I'm trying to use Scons to build a simple project on a server on which I have rights to install stuff only in specific locations (and not in /usr/ ). Since I'm not happy with default compiler the server is offering me, I installed g++4.8 and verified it works just fine. But when I try to use Scons to build a simple project, while it picks up correct g++ (I can get that by checking the version), it's looking for libstdc++ in /usr/ directories instead of the directory where g++4.8 installation resides. E.g. code compiles, but upon execution fails with:
./main: /usr/lib64/libstdc++.so.6: version `GLIBCXX_3.4.9' not found (required by ./main)
Again - this doesn't happen when I call the compiler myself from the terminal.
Even when I add the lib path containing libraries for g++4.8 with LIBPATH option, I get the same error.
Here's my SConscript file:
Import('env')
COMPILER_FLAGS = '-Wall -fopenmp -O3 -std=c++11'
LINK_FLAGS = '-Wall -fopenmp -O3 -std=c++11'
LIB_PATH = 'myfolder/gcc-4.8.2/lib64'
PROGRAM = 'main'
SRC = ['main.cpp', 'Foo.cpp']
env.Append(CPPFLAGS = COMPILER_FLAGS)
env.Append(LINKFLAGS = LINK_FLAGS)
env.Program(target = PROGRAM, source = SRC, LIBPATH = LIB_PATH)
and SConstruct is just
import os
env = Environment(ENV = os.environ)
SConscript('./SConscript', exports=['env'], duplicate=0)
Edit:
I made sure location of my compiler comes in the path before default compiler. But even if I set it explicitly with Environment(CXX=...) it's the same story. Here's the build output:
/mypath/gcc-4.8.2/bin/g++ -o Foo.o -c -Wall -fopenmp -O3 -std=c++11 Foo.cpp
/mypath/gcc-4.8.2/bin/g++ -o main.o -c -Wall -fopenmp -O3 -std=c++11 main.cpp
/mypath/gcc-4.8.2/bin/g++ -o main -Wall -fopenmp -O3 -std=c++11 main.o Foo.o -L/mypath/gcc-4.8.2/lib64
scons: done building targets.
-bash-3.2$
-bash-3.2$
-bash-3.2$ ./main
./main: /usr/lib64/libstdc++.so.6: version `GLIBCXX_3.4.9' not found (required by ./main)
./main: /usr/lib64/libstdc++.so.6: version `GLIBCXX_3.4.11' not found (required by ./main)
-bash-3.2$
Yet another edit:
ldd on both manual and scons compile reveal:
linux-vdso.so.1 => (0x00007fff513fd000)
libstdc++.so.6 => /usr/lib64/libstdc++.so.6(0x0000003e7f600000)
libm.so.6 => /lib64/libm.so.6 (0x0000003e79600000)
libgcc_s.so.1 => /lib64/libgcc_s.so.1 (0x0000003e7de00000)
libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x0000003e79200000)
/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x0000003e78e00000)
So indeed even manual compile doesn't look for the libs in the right directory (or where I installed the compiler) and the problem isn't with the scons itself, but likely that I didn't configure something right, but then I'm really puzzled as to why the executable runs fine, while it doesn't for scons.
Ok, so my problem wasn't with scons, but with me not giving explicit paths to nonstandard locations of libstdc++ and friends. SO answer over here explains this in more detail:
Linking g++ 4.8 to libstdc++
You're misinterpreting the error. GCC always knows how to find its own libraries, including libstdc++. The problem is that after you've compiled the program the runtime linker (which is not part of GCC, it's part of your OS and comes from glibc) doesn't know how to find the newer libstdc++, so it finds the default system one, which is too old.
The problem and solution are described at in the Libstdc++ FAQ, "How do I insure that the dynamically linked library will be found?", and manual, "Finding Dynamic or Shared Libraries"
This doesn't sound right.
Can you show us what you do to override the compiler?
