I want to use WPF with MVVM pattern in my project, but i am confused about some points regarding MVVM pattern. Please help me to clarify these points.
I am using DataTemplate for ViewModel, but i want specific control to be keyboard focused.
How can i focus specific control after ICommand Executed.
How can i move focus to not validated control.
Is there any way to separate DataTemplate depending on ViewModel property value.
How can i validate all controls before ICommand
Is there any other better approach to ask any confirmation from ViewModel with MessageBox
Regards,
Mitan
I highly suggest you have a look at caliburn (or caliburn.micro) which exposes different UImanager interfaces so your viewmodel can do such things without losing unit testability.
To set the foucs on control use codebehind. MVVM doesn't say don't not use codebehind.
Write a method on code behind to set the focus and call this method from view model.
Example
public interface IView
{
void setFoucs();
}
//Code Behind
public class MyWindow : Window, IView
{
public void SetFoucs()
{
MyControl.Focus();
}
}
public class ViewModel
{
public IView _view { get; set; }
public ViewModel(IView view)
{
_view = view;
}
public void SomeMethod()
{
_view.SetFocus();
}
}
For question no 4 - I think your are looking to selecte specific datatemplate based on your some logic. To achieve this use DataTemplateSelector class.
http://www.switchonthecode.com/tutorials/wpf-tutorial-how-to-use-a-datatemplateselector
Question 1:
Not clear what you mean/want. Generally the TabIndex controls the focus flow in your application, with silverlight it is however not as easy to configure as in windows forms. Silverlight also does a good job at setting the tab sequence automatically.
However, you should note that all controls inheriting from Control receive, by default, the focus. This incudes some controls that may be used as a container for other controls (e.g. ContentControl). This behaviour might lead to some unwanted effects. Use the IsTabStop property to remove these controls from the tab order.
Question 2:
Well, it depends on how decoupled you want your application (the more decoupled the better). #pchajer's approach is one way of doing it, however it couples the view to the view model and this - although abstracted via an interface - is IMHO not a good idea for the following reasons:
Usually the view model is pulled from a locator in order to allow for blendability. Now if I have to use code behind to pass the View to the ViewModel this might break it. Better would be if it could be injected into the ViewModel via a constructor parameter and this would then break the locator.
The code becomes less testable as it now depends on the view. To make it testable you need to inject an implementaion of IView into the ViewModel, and this breaks the locator again.
Therefore, I would advise you to use Messaging to send a message to your view once the Command is complete. Then you can set the focus in the message handler. However, be aware that your might have to use the Dispatcher as the message handler could run in a separate thread.
Question 3:
You could capture the BindingValidationError on the control and then set the focus. Again be aware of possible threading issues.
Question 4:
Not sure, but if you mean that you want to use different DataTemplates based on whether a property has a certain value or not a TemplateSelector might help you. See http://www.switchonthecode.com/tutorials/wpf-tutorial-how-to-use-a-datatemplateselector.
Question 5:
The controls are validated when the property change event is fired, usually on the lost focus event. Your Model/ViewModel can implement IDataError to do the validation, and your can access this value from the CanExecute method associated with your command. However, you should try to keep the code in the CanExecute method as quick as possible as this method is called quite frequently.
Question 6:
You can implement your own Window that provides a custom layout. However, using the message box is a lot simpler. Again you should think of using messaging or a dialog service (e.g. http://blog.roboblob.com/2010/01/19/modal-dialogs-with-mvvm-and-silverlight-4/) to decouple your View and ViewModel. In fact there is even a DialogMessage in MVVMLight.
