-v0;
e2=v2-v1;
ray[i0].nor=cross(e1,e2);
}
}
if (id==_fac_spheres)
for (;num>0;num--)
{
float r;
v0.x=fac_get; v0.y=fac_get; v0.z=fac_get; r=fac_get;
// compute l0 length of ray(p0,dp) to intersection with sphere(v0,r)
// where rr= r^-2
double aa,bb,cc,dd,l0,l1,rr;
dvec3 p0,dp;
p0=ray[i0].pos-v0; // set sphere center to (0,0,0)
dp=ray[i0].dir;
rr = 1.0/(r*r);
aa=2.0*rr*dot(dp,dp);
bb=2.0*rr*dot(p0,dp);
cc= rr*dot(p0,p0)-1.0;
dd=((bb*bb)-(2.0*aa*cc));
if (dd<0.0) continue;
dd=sqrt(dd);
l0=(-bb+dd)/aa;
l1=(-bb-dd)/aa;
if (l0<0.0) l0=l1;
if (l1<0.0) l1=l0;
t=min(l0,l1); if (t<=_zero) t=max(l0,l1);
if ((t>_zero)&&((t<=tt)||(ii!=0)))
{
ii=0; tt=t;
// store color,n ...
ray[i0].col=c;
ray[i0].refl=refl;
ray[i0].refr=refr;
// position,normal
pos=ray[i0].pos+(ray[i0].dir*t);
ray[i0].nor=pos-v0;
}
}
if (id==_fac_hemispheres)
for (;num>0;num--)
{
float r;
v0.x=fac_get; v0.y=fac_get; v0.z=fac_get; r=fac_get;
v1.x=fac_get; v1.y=fac_get; v1.z=fac_get;
// compute l0 length of ray(p0,dp) to intersection with sphere(v0,r)
// where rr= r^-2
double aa,bb,cc,dd,l0,l1,rr;
dvec3 p0,dp;
p0=ray[i0].pos-v0; // set sphere center to (0,0,0)
dp=ray[i0].dir;
rr = 1.0/(r*r);
aa=2.0*rr*dot(dp,dp);
bb=2.0*rr*dot(p0,dp);
cc= rr*dot(p0,p0)-1.0;
dd=((bb*bb)-(2.0*aa*cc));
if (dd<0.0) continue;
dd=sqrt(dd);
l0=(-bb+dd)/aa;
l1=(-bb-dd)/aa;
// test both hits-v0 against normal v1
v2=ray[i0].pos+(ray[i0].dir*l0)-v0; if (dot(v1,v2)>0.0) l0=-1.0;
v2=ray[i0].pos+(ray[i0].dir*l1)-v0; if (dot(v1,v2)>0.0) l1=-1.0;
if (l0<0.0) l0=l1;
if (l1<0.0) l1=l0;
t=min(l0,l1); if (t<=_zero) t=max(l0,l1);
if ((t>_zero)&&((t<=tt)||(ii!=0)))
{
ii=0; tt=t;
// store color,n ...