If you are only doing the above, I don't think your compiler will be overridden with the new version.
You need to do something like
env = Environment(CC='/path/to/gcc')
Or Environment(CXX='/path/to/g++') if you want to override the c++ compiler
Or is your path on your environment setup to have the directory of the custom compiler before the standard compilers directory?
It might help to clean and then run with scons with --debug=presub which will show you the command line used to build each target.
Also your environment is a dictionary, so try printing out different keys to make sure they match what you expect:
print env['CC']
print env['CXX']
Related
So, I have a simple program which looks like so:
#include <amqp.h>
#include <amqp_framing.h>
int main(int argc, char const * const *argv) {
amqp_connection_state_t conn;
conn = amqp_new_connection();
amqp_destroy_connection(conn);
return 0;
}
This program depends on rabbitmq-c library. I compiled it with no errors. So, when I run
$ ls /rabbitmq-c/_install/include/
I get all its header files, that I need:
amqp.h
amqp_framing.h
amqp_tcp_socket.h
And when I run
$ ls /rabbitmq-c/_build/librabbitmq/
I see all needed ".so" files:
CMakeFiles
Makefile
cmake_install.cmake
config.h
librabbitmq.a
librabbitmq.so
librabbitmq.so.4
librabbitmq.so.4.4.1
And finally I compile my own program like so:
$ gcc -I/rabbitmq-c/_install/include/ -g -Wall -c main.c
$ gcc -L/rabbitmq-c/_build/librabbitmq/ -g -Wall -o rabbit main.o -lrabbitmq
It compiles with no errors. However, when I do:
$ ldd ./rabbit
I get this message:
librabbitmq.so.4 => not found
So, what am I missing and how can I fix it?
When you link shared library into an executable, the linker will recorder the library name (in this case librabbitmq.so.4) into the executable. It is the job of the dynamic linker (ld.so), to locate the libraries, and combine them for execution.
To locate the libraries, the dynamic linker constructs a search path (similar to PATH). This include:
LD_LIBRARY_PATH
Hard-coded directories added to the executable.
Default folders (/lib, /usr/lib, etc.).
In the above case, looks like neither #1 nor #2 were used, and the library is not in the default location. Can be fixed using #1 or #2
# Option 1.
# Both gcc, and ldd consult LD_LIBRARY_PATH
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/rabbitmq-c/_build/librabbitmq
gcc -g -Wall -o rabbit main.o -lrabbitmq
ldd ./rabbit
# Option #2
# Inject SO directory into the executable with -Wl,-rpath,...
gcc -L/rabbitmq-c/_build/librabbitmq/ -Wl,-rpath,/rabbitmq-c/_build/librabbitmq/ -g -Wall -o rabbit main.o -lrabbitmq
ldd ./rabbit
Consult man ld.so for the full details.
From personal experience, when dealing with 'one-off' libraries, better to use the 'rpath' (#2) approach. Trying to add lot of locations into LD_LIBRARY_PATH can easily result in hard to manage, long, LD_LIBRARY_PATH. Using LD_LIBRARY_PATH works best when a wrapper script is created to launch the program
File: rabbit-run (same folder as executable)
# Prepend rabbitmq SO location to current LD_LIBRARY_PATH
LD_LIBRARY_PATH=LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/rabbitmq-c/_build/librabbitmq${LD_LIBRARY_PATH+:$X}
# Execute the binary, from the same location of the launcher
${0%/*}/./rabbit
If your binary don't find your "librabbitmq.so.4", that means this shared object is not found by ld (the dynamic linker)
First step, do a "ldconfig". Does this solve your problem ?
Yes ? Cool.
if not, then you have to tell ldconfig where to look to find "librabbitmq.so.4".
So either you move it in a knowed folder (LD_LIBRARY_PATH for exemple) or add it so it will be knowed by ld.
echo '/rabbitmq-c/_build/librabbitmq' > '/etc/ld.so.conf.d/name_this_file_yourself.conf'
ldconfig
This should fix your issue.