Related
i am kind of new to mvvm and i understand the basic concpects.
now i have a question:
i have two different viewmodels, which will be attached together on another wpf gui.
in one viewmodel, there is a button and a checkbox; ("left sided control")
now the "trick":
on the other viewmodel there is a checkbox, too. ("right sided control")
now: if the button was hit, then on the other viewmodel should be checked if the checkbox is set, too.
basicly i would do it with an event or a "signal", but the thing is, if the checkbox on the "right sided control" is checked, it needs a value from the "left sided".
the implemenation would be done by an event, and if so: how can i pass parameters??
as i am new to that mvvm i don't know exactly what i am really looking for and which solution would be "state of the art" and "mvvm"-style.
have a look at http://www.galasoft.ch/mvvm/, it has a Messenger class that i think it's exactly what you need
Firstly the UI interaction sounds a little complicated - it might be worth reviewing your UI interaction - could that be simplifed? Assuming not (i.e complexe UI need is real):
It sounds like left side view model (LVM) depends on a property of right side view model (RVM). So is it possible to setup that relationship in your view model properties i.e. Can LVM be setup to hold a ref to RVM and that the property that is bound to the check box itselft checks the dependant property on RVM? Then your command (bound on LVM) just has to check a proerty of LVM.
You need to use some Event Aggregator (for example from Prism library) for such stuff. Here is an c# pseudocode example of how to do it using Prism's Event Aggregator:
In your RVM:
_eventAggregator.GetEvent<LeftCBCheckedEvent>()
.Subscribe(SaveStateOfLeftCBLocally);
...
private void SaveStateOfLeftCBLocally(bool isLeftCBChecked)
{
_isLeftCBChecked = isLeftCBChecked;
}
In your LVM:
public bool IsLeftCBChecked {get; set;}
...
_eventAggregator.GetEvent<LeftCBCheckedEvent>().Publish(IsLeftCBChecked);
Event definition:
public class LeftCBCheckedEvent : CompositePresentationEvent<bool>{}
So when that button is pressed you'll already know the state of your left check box. And I strongly recommend to check Prism, it's a great library for composite applications, I think it can add a big value to your project.
I have a few questions regarding to building WPF MVVM applications.
1) I'm using ICollectionView objects for databound controls such as ListView and ComboBox. I found this was the simplest way of gaining access to/tracking the selected item of these controls. What is the best way to replace the contents of ICollectionView? Currently I'm doing it like so:
private ICollectionView _files;
public ICollectionView Files {
get { return _files; }
}
void _service_GetFilesCompleted(IList<SomeFile> files) {
this.IsProcessing = false;
_files = CollectionViewSource.GetDefaultView(files);
_files.CurrentChanged += new EventHandler(FileSelectionChanged);
OnPropertyChanged("Files");
}
I didn't know whether it was necessary to reattach the handler every time I refresh the list of files?
2) Now that I've got my head round it, I am starting to like the MVVM pattern. However, one concept I'm not completely sure about is how to send notifications back down to the view. Currently I am doing this by binding to properties on my ViewModel. For example, in the above code I have an "IsProcessing" property that I use to determine whether to display a ProgressBar. Is this the recommended approach?
3) Following on from 2) - there doesn't seem to be a standard way to handle exceptions in an MVVM application. One thought I had was to have one method on my ViewModel base class that handled exceptions. I could then inject an IMessagingService that was responsible for relaying any error messages. A concrete implementation of this could use MessageBox.
4) I have a few tasks that I want to perform asynchronously. Rather than adding this logic directly in my service I created a decorator service that runs the underlying service methods on a new thread. It exposes a number of events that my ViewModel can then subscribe to. I have listed the code below. I understand that BackgroundWorker is a safer option but did not know whether it was suitable for running multiple asynchronous tasks at once?:
public void BeginGetFiles()
{
ThreadStart thread = () => {
var result = _serviceClient.GetUserFiles(username, password);
GetFilesCompleted(result.Files);
};
new Thread(thread).Start();
}
Finally, I realize that there are a number of MVVM frameworks projects that handle some of these requirements. However, I want to understand how to achieve the above using built-in functionality.
Thanks
If you have ListViews and ComboBoxes, you should really be considering an ObservableCollection<> to bind to these controls. Adding and removing items from the collection will automatically notify the control the property has changed.
If you're doing background processing, you can look at the BackgroundWorker or DispatcherTimer to handle updates to the UI. These both have the capability of acting on the UI thread, and can be thread safe.
