Is there a way to specify the number of spaces using a variable?
For example lets say I have a basic print statement:
printf("%5d",someNumber);
This will print 5 spaces then the number. Is there a way that would let me declare a variable var = 5, and use a variable to determine spacing instead? The reason i'm asking is because I'm trying to control the number of spaces after each iteration of a loop to format data a certain way
Try:
printf("%*d", width, someNumber);
You can find more info by man 3 printf
"%5d" prints at least 5 characters. Leading spaces are first printed as needed, then the '-' sign, if needed, then the digits.
To print an int with at least n characters,use '*', the minimum field width:
printf("%*d", n, someNumber);
To print n spaces only, use
printf("%*s", n, "");
The format string is just that: a string. You can build your own with sprintf() e.g.:
sprintf(frmt,"%%%dd",iterator);
If iterator = 3 wil give the format string "%3d" which you can use in printf() like e.g.:
printf(frmt,some_number);
(The variable field width posted by Jesse Chen is not necessarily available everywhere)
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In a group assignment, we have to read input which only consist of the (small) letters a-z and the characters have a max length of 255. I wanted to check with getchar and ASCII, but my partner found a solution using sprintf and scanf, which I do not totally understand:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int result = 0;
unsigned int length = 255;
char input[257];
result = readInput(input, &length);
return 1;
}
int readInput(char *output, int *length) {
char format_pattern[15];
sprintf(format_pattern, "%%%u[^\n]%%n", *length);
printf("Max allowed length is %d\n",*length);
scanf(format_pattern, output, length);
printf("Input length is %d\n",*length);
return 1;
}
Output:
Max allowed length is 255
testinput
Input length is 9
How does the format pattern in sprintf and scanf work?
Especially the three %%% before u and the two %% before n - I tried changing this to %u[^\n]%n because two ## would escape the ´%´, but then I get an error so they have to be there.
The only things I figured out are:
the %n can read the characters before it, e.g.:
int var;
printf("Some Text before%n and after",&var);
printf("characters before percent n = %d\n", var);
Output: Some Text before and aftercharacters before percent n = 16
but in my big example above there isn't a pointer variable, where the
amount of text could be stored since *length is for %%%u?
The [^\n] means something like "read till new Line"
I googled a lot but did not find a similiar example - could somebody help me?
Assuming x is a (large enough) char array
sprintf(x, "%%"); // put a single % (and '\0') in x
sprintf(x, "%u", 8); // put 8 (and '\0') in x
sprintf(x, "%%%u", 8); // put %8 (and '\0') in x
Your partner is using sprintf() to dynamically create a format string for scanf(). This is a bit tricky, because the printf and scanf functions use mostly the same formatting language. The reason for the dynamic format creation appears to be to insert a configurable field width into the format. That's clever, but overcomplicated and wholly unnecessary.
How does the format pattern in sprintf and scanf work? Especially the three %%% before u and the two %% before n
%%%u is actually two directives. The first %% causes printf to emit a single % character, and that leaves %u, which I think you recognize. Similarly, the %%n is one directive (%%, as described above) plus a literal 'n' character, which is emitted as-is. The overall sprintf call prepares a format string something like "%255[^\n]%n".
How, then, does the resulting format work with scanf? You should probably read its documentation, available all over, such as here. That one happens to be for the GLIBC implementation, but you're not using anything non-standard, so it should explain everything you need to know about your particular format. Specifically, the 255 that you go to such trouble to introduce is a maximum field width for a field consisting of characters in the "scanset" described by [^\n] -- every character except newline. The %n does not consume any input; instead, it stores the number of characters so far read by that scanf call.
For your purposes, I see absolutely no reason to generate the scanf format dynamically. You are given a maximum field width, so you might as well use it in a literal format string. Even if you wanted a maximum field width specified at runtime, scanf() has a better mechanism than dynamically writing format strings, involving passing the wanted field width as an argument.
Bonus hint: the code you posted is terribly mixed up about where to use *length and where just length in your printf and scanf calls. Where you want to output its value, you must pass the value (length). Where you want scanf to modify the value, you must pass the address where the new value should be stored (*length).
I have the following problem:
sscanf is not returning the way I want it to.