I've build a shared library on my desktop that uses statically linked gstreamer and gstreamer plugins (base, good, rtsp-server).
Now I'm trying to compile the library using yocto but its giving me a linker error:
version node not found for symbol _IO_do_write##GLIBC_2.17
failed to set dynamic section sizes: Bad value
The solutions I found on stack overflow did not seem to help me.
use compiler with --disable-symvers
link libc libs in different orders (-ldl -lm -lc -lpthread -ltinfo -lrt)
link libc libs statically/shared
What I find particularly odd is that the linker is looking for GLIBC_2.17 while yocto uses 2.27 and my system is using 2.24. I don't know if this matters or if it is normal (the function did not change since 2.17?).
NM -C shows the symbol in libc.a:
nm -C recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libc.a | grep IO_do_write
U _IO_do_write
U _IO_do_write
0000000000001ba8 W _IO_do_write
So I would thinks that lib is linked incorrectly?
The linker command is a long one because of all the shared libs so I shortend it a bit (removed boost and custom libs):
aarch64-poky-linux-g++ -fPIC --sysroot=recipe-sysroot -O2 -pipe -g -feliminate-unused-debug-types -fdebug-prefix-map=recipe-root/git-r0 -fdebug-prefix-map=recipe-sysroot= -fdebug-prefix-map=recipe-sysroot-native= -fvisibility-inlines-hidden --sysroot=recipe-sysroot -Wl,-allow-multiple-definition -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Wsuggest-override -Wswitch-default -Wduplicated-cond -Wshadow -Werror -ftemplate-depth=1024 -Wl,-O1 -Wl,--hash-style=gnu -Wl,--as-needed -lc -Wl,--no-as-needed -Wl,--no-undefined -pthread -ldl -shared -Wl,-soname,rtsp_streamer.so -o rtsp_streamer.so ... custom static libs .and boost static libs ... -lpthread recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/gstreamer-1.0/libgstrtsp.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/gstreamer-1.0/libgstrtp.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/gstreamer-1.0/libgstrtpmanager.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/gstreamer-1.0/libgstcoreelements.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/gstreamer-1.0/libgstadder.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/gstreamer-1.0/libgstapp.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/gstreamer-1.0/libgstaudioconvert.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/gstreamer-1.0/libgstaudiorate.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/gstreamer-1.0/libgstaudioresample.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/gstreamer-1.0/libgstaudiotestsrc.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/gstreamer-1.0/libgstgio.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/gstreamer-1.0/libgstpango.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/gstreamer-1.0/libgsttypefindfunctions.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/gstreamer-1.0/libgstvideoconvert.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/gstreamer-1.0/libgstvideorate.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/gstreamer-1.0/libgstvideoscale.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/gstreamer-1.0/libgstvideotestsrc.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/gstreamer-1.0/libgstvolume.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/gstreamer-1.0/libgstautodetect.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/gstreamer-1.0/libgstvideofilter.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libBrokenLocale.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libBrokenLocale_pic.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libanl.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libanl_pic.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libatomic.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libatomic_ops.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libatomic_ops_gpl.a ... more boost static libs ... recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libc.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libc_nonshared.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libc_pic.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libcidn_pic.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libcrypt.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libcrypt_pic.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libcrypto.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libdl.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libdl_pic.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libg.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libgomp.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libgstallocators-1.0.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libgstaudio-1.0.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libgstbase-1.0.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libgstcheck-1.0.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libgstcontroller-1.0.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libgstfft-1.0.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libgstpbutils-1.0.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libgstreamer-1.0.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libgstriff-1.0.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libgstrtp-1.0.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libgstrtsp-1.0.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libgstrtspserver-1.0.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libgstapp-1.0.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libgstnet-1.0.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libgstsdp-1.0.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libgsttag-1.0.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libgstvideo-1.0.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libhistory.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libitm.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/liblicensing.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libm.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libm_pic.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libmcheck.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libncurses++.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libncurses++w.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libnsl.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libnsl_pic.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libnss_compat_pic.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libnss_db_pic.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libnss_dns_pic.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libnss_files_pic.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libnss_hesiod_pic.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libnss_nis_pic.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libnss_nisplus_pic.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libprotobuf-lite.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libprotobuf.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libprotoc.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libpthread.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libpthread_nonshared.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libreadline.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libresolv.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libresolv_pic.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/librpcsvc.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/librt.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/librt_pic.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libsqlite3.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libssl.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libssp.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libssp_nonshared.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libstdc++.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libstdc++fs.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libsupc++.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libthread_db_pic.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libutil.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libutil_pic.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libz.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/librt.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libpthread.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libm.a recipe-sysroot/usr/lib/libc.a
Does anybody know what is wrong? If more info is needed please ask. Thanks in advance!