ray[i0].col=c;
ray[i0].refl=refl;
ray[i0].refr=refr;
// position,normal
pos=ray[i0].pos+(ray[i0].dir*t);
ray[i0].nor=pos-v0;
}
}
}
ray[i0].l=tt;
ray[i0].nor=normalize(ray[i0].nor);
// split ray from pos and ray[i0].nor
if ((ii==0)&&(ray[i0].lvl<_lvls-1))
{
t=dot(ray[i0].dir,ray[i0].nor);
// reflect
#ifdef _reflect
if ((ray[i0].refl>_zero)&&(t<_zero)) // do not reflect inside objects
{
ray[i0].i0=rays;
ray[rays]=ray[i0];
ray[rays].lvl++;
ray[rays].i0=-1;
ray[rays].i1=-1;
ray[rays].pos=pos;
ray[rays].dir=ray[rays].dir-(2.0*t*ray[rays].nor);
ray[rays].n0=ray[i0].n0;
ray[rays].n1=ray[i0].n0;
rays++;
}
#endif
// refract
#ifdef _refract
if (ray[i0].refr>_zero)
{
ray[i0].i1=rays;
ray[rays]=ray[i0];
ray[rays].lvl++;
ray[rays].i0=-1;
ray[rays].i1=-1;
ray[rays].pos=pos;
t=dot(ray[i0].dir,ray[i0].nor);
if (t>0.0) // exit object
{
ray[rays].n0=ray[i0].n0;
ray[rays].n1=n0;
if (i0==0) ray[i0].n1=n1;
v0=-ray[i0].nor; t=-t;
}
else{ // enter object
ray[rays].n0=n1;
ray[rays].n1=ray[i0].n0;
ray[i0 ].n1=n1;
v0=ray[i0].nor;
}
n1=ray[i0].n0/ray[i0].n1;
tt=1.0-(n1*n1*(1.0-t*t));
if (tt>=0.0)
{
ray[rays].dir=(ray[i0].dir*n1)-(v0*((n1*t)+sqrt(tt)));
rays++;
}
}
#endif
}
else if (i0>0) // ignore last ray if nothing hit
{
ray[i0]=ray[rays-1];
rays--; i0--;
}
}
// back track ray intersections and compute output color col
// lvl is sorted ascending so backtrack from end
for (i0=rays-1;i0>=0;i0--)
{
// directional + ambient light
t=abs(dot(ray[i0].nor,light_dir)*light_idir)+light_iamb;
t*=1.0-ray[i0].refl-ray[i0].refr;
ray[i0].col.rgb*=float(t);
// reflect
ii=ray[i0].i0;
if (ii>=0) ray[i0].col.rgb+=ray[ii].col.rgb*ray[i0].refl;
// refract
ii=ray[i0].i1;
if (ii>=0) ray[i0].col.rgb+=ray[ii].col.rgb*ray[i0].refr;
}
frag_col=vec4(ray[0].col,1.0);
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Vertex shader just creates the Ray position and direction which is interpolated by GPU and then Fragment shader handles each ray (per pixel).
I use this scene:
// init mesh raytracer
ray.gl_init();
ray.beg();
// r g b rfl rfr n
ray.add_material(1.0,0.7,0.1,0.3,0.0,_n_glass); ray.add_hemisphere( 0.0, 0.0, 2.0,0.5, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
ray.add_material(1.0,1.0,1.0,0.3,0.0,_n_glass); ray.add_box ( 0.0, 0.0, 6.0,9.0,9.0,0.1);
ray.add_material(1.0,1.0,1.0,0.1,0.8,_n_glass); ray.add_sphere ( 0.0, 0.0, 0.5,0.5);
ray.add_material(1.0,0.1,0.1,0.3,0.0,_n_glass); ray.add_sphere (+2.0, 0.0, 2.0,0.5);
ray.add_material(0.1,1.0,0.1,0.3,0.0,_n_glass); ray.add_box (-2.0, 0.0, 2.0,0.5,0.5,0.5);
ray.add_material(0.1,0.1,1.0,0.3,0.0,_n_glass);
ray.add_tetrahedron
(
0.0, 0.0, 3.0,
-1.0,-1.0, 4.0,
+1.0,-1.0, 4.0,
0.0,+1.0, 4.0
);
ray.end();
containing single yellow hemisphere at (0.0, 0.0, 2.0) with radius r=0.5 and plane normal (0.0, 0.0, 1.0). Rotation of the object can by done simply by rotating the plane normal.
And this is preview:
As you can see hemisphere is working by just cutting with a plane ... The only important code from above for you is this (see the *** comments):
if (id==_fac_hemispheres) // *** ignore
for (;num>0;num--) // *** ignore
{
float r;
// *** here v0 is center, v1 is plane normal and r is radius
v0.x=fac_get; v0.y=fac_get; v0.z=fac_get; r=fac_get;
v1.x=fac_get; v1.y=fac_get; v1.z=fac_get;
// *** this is ray/ellipsoid intersection returning l0,l1 ray distances for both hits
// compute l0 length of ray(p0,dp) to intersection with sphere(v0,r)
// where rr= r^-2
double aa,bb,cc,dd,l0,l1,rr;
dvec3 p0,dp;
p0=ray[i0].pos-v0; // set sphere center to (0,0,0)
dp=ray[i0].dir;
rr = 1.0/(r*r);
aa=2.0*rr*dot(dp,dp);
bb=2.0*rr*dot(p0,dp);
cc= rr*dot(p0,p0)-1.0;
dd=((bb*bb)-(2.0*aa*cc));
if (dd<0.0) continue;
dd=sqrt(dd);
l0=(-bb+dd)/aa;
l1=(-bb-dd)/aa;
// *** this thro away hits on wrong side of plane
// test both hits-v0 against normal v1
v2=ray[i0].pos+(ray[i0].dir*l0)-v0; if (dot(v1,v2)>0.0) l0=-1.0;
v2=ray[i0].pos+(ray[i0].dir*l1)-v0; if (dot(v1,v2)>0.0) l1=-1.0;
// *** this is just using closer valid hit
if (l0<0.0) l0=l1;
if (l1<0.0) l1=l0;
t=min(l0,l1); if (t<=_zero) t=max(l0,l1);
if ((t>_zero)&&((t<=tt)||(ii!=0)))
{
ii=0; tt=t;
// store color,n ...