This is the sscanf:
sscanf(naru,
"%s[^;]%s[^;]%s[^;]%s[^;]%f[^';']%f[^';']%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]"
"%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]"
"%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]",
&jokeri, &paiva1, &keskilampo1, &minlampo1, &maxlampo1,
&paiva2, &keskilampo2, &minlampo2, &maxlampo2, &paiva3,
&keskilampo3, &minlampo3, &maxlampo3, &paiva4, &keskilampo4,
&minlampo4, &maxlampo4, &paiva5, &keskilampo5, &minlampo5,
&maxlampo5, &paiva6, &keskilampo6, &minlampo6, &maxlampo6,
&paiva7, &keskilampo7, &minlampo7, &maxlampo7);
The string it's scanning:
const char *str = "city;"
"2014-04-14;7.61;4.76;7.61;"
"2014-04-15;5.7;5.26;6.63;"
"2014-04-16;4.84;2.49;5.26;"
"2014-04-17;2.13;1.22;3.45;"
"2014-04-18;3;2.15;3.01;"
"2014-04-19;7.28;3.82;7.28;"
"2014-04-20;10.62;5.5;10.62;";
All of the variables are stored as char paiva1[22] etc; however, the sscanf isn't storing anything except the city correctly. I've been trying to stop each variable at ;.
Any help how to get it to store the dates etc correctly would be appreciated.
Or if there's a smarter way to do this, I'm open to suggestions.
There are multiple problems, but BLUEPIXY hit the first one — the scan-set notation doesn't follow %s.
Your first line of the format is:
"%s[^;]%s[^;]%s[^;]%s[^;]%f[^';']%f[^';']%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]"
As it stands, it looks for a space separated word, followed by a [, a ^, a ;, and a ] (which is self-contradictory; the character after the string is a space or end of string).
The first fixup would be to use scan-sets properly:
"%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]%f[^';']%f[^';']%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]"
Now you have a problem that the first %[^;] scans everything up to the end of string or first semicolon, leaving nothing for the second %[;] to match.
"%[^;]; %[^;]; %[^;]; %[^;]; %f[^';']%f[^';']%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]%[^;]"
This looks for a string up to a semicolon, then for the semicolon, then optional white space, then repeats for three items. Apart from adding a length to limit the size of string, preventing overflow, these are fine. The %f is OK. The following material looks for an odd sequence of characters again.
However, when the data is looked at, it seems to consist of a city, and then seven sets of 'a date plus three numbers'.
You'd do better with an array of structures (if you've worked with those yet), or a set of 4 parallel arrays, and a loop:
char jokeri[30];
char paiva[7][30];
float keskilampo[7];
float minlampo[7];
float maxlampo[7];
int eoc; // End of conversion
int offset = 0;
char sep;
if (fscanf(str + offset, "%29[^;]%c%n", jokeri, &sep, &eoc) != 2 || sep != ';')
...report error...
offset += eoc;
for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++)
{
if (fscanf(str + offset, "%29[^;];%f;%f;%f%c%n", paiva[i],
&keskilampo[i], &minlampo[i], &maxlampo[i], &sep, &eoc) != 5 ||
sep != ';')
...report error...
offset += eoc;
}
See also How to use sscanf() in loops.
Now you have data that can be managed. The set of 29 separately named variables is a ghastly thought; the code using them will be horrid.
Note that the scan-set conversion specifications limit the string to a maximum length one shorter than the size of jokeri and the paiva array elements.
You might legitimately be wondering about why the code uses %c%n and &sep before &eoc. There is a reason, but it is subtle. Suppose that the sscanf() format string is:
"%29[^;];%f;%f;%f;%n"
Further, suppose there's a problem in the data that the semicolon after the third number is missing. The call to sscanf() will report that it made 4 successful conversions, but it doesn't count the %n as an assignment, so you can't tell that sscanf() didn't find a semicolon and therefore did not set &eoc at all; the value is left over from a previous call to sscanf(), or simply uninitialized. By using the %c to scan a value into sep, we get 5 returned on success, and we can be sure the %n was successful too. The code checks that the value in sep is in fact a semicolon and not something else.
You might want to consider a space before the semi-colons, and before the %c. They'll allow some other data strings to be converted that would not be matched otherwise. Spaces in a format string (outside a scan-set) indicate where optional white space may appear.
I would use strtok function to break your string into pieces using ; as a delimiter. Such a long format string may be a source of problems in future.
#define FMT "%-*.*s e = %6ld, chars = %7ld, stat = %3u: %c %c %c %c\n"
This macro is passed into the printf function. What does %-*.*s mean?
You can read the manual page for printf. But it's more like a law text than a tutorial, so it will be hard to understand.
I didn't know *.* and had to read the man page myself. It's interesting. Let's start with a simple printf("%s", "abc"). It will print the string abc.
printf("%8s", "abc") will print abc, including 5 leading spaces: 8 is the "field width". Think of a table of data with column widths so that data in the same column is vertically aligned. The data is by default right-aligned, suitable for numbers.
printf("%-8s", "abc") will print abc , including 5 trailing spaces: the minus indicates left alignment in the field.