Does anybody know what is wrong?
I suspect that you are not linking against GLIBC-2.27 from Yocto, but against some other GLIBC, though it is hard to see how that could happen.
Your first step should be to find out which libc.so.6 is actually being used. You can do so by adding -Wl,-t flag to your link line. Also add -Wl,-y,_IO_do_write while you are at it.
After you know which libc.so.6 is being used, run readelf -Ws /path/to/libc.so.6 | grep _IO_do_write to see what (if any) versioned symbols are defined in it.
I don't know if this matters or if it is normal (the function did not change since 2.17)?
Yes: that is normal -- the function didn't change its ABI since GLIBC-2.17, so that's the version that is attached to it.
I figured out what went wrong. The shared library is build using a CMAKE project and our own written FindGSTREAMER.cmake. To find gstreamer, among other things, a glob is used to find all the static libs. Because on my desktop I have gstreamer installed in its seperate location this works. With Yocto however this causes every static lib in the recipe-sysroot/usr/lib directory to be linked. Including every libc library (.a, _pic.a and .so). Apparently this causes the linker unable to resolve the symbols.
Correctly filtering the libraries needed by gstreamer fixed the problem.
I'm switching from gcc to Intel ifort and icc.
The Fortran code is mostly legacy, likewise the the rest of the system.
The main program is written in C. It handles the I/O and passes everything to a Fortran subroutine.
For now I compile the Fortran part with:
cd fortran
ifort -I../inc -debug full -c *.[fF]
cd ..
For C and linking I tried:
icc -ansi -static -debug full -Wall -o testout \
-I./inc -L./lib\
main.c \
fortran/*.o \
-lifcore -limf -lm\
this gives me:
ld: cannot find -lm
ld: cannot find -lm
ld: cannot find -lc
ld: cannot find -ldl
ld: cannot find -lc
This is mostly copied from the former bash script to compile with gcc.
The -static flag will link all the libraries statically. In that case you need to have a static version (the .a files) of every library. For example, using -lm will search for libm.a. Those libraries are not installed by default, but may be in the -dev or -devel packages of your distribution.
If you only want to link statically the Intel libraries, then you should use -static-intel.
A good trick to avoid static linking is to:
1) Dynamically link your program with -static-intel and -Wl,-rpath=./lib
2) Use ldd to find which libraries your program needs
3) Create a directory lib where you copy all the required dynamic libraries
4) Instead of distributing your code as a single static binary you can disrtibute it as a binary + the lib directory (assuming the licenses of the libraries permit it).
Finally, if you need to try more things, I have succeeded to link an Intel Fortran file with gcc using this command:
$ gcc fortran_file.o c_main_file.o -lifcore -lirc -lcomposerxe_gen_helpers_core_2.3
hope this helps...