To get the selected item from a combo box, expose an INotifyCollectionChanged object such as ObservableCollection and bind it to the itemsource, then create another property for the current item and binding ComboBox.SelectedItem (or ComboBox.SelectedValue if required) to it. You will need to manage the selection when updating the collection.
On the face of it, ICollectionView seems like the obvious choice but the WPF implementation really forces your hand on some threading code that you really shouldn't be troubled with.
I used ICollectionView and CollectionViewSource recently (for filtering) and have become frustrated with how many dispatcher issues have crept in. Today I am probably going to revert to the method i describe above.
Please, don't judge strictly if this question was discussed previously or indirectly answered in huge nearby prism and mvvm blogs.
In WPF implementation of RelayCommand or DelegateCommand classes there is a such eventhandler
/// <summary>
/// Occurs whenever the state of the application changes such that the result
/// of a call to <see cref="CanExecute"/> may return a different value.
/// </summary>
public event EventHandler CanExecuteChanged
{
add { CommandManager.RequerySuggested += value; }
remove { CommandManager.RequerySuggested -= value; }
}
but in SL subset of namespaces there are no CommandManager class. And this is where I'm stuck. I haven't yet found an workaround for this in MVVM adoptation for SL (PRISM is so complex for me yet). Different simple HelloWorldMVVM apps don't deal with at all.
Thanks in advance and sorry for my English -)
There is no support for commands in Silverlight. When the user manipulates controls in your view you will have to write code (e.g. event handlers) that modifies the view-model in the code-behind for your view. This might be something as simple as calling a method on the view-model when the user clicks a button in the view. By using PRISM you are able to create attached properties in the XAML for your view to get rid of these event-handlers, but if you would rather not use PRISM you can simply stick to using event handlers.
One other aspect you will have to handle is modifying the view when the view-model changes. In particular you will want to enable and disable controls based on the state of the view-model. To achieve this you will have to bind the IsEnabled property of a control to something in the view-model that reflects if a certain operation is allowed. Implementing custom IValueConverter objects that converts to boolean values are often useful. For instance, if your view-model has a property that represents a count and you want a particular control in the view to only be enabled when the count is greater than zero you can create a value converter that converts to true when the number is greater than zero and use this value converter in the binding.
If you try to adapt a WPF example of an MVVM application you will have to get rid of all uses of commands and substitute your own code. The code in your example is not meaningful in Silverligt, but in WPF it is involved in the process of determining if a control in the view is enabled, visible etc.
Silverlight 4.0 supports the ICommand interface and thus will provide a WPF like commanding infrastructure.
This question already has answers here:
How can I Have a WPF EventTrigger on a View trigger when the underlying Viewmodel dictates it should?
(4 answers)
Closed 8 years ago.
I have quite simple (I hope :)) problem:
In MVVM, View usually listens on changes of ViewModel's properties. However, I would sometimes like to listen on event, so that, for example, View could start animation, or close window, when VM signals.
Doing it via bool property with NotifyPropertyChanged (and starting animation only when it changes from false to true) is possible, but it feels like a hack, I'd much prefer to expose event, as it is semantically correct.
Also, I'd like to do it without code in codebehind, as doing viewModel.myEvent += handler there would mean that I'd have manually unregister the event in order to allow View to be GC'd - WPF Views are already able to listen on properties 'weakly', and I'd much prefer to program only declaratively in View.
The standard strong event subscription is also bad, because I need to switch multiple ViewModels for one View (because creating View every time takes too much CPU time).
Thank you for ideas (if there is a standard solution, a link to msdn will suffice)!
Some comments:
You can use the weak event pattern to ensure that the view can be GC'd even if it is still attached to the view model's event
If you're already switching multiple VMs in for the one view, wouldn't that be the ideal place to attach/detach the handler?
Depending on your exact scenario, you could just have the VM expose a state property which the view uses as a trigger for animations, transitions, and other visual changes. Visual state manager is great for this kind of thing.
This is something that I wrestled with as well...
Similar to what others are saying, but here is an example with some code snippets... This example shows how to use pub/sub to have a View subscribe to an event fired by the VM - in this case I do a GridView. Rebind to ensure the gv is in sync with the VM...