Now for the star:
printf("%-*s", 8, "abc") will print the same. The star indicates that the field width (here: 8) will be passed as a parameter to printf. That way it can be changed programmatically.
Now for the "precision", that is:
printf("%-*.10s", 8, "1234567890123") will print only 1234567890, omitting the last three characters: the "precision" is the maximum field width in case of strings. This is one of the rare cases (apart from rounding, which is also controlled by the precision value) where data is truncated by printf.
And finally
printf("%-*.*s", 8, 10, "1234567890123") will print the same as before, but the maximum field width is given as a parameter, too.
I am having trouble accepting input from a text file. My program is supposed to read in a string specified by the user and the length of that string is determined at runtime. It works fine when the user is running the program (manually inputting the values) but when I run my teacher's text file, it runs into an infinite loop.
For this example, it fails when I am taking in 4 characters and his input in his file is "ABCDy". "ABCD" is what I am supposed to be reading in and 'y' is supposed to be used later to know that I should restart the game. Instead when I used scanf to read in "ABCD", it also reads in the 'y'. Is there a way to get around this using scanf, assuming I won't know how long the string should be until runtime?
Normally, you'd use something like "%4c" or "%4s" to read a maximum of 4 characters (the difference is that "%4c" reads the next 4 characters, regardless, while "%4s" skips leading whitespace and stops at a whitespace if there is one).
To specify the length at run-time, however, you have to get a bit trickier since you can't use a string literal with "4" embedded in it. One alternative is to use sprintf to create the string you'll pass to scanf:
char buffer[128];
sprintf(buffer, "%%%dc", max_length);
scanf(buffer, your_string);
I should probably add: with printf you can specify the width or precision of a field dynamically by putting an asterisk (*) in the format string, and passing a variable in the appropriate position to specify the width/precision:
int width = 10;
int precision = 7;
double value = 12.345678910;
printf("%*.*f", width, precision, value);
Given that printf and scanf format strings are quite similar, one might think the same would work with scanf. Unfortunately, this is not the case--with scanf an asterisk in the conversion specification indicates a value that should be scanned, but not converted. That is to say, something that must be present in the input, but its value won't be placed in any variable.
Try
scanf("%4s", str)
You can also use fread, where you can set a read limit:
char string[5]={0};
if( fread(string,(sizeof string)-1,1,stdin) )
printf("\nfull readed: %s",string);
else
puts("error");
You might consider simply looping over calls to getc().
In some code that I have to maintain, I have seen a format specifier %*s . Can anybody tell me what this is and why it is used?
An example of its usage is like:
fprintf(outFile, "\n%*s", indent, "");
It's used to specify, in a dynamic way, what the width of the field is:
The width is not specified in the format string, but as an additional
integer value argument preceding the
argument that has to be formatted.
so "indent" specifies how much space to allocate for the string that follows it in the parameter list.
So,
printf("%*s", 5, "");
is the same as
printf("%5s", "");
It's a nice way to put some spaces in your file, avoiding a loop.
Don't use "%*s" on a buffer which is not NULL terminated (packed) thinking that it will print only "length" field.
The format specifier %4s outputs a String in a field width of 4—that is, printf displays the value with at least 4 character positions.
If the value to be output is less than 4 character positions wide, the value is right justified in the field by default.
If the value is greater than 4 character positions wide, the field width expands to accommodate the appropriate number of characters.
To left justify the value, use a negative integer to specify the field width.
References: Java™ How To Program (Early Objects), Tenth Edition
When used in printf and fprintf:
printf("%*s", 4, myValue); is equivalent to printf("%4s", myValue);
It displays the variable with minimum width, rest right-justified spaces. To left-justify the value, use a negative integer.
When used in scanf and sscanf:
/* sscanf example */
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
char sentence []="Rudolph is 12 years old";
char str [20];
int i;
sscanf (sentence,"%s %*s %d",str,&i);
printf ("%s -> %d\n",str,i);
return 0;
}
Output:
Rudolph -> 12
It is used to ignore a string.
* Causes fprintf to pad the output until it is n characters wide, where n is an integer value stored in the a function argument just preceding that represented by the modified type.
printf("%*d", 5, 10) //will result in "10" being printed with a width of 5.
http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/clibrary/cstdio/printf/
The width is not specified in the format string, but as an additional integer value argument preceding the argument that has to be formatted.
e.g: printf("%*s", 4, myValue); is equivelant to printf("%4s", myValue);.