My build environment is CentOS 5. I have a third party library called libcunit. I installed it with autotools and it generates both libcunit.a and libcunit.so. I have my own application that links with a bunch of shared libraries. libcunit.a is in the current directory and libcunit.so and other shared libraries are in /usr/local/lib/. When I compile like:
gcc -o test test.c -L. libcunit.a -L/usr/local/lib -labc -lyz
I get a linkage error:
libcunit.a(Util.o): In function `CU_trim_left':
Util.c:(.text+0x346): undefined reference to `__ctype_b'
libcunit.a(Util.o): In function `CU_trim_right':
Util.c:(.text+0x3fd): undefined reference to `__ctype_b'
But when I compile with .so like:
gcc -o test test.c -L/usr/local/lib -lcunit -labc -lyz
it compiles fine and runs fine too.
Why is it giving error when linked statically with libcunit.a?
Why is it giving error when linked statically with libcunit.a
The problem is that your libcunit.a was built on an ancient Linux system, and depends on symbols which have been removed from libc (these symbols were used in glibc-2.2, and were removed from glibc-2.3 over 10 years ago). More exactly, these symbols have been hidden. They are made available for dynamic linking to old binaries (such as libcunit.so) but no new code can statically link to them (you can't create a new executable or shared library that references them).
You can observe this like so:
readelf -Ws /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 | egrep '\W__ctype_b\W'
769: 00000000003b9130 8 OBJECT GLOBAL DEFAULT 31 __ctype_b#GLIBC_2.2.5
readelf -Ws /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.a | egrep '\W__ctype_b\W'
# no output
Didn't notice that the libcunit.a is actually found in your case and the problem with linakge is rather in the CUnit library itself. Employed Russian is absolutely right, and he's not talking about precompiled binary here. We understand that you've built it yourself. However, CUinit itself seems to be relying on the symbol from glibc which is not available for static linking anymore. As a result you have only 2 options:
File a report to the developers of CUnit about this and ask them to fix it;
Use dynamic linking.
Nevertheless, my recommendation about your style of static linkage still applies. -L. is in general bad practice. CUnit is a 3rd party library and should not be placed into the directory containing source files of your project. It should be rather installed in the same way as the dynamic version, i.e. like you have libcunit.so in /usr/local/lib. If you'd supply prefix to Autotools on the configure stage of CUnit, then Autotools would install everything properly. So if you want to link statically with CUnit, consider doing it in the following form:
gcc -o test test.c -L/usr/local/lib -Wl,-Bstatic -lcunit -Wl,-Bdynamic -labc -lyz
I'm trying to compile a C program under Linux. However, out of curiosity, I'm trying to execute some steps by hand: I use:
the gcc frontend to produce assembler code
then run the GNU assembler to get an object file
and then link it with the C runtime to get a working executable.
Now I'm stuck with the linking part.
The program is a very basic "Hello world":
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
printf("Hello\n");
return 0;
}
I use the following command to produce the assembly code:
gcc hello.c -S -masm=intel
I'm telling gcc to quit after compiling and dump the assembly code with Intel syntax.
Then I use th GNU assembler to produce the object file:
as -o hello.o hello.s
Then I try using ld to produce the final executable:
ld hello.o /usr/lib/libc.so /usr/lib/crt1.o -o hello
But I keep getting the following error message:
/usr/lib/crt1.o: In function `_start':
(.text+0xc): undefined reference to `__libc_csu_fini'
/usr/lib/crt1.o: In function `_start':
(.text+0x11): undefined reference to `__libc_csu_init'
The symbols __libc_csu_fini/init seem to be a part of glibc, but I can't find them anywhere! I tried linking against libc statically (against /usr/lib/libc.a) with the same result.
What could the problem be?
/usr/lib/libc.so is a linker script which tells the linker to pull in the shared library /lib/libc.so.6, and a non-shared portion, /usr/lib/libc_nonshared.a.