ray[i0].col=c;
ray[i0].refl=refl;
ray[i0].refr=refr;
// position,normal
pos=ray[i0].pos+(ray[i0].dir*t);
ray[i0].nor=pos-v0;
}
}
I used mine ray and ellipsoid intersection accuracy improvement as it returns both hits not just the first one.
If you cross check the spheres and hemispheres you will see I just added these two lines:
v2=ray[i0].pos+(ray[i0].dir*l0)-v0; if (dot(v1,v2)>0.0) l0=-1.0;
v2=ray[i0].pos+(ray[i0].dir*l1)-v0; if (dot(v1,v2)>0.0) l1=-1.0;
which just converts ray distances to hit positions and computing the condition mentioned above...
Related
I am try to make a ray Sphere intersection function work for a post-processing effect in threejs but am stuck
I've been trying to add this post-processing (taken from sebastian lague video which I am trying to convert from unity to threejs) effect that when a ray hits the ocean on my mesh (the blue): it is colored white (just like in his video): and everywhere else the original color is returned. But for the life of me can't seem to figure out the problem, I assume my ray origin or direction might be wrong but nothing seems to work, Here's the code that I pass to the ray Sphere intersection function and the function itself. vec2 raySphere(vec3 centre, float radius, vec3 rayOrigin, vec3 rayDir) { vec3 offset = rayOrigin - centre; float a = 1.0; // set to dot(rayDir, rayDir) instead of rayDir may not be normalized float b = 2.0 * dot(offset, rayDir); float c = dot(offset, offset) - radius * radius; float discriminant = b*b-4.0*a*c; // No intersection: discriminant < 0 // 1 intersection: discriminant == 0 // 2 intersection: discriminant > 0 if(discriminant > 0.0) { float s = sqrt(discriminant); float dstToSphereNear = max(0.0, (-b - s) / (2.0 * a)); float dstToSphereFar = (-b + s) / (2.0 * a); if (dstToSphereFar >= 0.0) { return vec2(dstToSphereNear, dstToSphereFar-dstToSphereNear); } } return vec2(99999999, 0.0); } vec4 ro = inverse(modelMatrix) * vec4(cameraPosition, 1.0); vec3 rd = normalize(position - ro.xyz); vec3 oceanCentre = vec3(0.0, 0.0, 0.0); float oceanRadius = 32.0; vec2 hitInfo = raySphere(oceanCentre, oceanRadius, ro.xyz, rd); float dstToOcean = hitInfo.x; float dstThroughOcean = hitInfo.y; vec3 rayOceanIntersectPos = ro.xyz + rd * dstToOcean - oceanCentre; // dst that view ray travels through ocean (before hitting terrain / exiting ocean) float oceanViewDepth = min(dstThroughOcean, depth - dstToOcean); vec4 oceanCol; float alpha; if(oceanViewDepth > 0.0) { gl_FragColor = vec4(vec3(1.0), .1); } gl_FragColor = texture2D(tDiffuse, vUv); Can someone help point out where I might be messing up?
