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Wikipedia says that "Newlib is a C standard library implementation intended for use on embedded systems". OK, but where can I find the latest canon version of it? i.e the correct true complete version.
Also, what other libraries exist for C language? Could you give me the ISO numbers for them?
I am trying to understand what library types/versions exist for C language so I know what they mean when I come across them in the future.
I would expected C standard library to be called just C standard library but that is not used and these different names like newlib do not seem very easy to decipher.
It is one of many implementations of the standard C library. Here are some other implementations:
http://www.musl-libc.org/
https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/
This is a fine comparison of 4 different implementations. It might be easier for you to understand why people create their own implementations: http://www.etalabs.net/compare_libcs.html
They differ in speed, compilation time, supported architectures, number of lines of code in the code base, compatibility with the standard, license and so on.
Python, for example, has various different implementations as well - see this answer: https://stackoverflow.com/a/17130986/4694621.
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Where can i find the C++ STL map implementation in C?Is Red Black Tree code which is used in c++ STL available in C language?
The code used to implement STL containers differs by compiler, but for all compilers, it's heavily dependent on C++ features (in particular, templates and classes with complex inheritance for implementation hiding, etc.). It's usually completely unreadable; trying to use it as a base for C code is only going to end in tears.
If you want red black tree code, might I suggest looking for implementations already written in C, e.g. this MIT alum's code.
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Is there a complete documentation of each libraries for the C language ? As we can find for Java.
Where do you search when you want to know all the functions in a library such as math.h and how to use these functions ?
I typically reference
http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/clibrary/ but there are other website that provide similar documentation.
On the above link, first find the library you are interested in (ex: stdio.h)
http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/cstdio/
If you scroll down you can see: Functions, Macros, and Types defined inside this header file.
Overall the C standard library is much smaller than what you get with Java. Here is a high level overview
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_standard_library
I have used the GNU C Library Reference Manual and this website. They pretty much cover all the library functions, both include examples.
There are also manpages in *NIX(Linux and Unix and other Unix-like) systems if you need information about specific functions without opening up your browser. For example, if you are looking for information about the function getline() you would type man 3 getline in the Terminal. The man command is the name of executable for the manpages application. The number 3 means you are looking for a library function and getline is the name of function of your interest.
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I'm looking for a testsuite for the C Standard Library (mainly for the algorithms not contacting the "outer world", so strcpy(), memcmp(), itoa() & likes).
I tried downloading the GCC sources, but they're very large and I have trouble finding anything I could reuse in there...
(To be clear, the question is meant about the ANSI C Standard Library, not POSIX or else. Also, I'd like for the tests to be rather portable.)
The public domain C library has quite simple test cases, which are embedded in each source code file. For example: memcpy, strtol
Newlib has test cases organized as a test suite. They are more complex, but not nearly all functions are covered: memcpy
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Anyone know of a good statistics library for C? I'm looking for something that is commonly used and not a small project. EDIT: must be free!
gsl (http://www.gnu.org/software/gsl/) is widely available, portable, and has a lot of nice functionality.
Statistics are frequently done in other languages, but some of those languages will be callable from C. I'd recommend looking at R and Octave; the latter is an open source Matlab work-alike. Both are programming languages in their own right, but many other languages can be called from C.
In my opinion, MATLAB is a very good choice you can use for that. Here is an article on how to call MATLAB from C.
It ain't cheap. But you did not specify anything about the library being cheap or free. Plus, you are mentioning it's a big project.... :-)
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I'm looking for a good collection of libraries for ANSI-C, stuff for handling vectors, hash maps, binary tress, string processing, etc.
Try glib? It's used by GTK+, but it can also be used on other platforms. You can also try Apache APR, which is used by the Apache web server and some of their other C components, or NSPR, which is used by Mozilla projects in C.
gnu's glib collection. furthermore, it's portable for many platforms.
You might also find this question useful:
Container Class / Library for C
As well, this book might be interesting:
Mastering Algorithms with C
The full source code is on the CD and it has code for most of those data structures and algorithms.
check also gnulib's data structures. This library also provides many other features as well as portable layer to ANSI/non-ANSI compilers and POSIX/non-POSIX systems.
checkout http://www.invincibleideas.com/library.asp
GLUT OpenGL I can recommend for very flexible C (graphics) development