View (Sub):
using Microsoft.Practices.Composite.Events;
using Microsoft.Practices.Composite.Presentation.Events;
private SubscriptionToken getRequiresRebindToken = null;
private void SubscribeToRequiresRebindEvents()
{
this.getRequiresRebindToken =
EventBus.Current.GetEvent<RequiresRebindEvent>()
.Subscribe(this.OnRequiresRebindEventReceived,
ThreadOption.PublisherThread, false,
MemoryLeakHelper.DummyPredicate);
}
public void OnRequiresRebindEventReceived(RequiresRebindEventPayload payload)
{
if (payload != null)
{
if (payload.RequiresRebind)
{
using (this.gridView.DeferRefresh())
{
this.gridView.Rebind();
}
}
}
}
private void UnsubscribeFromRequiresRebindEvents()
{
if (this.getRequiresRebindToken != null)
{
EventBus.Current.GetEvent<RequiresRebindEvent>()
.Unsubscribe(this.getRequiresRebindToken);
this.getRequiresRebindToken = null;
}
}
Call unsub from the close method to prevent memory leaks.
ViewModel (Pub):
private void PublishRequiresRebindEvent()
{
var payload = new RequiresRebindEventPayload();
payload.SetRequiresRebind();
EventBus.Current.GetEvent<RequiresRebindEvent>().Publish(payload);
}
Payload class
using System;
using Microsoft.Practices.Composite.Presentation.Events;
public class RequiresRebindEvent
: CompositePresentationEvent<RequiresRebindEventPayload>
{
}
public class RequiresRebindEventPayload
{
public RequiresRebindEventPayload()
{
this.RequiresRebind = false;
}
public bool RequiresRebind { get; private set; }
public void SetRequiresRebind()
{
this.RequiresRebind = true;
}
}
Note that you can also set the constructor up to pass in a Guid, or some identified in, which can be set on Pub and checked on sub to be sure pub/sub is in sync.
imho yYand separated
state - to be able to move data back/forth between view <-> vm
actions - to be able to call onto view model functions/commands
notifications - to be able to signal to the view that something has happened and you want it to take a viewy action like make an element glow, switch styles, change layout, focus another element etc.
while is true that you can do this with a property binding, its more of a hack as tomas mentioned; always has felt like this to me.
my solution to be able to listen for 'events' from a view model aka notifications is to simple listen for data-context changes and when it does change i verify the type is the vm i'm looking for and connect the events. crude but simple.
what i would really like is a simple way to define some 'view model event' triggers and then provide some kind of handler for it that would react on the view side of things all in the xaml and only drop to code behind for stuff thats not do-able in xaml
Like adrianm said, when you trigger your animation off a bool property you are actually responding to an event. Specifically the event PropertyChanged which the WPF subsystem. Which is designed to attach/detach correctly to/from so that you don't leak memory (you may forget to do this when wiring an event yourself and cause a memory leak by having a reference active to an object which otherwise should be GCed).
This allows you to expose your ViewModel as the DataContext for the control and respond correctly to the changing of properties on the datacontext through databinding.
MVVM is a pattern that works particularly well with WPF because of all these things that WPF gives you, and triggering off a property change is actually an elegant way to use the entire WPF subsystem to accomplish your goals :)
A more general question to ask is: "Why am I trying to deal with this event in my ViewModel?"
If the answer has anything to do with view-only things like animations, I'd argue the ViewModel needs not know about it: code behind (when appropriate), Data/Event/PropertyTriggers, and the newer VisualStateManager constructs will serve you much better, and maintain the clean separation between View and ViewModel.
If something needs to "happen" as a result of the event, then what you really want to use is a Command pattern - either by using the CommandManger, handling the event in code behind and invoking the command on the view model, or by using attached behaviors in the System.Interactivity libs.
Either way, you want to keep your ViewModel as "pure" as you can - if you see anything View-specific in there, you're probably doing it wrong. :)
I've decoupled events in this WPF application in the following way.
What is the best way to continue decoupling?