Oh wow, we're in the same place while we're stuck at making these shaders. I checked your ray intersectors have small problems. But here is the cases: What we want if case 3 happens like on your example, so the intersection are in count the problem probably come from no depth correction by doing this: Make sure your sphere intersection max depth same as the camera. I do suspect if the last line is the problem, try do this: vec3 col; // Declare the color vec2 o = sphere(ro, rd, vec3(0), 1.0); // Ocean Depth. float oceanViewDepth = min(o.y - o.x, t - o.x); if(depth > 0.0 && tmax > depth) { col = originalCol; } if(oceanViewDepth > 0.0) { col = vec3(1); } gl_FragColor = vec4(col, 1.0); If that doesn't work for you I have some finished example for you to checkout at shadertoy
Displaying in openGL based on a matrix
I am trying to draw some shapes in the openGL window. I draw these shapes based on the values in a particular matrix. I am using glut which has a function glutDisplayFunc that takes 1 parameter, a function callback taking no arguments and returns void. But I need to draw an image on the window based on a matrix which I cannot pass to the function callback. This is an example code #include<stdio.h> #include<GL/glut.h> #include<math.h> #define pi 3.142857 void mat() { int a[2][2]; // for(int i=0;i<2;i++) for (int j = 0; j < 2; ++j) { scanf("%d",&a[i][j]); } } // function to initialize void myInit (void) { glClearColor(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0); glColor3f(0.0, 1.0, 0.0); glPointSize(1.0); glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION); glLoadIdentity(); gluOrtho2D(-780, 780, -420, 420); } void display (void) { glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT); glBegin(GL_POINTS); float x, y, i; for ( i = 0; i < (2 * pi); i += 0.001) { x = 200 * cos(i); y = 200 * sin(i); glVertex2i(x, y); } glEnd(); glFlush(); } int main (int argc, char** argv) { glutInit(&argc, argv); glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_SINGLE | GLUT_RGB); // giving window size in X- and Y- direction glutInitWindowSize(1366, 768); glutInitWindowPosition(0, 0); glutCreateWindow("Circle Drawing"); myInit(); glutDisplayFunc(display); glutMainLoop(); } I need to be able to use the matrix a in function mat to define the center of 2 circles. How do I draw the window from within the mat function? Edit:included code and fixed some typos
void display(void) { glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT); //----------- float a[4][4] = { 1,0,0,0, 0,1,0,0, 0,0,1,0, 0,0,0,1 }; glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW); glLoadIdentity(); glLoadMatrixf((float*)a); //---------- glBegin(GL_POINTS); float x, y, i; for (i = 0; i < (2 * pi); i += 0.001) { x = 200 * cos(i); y = 200 * sin(i); glVertex2i(x, y); } glEnd(); glFlush(); }
In general you can load the current model view matrix, by setting the GL_MODELVIEW matrix mode (glMatrixMode), and loading the matrix by glLoadMatrixf. Optionally the matrix can be multiplied to the current matrix by glMultMatrix. But in both cases, the matrix has to be 4x4 Transformation matrix. The parameter to both functions is a pointer to an array of 16 floats respectively an 2 dimensional 4x4 float-array. Init a 4x4 Identity matrix and read the upper left 2x2, to set up a rotation matrix around the z-axis: Further, I recommend to read an rotation angle in degree and to calculate the rotation axis by the trigonometric functions sin respectively cos. Finally read the xy translation components: #define _USE_MATH_DEFINES #include <math.h> float a[4][4]; void mat() { // init identity matrix for(int i = 0; i < 4; i++) for (int j = 0; j < 4; ++j) a[i][j] = (i==j) ? 1.0f : 0.0f; // read the angle in degrees float angle_degree; scanf("%f", &angle_degree); // convert the angle to radian float angle_radiant = angle_degree * (float)M_PI / 180.0f; // set rotation around z-axis float cos_ang = cos(angle_radiant); float sin_ang = sin(angle_radiant); a[0][0] = cos_ang; a[0][1] = -sin_ang; a[1][0] = sin_ang; a[1][1] = cos_ang; // read translation scanf("%f", &a[3][0]); scanf("%f", &a[3][1]); } void display (void) { glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW); glLoadMatrixf(&a[0][0]); // [...] }