__libc_csu_init and __libc_csu_fini come from /usr/lib/libc_nonshared.a. They're not being found because references to symbols in non-shared libraries need to appear before the archive that defines them on the linker line. In your case, /usr/lib/crt1.o (which references them) appears after /usr/lib/libc.so (which pulls them in), so it doesn't work.
Fixing the order on the link line will get you a bit further, but then you'll probably get a new problem, where __libc_csu_init and __libc_csu_fini (which are now found) can't find _init and _fini. In order to call C library functions, you should also link /usr/lib/crti.o (after crt1.o but before the C library) and /usr/lib/crtn.o (after the C library), which contain initialisation and finalisation code.
Adding those should give you a successfully linked executable. It still won't work, because it uses the dynamically linked C library without specifying what the dynamic linker is. You'll need to tell the linker that as well, with something like -dynamic-linker /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (for 32-bit x86 at least; the name of the standard dynamic linker varies across platforms).
If you do all that (essentially as per Rob's answer), you'll get something that works in simple cases. But you may come across further problems with more complex code, as GCC provides some of its own library routines which may be needed if your code uses certain features. These will be buried somewhere deep inside the GCC installation directories...
You can see what gcc is doing by running it with either the -v option (which will show you the commands it invokes as it runs), or the -### option (which just prints the commands it would run, with all of the arguments quotes, but doesn't actually run anything). The output will be confusing unless you know that it usually invokes ld indirectly via one of its own components, collect2 (which is used to glue in C++ constructor calls at the right point).
I found another post which contained a clue: -dynamic-linker /lib/ld-linux.so.2.
Try this:
$ gcc hello.c -S -masm=intel
$ as -o hello.o hello.s
$ ld -o hello -dynamic-linker /lib/ld-linux.so.2 /usr/lib/crt1.o /usr/lib/crti.o hello.o -lc /usr/lib/crtn.o
$ ./hello
hello, world
$
Assuming that a normal invocation of gcc -o hello hello.c produces a working build, run this command:
gcc --verbose -o hello hello.c
and gcc will tell you how it's linking things. That should give you a good idea of everything that you might need to account for in your link step.
In Ubuntu 14.04 (GCC 4.8), the minimal linking command is:
ld -dynamic-linker /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 \
/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/crt1.o \
/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/crti.o \
-L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.8/ \
-lc -lgcc -lgcc_s \
hello.o \
/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/crtn.o
Although they may not be necessary, you should also link to -lgcc and -lgcc_s, since GCC may emit calls to functions present in those libraries for operations which your hardware does not implement natively, e.g. long long int operations on 32-bit. See also: Do I really need libgcc?
I had to add:
-L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.8/ \
because the default linker script does not include that directory, and that is where libgcc.a was located.
As mentioned by Michael Burr, you can find the paths with gcc -v. More precisely, you need:
gcc -v hello_world.c |& grep 'collect2' | tr ' ' '\n'
This is how I fixed it on ubuntu 11.10:
apt-get remove libc-dev
Say yes to remove all the packages but copy the list to reinstall after.
apt-get install libc-dev
If you're running a 64-bit OS, your glibc(-devel) may be broken. By looking at this and this you can find these 3 possible solutions:
add lib64 to LD_LIBRARY_PATH
use lc_noshared
reinstall glibc-devel
Since you are doing the link process by hand, you are forgetting to link the C run time initializer, or whatever it is called.
To not get into the specifics of where and what you should link for you platform, after getting your intel asm file, use gcc to generate (compile and link) your executable.
simply doing gcc hello.c -o hello should work.
Take it:
$ echo 'main(){puts("ok");}' > hello.c
$ gcc -c hello.c -o hello.o
$ ld hello.o -o hello.exe /usr/lib/crt1.o /usr/lib/crti.o /usr/lib/crtn.o \
-dynamic-linker /lib/ld-linux.so.2 -lc
$ ./hello.exe
ok
Path to /usr/lib/crt*.o will when glibc configured with --prefix=/usr