I'm learning compiler construction following the book Modern Compiler Implementation in C. In the introduction there is a "PROGRAM STRAIGHT-LINE PROGRAM INTERPRETER", which it said is "available in the directory $TIGER/chap1", so I downloaded the TIGER compiler from https://www.cs.princeton.edu/~appel/modern/c/project.html.
In the chap1 directory, there some files:
chap1$ ls
1.png makefile prog1.h slp.h util.h
main.c prog1.c slp.c util.c
So I execute make command in the 'chap1' directory , but it shows an error:
chap1$ make
cc -g -c main.c
cc -g -c prog1.c
cc -g -c slp.c
cc -g -c util.c
cc -g main.o prog1.o slp.o util.o
Undefined symbols for architecture x86_64:
"_main", referenced from:
implicit entry/start for main executable
ld: symbol(s) not found for architecture x86_64
clang: error: linker command failed with exit code 1 (use -v to see invocation)
make: *** [a.out] Error 1
Here is the makefile:
a.out: main.o prog1.o slp.o util.o
cc -g main.o prog1.o slp.o util.o
main.o: main.c slp.h util.h
cc -g -c main.c
prog1.o: prog1.c slp.h util.h
cc -g -c prog1.c
slp.o: slp.c slp.h util.h
cc -g -c slp.c
util.o: util.c util.h
cc -g -c util.c
clean:
rm -f a.out util.o prog1.o slp.o main.o
It seems the chap1 directory is a complete project, but I don't know what the function of chap1 directory in TIGER compiler and how to use it.
In file main.c, there is not main function. Please provide it in this file. Here is the template:
#include "util.h"
#include "slp.h"
#include "prog1.h"
int main()
{
A_stm stm = prog();
return 0;
}
Related
I'm trying to compile a simple project with .c and .s files using my Mac.
When I run 'make' it goes threw on the compilation, and I think it failed when its trying to link (not sure).
Here is the error it shows:
gcc -m32 -g -Wall -c -o main.o main.c
gcc -m32 -g -Wall -c -o numbers.o numbers.c
nasm -g -f macho -w+all -o add.o add.s
gcc -m32 -g -Wall -o run main.o numbers.o add.o
ld: malformed file
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX10.14.sdk/usr/lib/libSystem.tbd:4:18: error: unknown enumerated scalar
platform: zippered
^~~~~~~~
file '/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX10.14.sdk/usr/lib/libSystem.tbd'
clang: error: linker command failed with exit code 1 (use -v to see invocation)
make: *** [run] Error 1
and I'll add the makefile as well:
run: main.o numbers.o add.o
gcc -m32 -g -Wall -o run main.o numbers.o add.o
main.o: main.c
gcc -m32 -g -Wall -c -o main.o main.c
numbers.o: numbers.c
gcc -m32 -g -Wall -c -o numbers.o numbers.c
add.o: add.s
nasm -g -f macho -w+all -o add.o add.s
.PHONY: clean
clean:
rm -f *.o run
Here is my my makefile. I know there is a shorter way to write it out, but I have a question on how to run it. My hw says I have to use the command: make run --- this command should cause the executable file to run using file redirection to read the input file data.
How would I go about setting that up?
Also i know the gcc is supposed to be tabbed.
test: main.o sum.o stack.o bSearch.o database.o db.o set.o parse.o bubble.o
gcc -o object main.o sum.o stack.o bSearch.o db.o set.o parse.o bubble.o
main.o: main.c sum.h
gcc -c main.c
sum.o: sum.c sum.h
gcc -c sum.c
stack.o: stack.c stack.h
gcc -c stack.c
bSearch.o: bSearch.c defs.h sortAndsearch.h
gcc -c bSearch.c
database.o: database.c defs.h parse.h
gcc -c database.c
db.o: db.c defs.h
gcc -c db.c
set.o: set.c set.h db.h
gcc -c set.c
parse.o: parse.c parse.h
gcc -c parse.c
bubble.o: bubble.c defs.h
gcc -c bubble.c
sortAndsearch.h: db.h
defs.h: set.h sortAndsearch.h
stack.h: set.h
clean:
rm *.o object
"run" is just like any other target in your Makefile such as "test" or "set.o" - but you have to add the rule to the Makefile for make to know what to do with it.