game project : Explanation Required
I'm working on a OpenGL project and i need some brief explanation on the core components of the subject as i need to explain to somebody needy. Following is the part of the program The below are the global variables and header files used in the program #include<GL/glut.h> #include<math.h> #include<stdbool.h> #define PI 3.14159265f #include<stdio.h> GLfloat ballRadius = 0.2,xradius=0.2,xxradius=1.0; GLfloat ballX = 0.0f; GLfloat ballY = 0.0f; GLfloat ballXMax,ballXMin,ballYMax,ballYMin; GLfloat xSpeed = 0.02f; GLfloat ySpeed = 0.007f; int refreshMills = 30; GLfloat angle=0.0; int xa,ya; int flag=0,flag1=0; int score = 0; void *currentfont; GLfloat xo=0, yo=0, x, y; GLdouble clipAreaXLeft,clipAreaXRight,clipAreaYBottom,clipAreaYTop; void balldisp() ; void scoredisp(); This is the reshape function. I need to do what exactly it is doing, what it is calculating and storing. Confused here void reshape(GLsizei width,GLsizei height) { GLfloat aspect = (GLfloat)width / (GLfloat)height; glViewport(0,0,width,height); glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION); glLoadIdentity(); if(width >=height) { clipAreaXLeft = -1.0 * aspect; clipAreaXRight = 1.0 * aspect; clipAreaYBottom = -1.0; clipAreaYTop = 1.0; } else { clipAreaXLeft = -1.0; clipAreaXRight = 1.0 ; clipAreaYBottom = -1.0 / aspect; clipAreaYTop = 1.0/ aspect; } gluOrtho2D(clipAreaXLeft,clipAreaXRight,clipAreaYBottom,clipAreaYTop+0.10); ballXMin = clipAreaXLeft + ballRadius; ballXMax = clipAreaXRight - ballRadius; ballYMin = clipAreaYBottom + ballRadius; ballYMax = clipAreaYTop - ballRadius; } The below is the code to display the ball. What it is calculating and how the speed and direction is set. Confused here void balldisp() { glTranslatef(ballX,ballY,0.0f); glBegin(GL_TRIANGLE_FAN); color(); glVertex2f(0.0f,0.0f); int numSegments = 100; int i; for(i=0;i<=numSegments;i++) { angle = i*2.0f*PI/numSegments; glVertex2f(cos(angle)*ballRadius,sin(angle)*ballRadius); } glEnd(); ballX += xSpeed; ballY += ySpeed; if(ballX > ballXMax) { xa=ballX; ballX = ballXMax; xSpeed = -xSpeed; } else if(ballX < ballXMin) { xa=ballX; ballX = ballXMin; xSpeed = -xSpeed; } if(ballY > ballYMax) { ya=ballY; ballY = ballYMax; ySpeed = -ySpeed; } else if(ballY < ballYMin) { ya=ballY; ballY = ballYMin; ySpeed = -ySpeed; } I want to know the reshape function and ball display. What are they doing and how things are done there. P.S. The project is about random motion of the ball which strikes the boundaries of the window and moves in other direction
The reshape function is registered with GLUT (using glutReshapeFunc) so that it gets called by GLUT whenever the size of the window changes. Note that placing OpenGL functions for setting the viewport and/or the projection matrix in the reshape function is bad style and should be avoided. All OpenGL drawing related functions (which glViewport and the matrix setup are) belong into the display functions. Similarly the display function is registered with GLUT (using glutDisplayFunc) so that it gets called by GLUT whenever the windows needs to be redrawn (either because it got visible, contents need refreshing or redraw has been requested with glutPostRedisplay).
Fixing glRasterPos() position?