Shell.xaml:
<Button x:Name="btnProcess"
Content="Process"
Margin="10"/>
Bootstrapper.cs:
public void Run()
{
Shell shell = new Shell(new Customer());
shell.Show();
}
Shell.xaml.cs:
public Shell(IPerson person)
{
InitializeComponent();
btnProcess.Click +=new RoutedEventHandler(person.Process);
}
Customer.cs:
public class Customer : IPerson
{
public void Process(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
Button theButton = (Button)sender;
theButton.Content = "Customer processed.";
}
}
The above code successfully decouples the view Shell from the model Customer:IPerson so that I can swap in e.g. a model Employee:IPerson etc. which handles "Processed" in its own way. That was the first goal.
But now:
how do I decouple the Processed method from talking specifically to a Button, so that it could also talk to a MenuItem or a ListView which fires the event in the view and so that it doesn't even have to be an element at all that calls it, e.g. a unit test class?
how do I alter other elements of the view other than the sender (Button), e.g. how would I alter the status bar in Shell? I see two ways:
I could either build a container which holds all views and inject the container in the Customer upon creation, then the customer can look in the container and manipulate the calling view anyway it wants (although I would have to somehow match the view that sent the event and the view in the container as the same one)
I could somehow send the whole view (Window object) to the Model with the eventargs when firing the event, although the Model would need some way of knowing (via interface) what kinds of regions were available to manipulate at runtime
How would you continue this application in the direction of a more decoupled design?
What pattern is this actually, e.g. MVC, MVP, MVVM? I only see a view (Shell) and a Model (Customer).
How would a Presenter fit in?
How would a ViewModel fit in?
How would a Controller fit in?
I suggest you to implement your event handling using commands instead of classic events.
Its very easy in WPF because the command pattern is already implemented, and you can tell all of your UI inputs (button, menu item...) that their command is [name of your command] and handle all of them in one place.
Cameron MacFarland did a good job here, but I can add a little.
When following M-V-VM, the tools in your box for decoupling are data binding, commands, attached behaviors and interfaces. Data binding should be self evident. You've already gotten a good description of commands, but I'd suggest you avoid RoutedCommand and stick with an ICommand implementation. Attached behaviors are attached DependencyProperty's that subscribe to events on the element they are attached to, and in this scenario would be used to relay event handling to the ViewModel. Interfaces give you the greatest flexibility, but you have to work out how to pass the interface to the ViewModel. The best way to learn all of this right now is to Google and to look at existing M-V-VM frameworks. Here's a list of frameworks:
Prism/Composite WPF (http://www.codeplex.com/CompositeWPF). This one comes from the Microsoft Patterns & Practices group. Lots of good stuff here, but one of the examples of the three things above that you can learn from here is how to use ICommand. Prism includes a DelegateCommand that implements ICommand and simplifies using commands from a ViewModel in M-V-VM.
Caliburn (http://www.codeplex.com/caliburn). Recently released, one of the key things you can learn from this one is how to use attached behaviors, which this library uses for it's "Actions".
Onyx (http://www.codeplex.com/wpfonyx). Disclaimer: I'm the author of this one. This one hasn't been released yet, though the current alpha source is available. This one provides a novel solution to the problem of how to provide interfaces to your ViewModel.
As Chen suggests, i'd look into the Command pattern: Routed commands
A working example from which i learned a lot can be found on Jaime Rodriquez his blog: Southridge
how do I decouple the Processed method from talking specifically to a Button
Commands. Put a command in the IPerson interface and call that command from the Shell's xaml.
how do I alter other elements of the view
Properties and Binding. If you have a property showing the state (processed/not processed) then you can use binding to display that property directly in the xaml.
How would you continue
I'd head more down the MVVM path by creating a ViewModel between the Shell and the IPerson. The ViewModel is designed to have 1) The properties needed for bindings, and 2) any Commands that need executing. The ViewModel is designed to provide the UI with what it needs from the Model.
What pattern is this
Currently? Nothing. I see only two objects, the View and the Model. You don't have a Presenter, Controller or ViewModel.
For WPF I prefer ViewModel. See this question for more info on MVVM.