run:
./test < input.txt
When I try and #include "json/json.h" in a .cu file, then run make, I get the following error:
nvcc -o sound main.o process.o -L /usr/lib -lopencv_core -lopencv_imgproc -lopencv_highgui -O3 -arch=sm_20 -Xcompiler -Wall -Xcompiler -Wextra -m64
/usr/local/cuda/bin/crt/link.stub:90:13: warning: ‘void __cudaRegisterLinkedBinary(const __fatBinC_Wrapper_t*, void (*)(void**), void*)’ defined but not used [-Wunused-function]
process.o: In function `count_tracks()':
tmpxft_00006061_00000000-3_process.cudafe1.cpp:(.text+0x75): undefined reference to `Json::Value::Value(Json::ValueType)'
tmpxft_00006061_00000000-3_process.cudafe1.cpp:(.text+0x7d): undefined reference to `Json::Value::~Value()'
collect2: ld returned 1 exit status
make: *** [student] Error 1
in reference to when I try and create a Json::Value. I've tried moving around where I link JsonCpp library, and I wasn't having this problem #including jsoncpp and creating a Json::Value in the main.cpp of the project. It just doesn't seem to be working correctly when in a .cu file.
Here is the pertinent stuff from my Makefile, which I got from Udacity's CUDA course and modified to fit my needs:
NVCC=nvcc
CXX = g++
LDFLAGS = -L ~/parallelcomputing/soundcloud/jsoncpp/build/debug/lib -ljsoncpp
INC = -I ~/parallelcomputing/soundcloud/jsoncpp/include
OPENCV_LIBPATH=/usr/lib
OPENCV_INCLUDEPATH=/usr/include
OPENCV_LIBS=-lopencv_core -lopencv_imgproc -lopencv_highgui
CUDA_INCLUDEPATH=/usr/local/cuda/include
NVCC_OPTS=-O3 -arch=sm_20 -Xcompiler -Wall -Xcompiler -Wextra -m64
GCC_OPTS=-O3 -Wall -Wextra -m64
student: main.o process.o Makefile
$(NVCC) -o sound main.o process.o -L $(OPENCV_LIBPATH) $(OPENCV_LIBS) $(NVCC_OPTS)
main.o: main.cpp
g++ -c main.cpp $(GCC_OPTS) $(LDFLAGS) $(INC) -I $(CUDA_INCLUDEPATH) -I $(OPENCV_INCLUDEPATH)
process.o: process.cu
nvcc -c process.cu $(NVCC_OPTS) $(LDFLAGS) $(INC)
clean:
rm -f *.o *.png hw
You've got LDFLAGS defined in your makefile, but you're not using it in the link phase that I can see.
As a result, -ljsoncpp doesn't show up in the link command you posted, that is showing the error.
Add LDFLAGS to your link phase:
student: main.o process.o Makefile
$(NVCC) -o sound main.o process.o $(LDFLAGS) -L $(OPENCV_LIBPATH) $(OPENCV_LIBS) $(NVCC_OPTS)
(And while we're cleaning up your makefile, LDFLAGS contains link specification, and is not relevant in, and can be safely deleted from, the subsequent compile targets.)
EDIT:
Since that is not working, but you say the link is successful with a .cpp file, try linking the executable with g++ instead of nvcc:
LDFLAGS2=-L/usr/local/cuda/lib64 -lcudart
student: main.o process.o Makefile
$(CXX) -o sound main.o process.o $(LDFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS2) -L $(OPENCV_LIBPATH) $(OPENCV_LIBS)
I am learning how to write C code in Linux and I am learning makefiles at a very beginner level.