I am working on a OPENGL with C project. In this project, a ball will be there and it will have random motion, colliding with the walls of window and moving in a random direction. the player needs to click on the ball and the score which is displayed on top left corner will be incremented by 1 and the speed of the ball will increase by 1. We also have timer displayed on top right of 1 min. After 1 min the game will be over and the final score will be displayed to the player. So far I have done the random motion of the ball. Score text displayed. The problem is that score is moving with the ball, it is not static on the top left corner. So how to do it? Here is my code: #include<GL/glut.h> #include<math.h> #include<stdbool.h> #define PI 3.14159265f //Variable defined outside globally GLfloat ballRadius = 0.2; //Radius of the bouncing ball GLfloat ballX = 0.0f; //Ball's center(x,y) position GLfloat ballY = 0.0f; GLfloat ballXMax,ballXMin,ballYMax,ballYMin; //Ball's center (x,y) bounds GLfloat xSpeed = 0.02f; //Ball's speed in x and y direction GLfloat ySpeed = 0.007f; int refreshMills = 30; int x1,xa,ya; //refresh period in milliseconds int score=0; int last_mx = 0, last_my = 0, cur_mx = 0, cur_my = 0; int arcball_on = false; //Projection clipping area GLdouble clipAreaXLeft,clipAreaXRight,clipAreaYBottom,clipAreaYTop; // Initialize OpenGL Graphics void initGL() { glClearColor(0.0,0.0,0.0,1.0); //Set background(clear) color to green } // Callback handler for window re-paint event void display() { glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT); //Clear the color buffer glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW); //To operate on the model-view matrix glLoadIdentity(); //Reset model-view matrix glTranslatef(ballX,ballY,0.0f); //Translate to (xPos,yPos) glBegin(GL_TRIANGLE_FAN); //Use triangular segments to form a circle glColor3ub( rand()%1000, rand()%1000, rand()%1000 ); //Red glVertex2f(0.0f,0.0f); //Center of circle int numSegments = 100; //ball shape temp... GLfloat angle; int i; for(i=0;i<=numSegments;i++) //Last vertex same as first vertex { angle = i*2.0f*PI/numSegments; //360 degree for all segments glVertex2f(cos(angle)*ballRadius,sin(angle)*ballRadius); } glEnd(); glFlush(); //Swap front and back buffers //Animation Control - compute the location for next refresh ballX += xSpeed; ballY += ySpeed; //Check if the ball exceeds the edges if(ballX > ballXMax) { xa=ballX; ballX = ballXMax; xSpeed = -xSpeed; } else if(ballX < ballXMin) { xa=ballX; ballX = ballXMin; xSpeed = -xSpeed; } if(ballY > ballYMax) { ya=ballY; ballY = ballYMax; ySpeed = -ySpeed; } else if(ballY < ballYMin) { ya=ballY; ballY = ballYMin; ySpeed = -ySpeed; } glColor3f(1.0,0.0,0.0); glRasterPos2f(-1.0,0.0); glutBitmapCharacter (GLUT_BITMAP_8_BY_13,'S'); glutBitmapCharacter (GLUT_BITMAP_8_BY_13,'C'); glutBitmapCharacter (GLUT_BITMAP_8_BY_13,'O'); glutBitmapCharacter (GLUT_BITMAP_8_BY_13,'R'); glutBitmapCharacter (GLUT_BITMAP_8_BY_13,'E'); glutBitmapCharacter (GLUT_BITMAP_8_BY_13,':'); glFlush(); } void onMouse(int button, int state, int x, int y) { if (button == GLUT_LEFT_BUTTON && state == GLUT_DOWN) { arcball_on = true; last_mx = cur_mx = x; last_my = cur_my = y; } else { arcball_on = false; if(cur_mx==x && cur_my==y) { score=score+1; } printf("%d",score); } } void onMotion(int x, int y) { if (arcball_on) { // if left button is pressed cur_mx = x; cur_my = y; } } /*void mouseClicks(int button, int state, int x, int y) { if(button == GLUT_LEFT_BUTTON && state == GLUT_DOWN) { utton == GLUT_RIGHT_BUTTON && state == GLUT_DOWN) { } */ //Call back when the windows is re-sized void reshape(GLsizei width,GLsizei height) { //Compute aspect ratio of the new window if(height ==0) height = 1; //To prevent divide by 0 GLfloat aspect = (GLfloat)width / (GLfloat)height; //Set the viewport to cover the new window glViewport(0,0,width,height); //Set the aspect ratio of the clipping area to match the viewport glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION); //To operate on the Projection matrix glLoadIdentity(); //Reset the Projection Matrix if(width >=height) { clipAreaXLeft = -1.0 * aspect; clipAreaXRight = 1.0 * aspect; clipAreaYBottom = -1.0; clipAreaYTop = 1.0; } else { clipAreaXLeft = -1.0; clipAreaXRight = 1.0 ; clipAreaYBottom = -1.0 / aspect; clipAreaYTop = 1.0 / aspect; } gluOrtho2D(clipAreaXLeft,clipAreaXRight,clipAreaYBottom,clipAreaYTop+0.25); ballXMin = clipAreaXLeft + ballRadius; ballXMax = clipAreaXRight - ballRadius; ballYMin = clipAreaYBottom + ballRadius; ballYMax = clipAreaYTop - ballRadius; } //Call back when the timer expired void Timer(int value) { glutPostRedisplay(); //Post a paint request to activate display() glutTimerFunc(refreshMills,Timer,5); //subsequent timer call at milliseconds } int windowWidth = 500; //Window mode's width int windowHeight = 500; //Window mode's height int windowPosX = 100; //Window mode's top-left corner x int windowPosY = 100; //Main function: GLUT runs as a console application starting at main() int main(int argc,char* argv[]) { glutInit(&argc,argv); glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_SINGLE|GLUT_RGB); //Enable double buffered mode glutInitWindowSize(windowWidth,windowHeight); //Initial window width and height glutInitWindowPosition(windowPosX,windowPosY); //Initial window top-left corner(x,y) glutCreateWindow("Bouncing Ball"); glutMouseFunc(onMouse); glutMotionFunc(onMotion); glutDisplayFunc(display); //Register callback handler for window re-paint //glutMouseFunc(mouseClicks); glutReshapeFunc(reshape); glutPostRedisplay(); //Register callback handler for window re-shape glutTimerFunc(0,Timer,0); //First timer call immediately initGL(); //Our own OpenGL initialization glutMainLoop(); //Enter event processing loop }
Omitting the drawing code for the ball, you have this code sequence: glLoadIdentity(); //Reset model-view matrix glTranslatef(ballX,ballY,0.0f); //Translate to (xPos,yPos) ... glRasterPos2f(-1.0,0.0); glutBitmapCharacter (GLUT_BITMAP_8_BY_13,'S'); The current modelview transformation is applied to the position you specify with glRasterPos2f(), which includes the translation you specified with glTranslatef(). You have a few options to fix this: Reset the transformation before calling glRasterPos2f(): glLoadIdentity(); glRasterPos2f(-1.0,0.0); glutBitmapCharacter (GLUT_BITMAP_8_BY_13,'S'); Push/pop the transformation you use for drawing the ball, to restore the previous transformation after you finished drawing the ball: glLoadIdentity(); //Reset model-view matrix glPushMatrix(); glTranslatef(ballX,ballY,0.0f); //Translate to (xPos,yPos) ... glPopMatrix(); glRasterPos2f(-1.0,0.0); glutBitmapCharacter (GLUT_BITMAP_8_BY_13,'S'); Use glWindowPos() instead of glRasterPos(), which allows you to specify the position in pixels, instead of coordinates that will be transformed.
what is wrong with my 2D Interpolation C code
#include <GL/glut.h> #include <GL/gl.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <math.h> #define N 200 typedef struct vertex{ float x; // x position of the point float y; // y position of the point float r; // red color component of the point float g; // green color component of the point float b; // blue color component of the point char isVisited; }Vertex; Vertex *borderLines,*interPolationLines; int vertex_Count;// total vertex int counter;//counts matched y coordinates FILE *f,*g; void readTotalVertexCount(){ if((f = fopen("vertex.txt","r"))==NULL){ printf("File could not been read\n"); return ; } fscanf(f,"%d",&vertex_Count); /*if((g = fopen("points.txt","w"))==NULL){ return ; }*/ } void readVertexCoordinatesFromFile(){ Vertex v[vertex_Count]; borderLines = (Vertex *)calloc(N*vertex_Count,sizeof(Vertex)); interPolationLines = (Vertex *)calloc(N*N*(vertex_Count-1),sizeof(Vertex)); int i = 0;int j; //read vertexes from file while(i<vertex_Count){ fscanf(f,"%f",&(v[i].x)); fscanf(f,"%f",&(v[i].y)); fscanf(f,"%f",&(v[i].r)); fscanf(f,"%f",&(v[i].g)); fscanf(f,"%f",&(v[i].b)); //printf("%f %f \n",v[i].x,v[i].y); i++; } Vertex *borderLine,*temp; float k,landa; // draw border line actually I am doing 1D Interpolation with coordinates of my vertexes for (i = 0;i < vertex_Count;i++){ int m = i+1; if(m==vertex_Count) m = 0; borderLine = borderLines + i*N; for(j = 0;j < N; j++){ k = (float)j/(N - 1); temp = borderLine + j; landa = 1-k; //finding 1D interpolation coord. actually they are borders of my convex polygon temp->x = v[i].x*landa + v[m].x*k; temp->y = v[i].y*landa + v[m].y*k; temp->r = v[i].r*landa + v[m].r*k; temp->g = v[i].g*landa + v[m].g*k; temp->b = v[i].b*landa + v[m].b*k; temp->isVisited = 'n'; // I didn't visit this point yet //fprintf(g,"%f %f %f %f %f\n",temp->x,temp->y,temp->r,temp->g,temp->b); } } /* here is actual place I am doing 2D Interpolation I am traversing along the border of the convex polygon and finding the points have the same y coordinates Between those two points have same y coord. I am doing 1D Interpolation*/ int a;counter = 0; Vertex *searcherBorder,*wantedBorder,*interPolationLine; int start = N*(vertex_Count); int finish = N*vertex_Count; for(i = 0;i< start ;i++){ searcherBorder = i + borderLines; for(j = i - i%N + N +1; j< finish; j++){ wantedBorder = j + borderLines; if((searcherBorder->y)==(wantedBorder->y) && searcherBorder->isVisited=='n' && wantedBorder->isVisited=='n'){ //these points have been visited searcherBorder->isVisited = 'y'; wantedBorder->isVisited = 'y'; interPolationLine = interPolationLines + counter*N; //counter variable counts the points have same y coordinates. counter++; //printf("%d %d %d\n",i,j,counter); //same as 1D ınterpolation for(a= 0;a< N;a++){ k = (float)a/(N - 1); temp = interPolationLine + a; landa = 1-k; temp->x = (wantedBorder->x)*landa + (searcherBorder->x)*k; temp->y = (wantedBorder->y)*landa + (searcherBorder->y)*k; temp->r = (wantedBorder->r)*landa + (searcherBorder->r)*k; temp->g = (wantedBorder->g)*landa + (searcherBorder->g)*k; /*if(temp->x==temp->y) printf("%f %f \n",wantedBorder->x,searcherBorder->x);*/ temp->b = (wantedBorder->b)*landa + (searcherBorder->b)*k; } } } } fclose(f); } void display(void){ glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT); glColor3f(1.0,1.0,1.0); int i,j; Vertex *interPol,*temp; glBegin (GL_POINTS); for(i = 0;i< counter;i++){ interPol = interPolationLines + i*N; for(j = 0;j< N;j++){ temp = interPol + j; glColor3f((temp)->r,(temp)->g,(temp)->b); //fprintf(g,"%f %f \n",(temp)->x,(temp)->y); glVertex2f ((temp)->x,(temp)->y); } } //printf("%d\n",counter); fclose(g); glEnd (); glFlush(); } void init(void){ glutInitDisplayMode( GLUT_RGB | GLUT_SINGLE); glutInitWindowSize(900,500); glutInitWindowPosition(200,100); glutCreateWindow("2D InterPolation"); glClearColor(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0); glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT); glShadeModel(GL_SMOOTH); glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW); glLoadIdentity(); glOrtho(-1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 1.0); } int main(int argc, char** argv) { readTotalVertexCount(); readVertexCoordinatesFromFile(); glutInit(&argc,argv); init(); glutDisplayFunc(display); glutMainLoop(); return 0; } I am implementing 2D Interpolation of a convex polygon and my code does not care about concav.my code works for some convex polygons but for others fail.For those my code fails it does not draw middle of the polygon.it only draws an upper and lower triangle.it reads vertexes from file vertex.txt and its format:x co,y co,red,green,blue color info of that point like below and for the values below my code fails.Thanks for replies in advance.I will get mad. 7 0.9 0.4 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.8 0.2 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.5 0.1 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.3 0.35 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.4 0.4 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.6 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0
Without fully debugging your program, I'm suspicious of the line that says, for(j = i - i%N + N +1; j< finish; j++){. I don't know exactly what you're intending to do, but it just looks suspicious. Furthermore, I would recommend a different algorithm: Trace around the polygon Mark any edges that span the desired y-value Corner cases aside, there's only a solution if you find exactly two hits. Calculate the intersection of the edges with the y-value Perform the x-interpolation Also, concise questions are better than, "Why doesn't my program work?" Forgive me but it feels like a homework problem. Note: Should this be a comment instead of an answer? I'm new here...