I am having problems when making shared libraries.
The exercise is to make a simple function calculator C program with files:
main.c
add.c
subt.c
mult.c
div.c
The names of the files define the function they do.
The function in the file subt.c is in the static library:
libsubstatic.a
The function in the file mult.c is in the shared library:
libmultshared.so
For this program, I write the following makefile:
calc.exe: main.o add.o div.o libsubstatic.a libmultshared.so
gcc -o calc.exe main.o add.o div.o libsubstatic.a -Wl,-rpath,/home/ahmed/Desktop/labTask3 -lmultshared.so
main.o: main.c header.h
gcc -c main.c
add.o: add.c header.h
gcc -c add.c
libsubstatic.a: subt.o
ar cr libsubstatic.a subt.o
subt.o: subt.c header.h
gcc -c subt.c
libmultshared.so: mult.o
gcc -shared -fPIC -o libmultshared.so mult.o
mult.o: mult.c header.h
gcc -c -fPIC mult.c
div.o: div.c header.h
gcc -c div.c
The path where the code and makefile is placed:
/home/ahmed/Desktop/labTask3
I get the following message after I type "make" in the terminal:
gcc -o calc.exe main.o add.o div.o libsubstatic.a -Wl, -rpath, /home/ahmed/Desktop/labTask3 -lmultshared.so
gcc: error: unrecognized command line option ‘-rpath,’
make: *** [calc.exe] Error 1
What am I missing? Did I write this makefile correctly?
Please explain shared libraries, my concept might be faulty.
Please help.
Note that, I'm new to linux and I don't have much experience in makefiles.
EDIT: I removed the spaces as directed in the first answer. Now the terminal says:
gcc -o calc.exe main.o add.o div.o libsubstatic.a -Wl,-rpath,/home/ahmed/Desktop/labTask3 -lmultshared.so
/usr/bin/ld: cannot find -lmultshared.so
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
make: *** [calc.exe] Error 1
Should I do something with the "-lmultshared.so"? What should I do?
-Wl, -rpath, /home/ahmed/Desktop/labTask3
Get rid of the spaces. This should all be one long argument.
-Wl,-rpath,/home/ahmed/Desktop/labTask3
See this excellent answer by #KerrekSB for a detailed explanation about passing arguments to the linker with -Wl.
I have a custom header file example.h which has prototypes for a few functions. There is a .C file example.c that I implemented which "includes" (#include "example.h") and has the implementations of the functions that has prototype in example.h. Now, I have another function test.c that calls the functions that are prototyped in example.h and defined in example.c.
My make file is as follows
test: test.o
gcc -o test -g test.o
test.o: test.c example.c example.h
gcc -g -c -Wall test.c
gcc -g -c -Wall example.c
clean:
rm -f *.o test
I get following message for the functions that are defined in example.c
Undefined first referenced
symbol in file
function1 test.o
function2 test.o
function3 test.o
function4 test.o
ld: fatal: Symbol referencing errors. No output written to test
collect2: ld returned 1 exit status
* Error code 1
make: Fatal error: Command failed for target `test'
Any help is most appreciated.
%.o: %.c
gcc -c -g -o $# $^
test: test.o example.o
gcc -o -g $# $^
%.o: %.c This means any *.o file should be builded from its equivalen from c files.
example test.o should be builded from test.c and example.o should be builded from example.c
First of all, you must include the example.o file when generating the executable file : gcc -o test example.o test.o. Then, the dependencies you wrote for target test.o are incorrect. You should split it like this :
test: test.o example.o
gcc -o test test.o example.o
test.o: test.c
gcc -c -Wall test.c
example.o: example.c
gcc -c -Wall example.c
Then, consider the use of variables to store the names of your object files, the flags you want to pass to the linker/compiler etc... This would make your life much easier.
test.o: test.c example.c example.h
gcc -g -c -Wall test.c
gcc -g -c -Wall example.c
as per your code test.o target is calling test.c example.c example.h target which i am not able to see.